La rondelle d'argile HT Wc 3024, trouvée fortuitement en surface en 1987, semble bien démontrer la validité d'une hypothèse proposée deux ans avant sa découverte : le nombre d'empreintes de sceau sur le pourtour d'une rondelle indique le nombre d'objets impliqués dans la transaction dont cette rondelle porte témoignage (dans le cas présent, aux six empreintes de sceau correspond le chiffre six qui suit l'idéogramme de la brebis).

Ή ἀνακάλυψη 3000 νέων θραυσμάτων πινακίδων γραμμικῆς Β γραφῆς τῆς Κνωσσοῦ, μέσα στίς ἀποθῆκες τοῦ ἀρχαιολογικοῦ Μουσείου 'Ηρακλείου, ἀπό τόν Ί. Σακελλαράκη (πρβλ. BCH 109 [1985], ρ. 849), ἐπέτρεψε στούς ἐκδότες του Corpus of Mycenaean Inscriptions from Knossos νά πραγματοποιήσουν in extremis (δηλαδή πρίν τίς 31 Δεκεμβρίου 1984) 43 νέες συγκολλήσεις καί σχέδον συγκολλήσεις, τῶν ὁποίων τό κείμενο (συνοδευόμενο ἀπό νέες φωτογραφίες καί νέα σχέδια) μπόρεσε νά περιληφθεῖ σ' αὐτόν τόν τόμο. Οἱ ὑπεύθυνοι αὐτῶν τῶν συγκολλήσεων παρουσιάζουν ἐδῶ τά πρῶτα (...) σχόλια. (shrink)

Le premier volume du Corpus of Mycenaean Inscriptions from Knossos est sorti de presse en 1986 ; le second sort cette année : trente-sept raccords de fragments ont été effectués dan· le premier volume depuis la fin de 1984 et le second contient soixante-dix raccords inédits ; le· auteurs les présentent et les commentent, comme ils l'avaient déjà fait pour les quarante-troi· raccords inédits de CoMIK I (BCH 110 [1986], p. 21-39).

La critique du dualisme cartésien, c’est-à-dire du mythe de l’intériorité, a été menée à partir de deux positions philosophiques. La première cherche à réduire l’état mental à l’état neuronal défini par ses propriétés neurologiques et l’autre, celle de Wittgenstein, tente de faire disparaître le mystère des relations entre la pensée et le cerveau par une critique grammaticale du langage. La notion de survol absolu, notion centrale de la philosophie de Ruyer, permet de développer une conception non matérialiste de l’identité entre (...) état cérébral et état mental. De plus, cette conception montre que l’intériorité de l’état mental ne saurait être réduite à une erreur de catégorie. Mais cette thèse de l’identité de la conscience et du corps nécessite de développer une perspective radicalement nouvelle permettant de concevoir une conscience « étendue ». (shrink)

English summary: Ruyer argued that metaphysics spanned the spaces or gaps of knowledge that escaped from scientific teaching. Attentive to the latest scientific advancements, Ruyer produced a monism that placed a finalism attached to existing forms at the center of the universe, creating an original philosophical theology. After a brief biography, this book presents Ruyers work and thought, his principal texts in which he emerges as one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. French description: Il y deux (...) manieres de se convaincre qu'on peut retirer une connaissance profonde de l'etude des sciences de la nature. Ou l'on croit que les sciences decrivent avec exactitude l'univers (et l'homme lui-meme). Ou l'on tient avec Ruyer qu'en suivant mot a mot, et pas a pas, les enseignements des sciences, on enjambe des espaces de connaissance qui leur echappent et qui sont l'objet de la metaphysique. Attentif aux dernieres avancees du savoir, Ruyer decouvre la possibilite de retourner le materialisme et de produire un monisme qui place au centre de l'univers, non plus la matiere, mais le finalisme attache aux formes existantes. Cette metaphysique qui est exposee notamment dans le Neo-finalisme, rejette le dualisme, se passe du sujet cartesien et aboutit a une theologie originale. Apres une breve biographie de Ruyer, le present ouvrage etudie les constantes et les evolutions de sa pensee, puis analyse ses oeuvres principales, ou l'on reconnaitra sans peine un des penseurs majeurs du XXe siecle. (shrink)

New concepts may prove necessary to profit from the avalanche of sequence data on the genome, transcriptome, proteome and interactome and to relate this information to cell physiology. Here, we focus on the concept of large activity-based structures, or hyperstructures, in which a variety of types of molecules are brought together to perform a function. We review the evidence for the existence of hyperstructures responsible for the initiation of DNA replication, the sequestration of newly replicated origins of replication, cell division (...) and for metabolism. The processes responsible for hyperstructure formation include changes in enzyme affinities due to metabolite-induction, lipid-protein affinities, elevated local concentrations of proteins and their binding sites on DNA and RNA, and transertion. Experimental techniques exist that can be used to study hyperstructures and we review some of the ones less familiar to biologists. Finally, we speculate on how a variety of in silico approaches involving cellular automata and multi-agent systems could be combined to develop new concepts in the form of an Integrated cell (I-cell) which would undergo selection for growth and survival in a world of artificial microbiology. (shrink)

Ils s’embrassaient tous les deux pour le moment et pour toujours mais le cavalier n’avait plus sa tête, rien qu’une ouverture au-dessus du cou, avec du sang dedans qui mijotait en glouglous comme de la confiture dans la marmite.Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Voyage au bout de la nuit, Paris, Gallimard, coll. « Folio », 2008, p. 17. Embarras du discours Je souhaite interroger la notion de barbarie en l’illustrant par des cas concrets empruntés au théâtre occidental, en particulier au spectacle vivant...

Arnould de Vuez, author of the Parthenon drawings attributed to Carrey The earliest complete series of drawings showing the Parthenon frieze - the Album Noitel (1674) - has traditionally been attributed to the Troyes artist Jacques Carrey. Such attribution should be brought into question. This document was drawn during the Aegean Sea expedition led by Marquis de Nointel, Louis XIV's ambassador to Constantinople. Several sources mention that the two painters attached to the French diplomat were of "Flemish" origin. The (...) latter mention straightaway makes any intervention by Jacques Carrey impossible, as he is from Champagne. The name of one of these 'Flemish' painters is Rombaut Faydherbe, from Malines, (1649-1673), who is known to have died, during the visit to the island of Naxos, therefore before the visit of the mission to Athens. Our study tends to prove that his travelling companion most probably was a painter from Lille, Arnould deVuez (1644-1720), of Flemish origin, whose presence alongside Marquis de Nointel is also attested during his ambassadorship to Constantinople. (shrink)

Potential speech abilities constitute a key component in the description of the Neandertals and their relations with modern Homo Sapiens. Since Lieberman & Crelin postulated in 1971 the theory that “Neanderthal man did not have the anatomical prerequisites for producing the full range of human speech” their speech capability has been a subject of hot debate for over 30 years, and remains a controversial question. In this study, we first question the methodology adopted by Lieberman and Crelin, and we point (...) out articulatory and acoustic flaws in the data and the modeling. Then we propose a general articulatory-acoustic framework for testing the acoustic consequences of the trade-off between oral and pharyngeal cavities. Specifically, following Honda & Tiede, we characterize this trade-off by a Laryngeal Height Index corresponding to the length ratio of the pharyngeal cavity to the oral cavity. Using an anthropomorphic articulatory model controlled by lips, jaw, tongue and larynx parameters, we can generate the Maximal Vowel Space, which is a triangle in the F1 / F2 plane, the three point vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/ being located at its three extremities. We sample the evolution of the position of the larynx from birth to adulthood with four different LHI values, and we show that the associated MVS are very similar. Therefore, the MVS of a given vocal tract does not depend on the LHI: gestures of the tongue body, lips and jaw allow compensations for differences in the ratio between the dimensions of the oral cavity and pharynx. We then infer that the vowel space of Neandertals was potentially no smaller than that of a modern human and that Neandertals could produce all the vowels of the world’s languages. Neandertals were no more vocally handicapped than children at birth are. Therefore, there is no reason to believe that the lowering of the larynx and a concomitant increase in pharynx size are necessary evolutionary pre-adaptations for speech. However, since our study is strictly limited to the morphological and acoustic aspects of the vocal tract, we cannot offer any definitive answer to the question of whether Neandertals could produce human speech or not. (shrink)

Ils sont suisse, canadien, belge, roumain ou encore français et se sont réunis à Montréal pour se pencher sur la notion de «limite» dans les travaux de Jean Ladrière. On le sait, l'oeuvre de Jean Ladrière se déploie, avec génie et originalité, dans bien des domaines: la physique, les mathématiques, la logique, les sciences du langage, la philosophie et la théologie. Les textes réunis dans ce volume tentent de penser les «articulations du sens» de cette notion de «limite», (...) en prenant la mesure des questionnements les plus contemporains, que ceux-ci émanent de perspectives scientiques, politiques, éthiques ou encore pratiques. (shrink)

Reflecting Alan Robinson's fundamental contribution to computational logic, this book brings together seminal papers in inference, equality theories, and logic programming. It is an exceptional collection that ranges from surveys of major areas to new results in more specialized topics. Alan Robinson is currently the University Professor at Syracuse University. Jean-Louis Lassez is a Research Scientist at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Gordon Plotkin is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Edinburgh. Contents: Inference. Subsumption, (...) A Sometimes Undervalued Procedure, Larry Wos, Ross Overbeek, and Ewing Lusk. The Markgraf Karl Refutation Procedure, Hans Jurgen Ohlbach and Jorg H. Siekmann. Modal Logic Should Say More than it Does, Melvin Fitting. Interactive Proof Presentation, W. W. Bledsoe. Intelligent Backtracking Revisited, Maurice Bruynooghe. A Science of Reasoning, Alan Bundy. Inductive Inference of Theories from Facts, Ehud Y. Shapiro. Equality. Solving Equations in Abstract Algebras: A Rule-based Survey of Unification, Jean-Pierre Jouannaud and Claude Kirchner. Disunification: A Survey, Hubert Comon. A Case Study of the Completion Procedure: Proving Ring Commutativity Problems, Deepak Kapur and Hantao Zhang. Computations in Regular Rewriting Systems I and II, Girard Huet and JeanJacques Levy. Unification and ML Type Reconstruction, Paris Kanellakis, Harry Mairson, and John Mitchell. Automatic Dimensional Analysis, Mitchell Wand. Logic Programming. Logic Programming Schemes and Their Implementations, Keith Clark. A Near-Horn Prolog for Compilation, Donald Loveland and David Reed. Unfold/Fold Transformations of Logic Programs, P. A. Gardner and J. C. Shepherdson. An Algebraic Representation of Logic Program Computations, Andrea Corradini and Ugo Montanari. Theory of Disjunctive Logic Programs, Jack Minker, Arcot Rajasekar, and Jorge Lobo. Bottom-Up Evaluation of Logic Programs, Jeffrey Naughton and Raghu Ramakrishnan. Absys, the First Logic Programming Language: A View of the Inevitability of Logic Programming, E. W. Elcock. (shrink)

Ambassades et ambassadeurs témoigne de la bonne forme des études sur l’histoire de la diplomatie et des relations internationales à l’époque moderne. Les vingt contributions réunies par Jean-Louis Fournel et Matteo Residori sont pour partie issues des actes (largement remaniés) d’un colloque parisien tenu en novembre 2015. Les études sont découpées en deux thèmes : « pratiques et usages » d’une part ; « écritures, langages et pensée politique » de l’autre. Le volume est marqué par un certain...

This text derives from a recording, and transcripts, of the introduction which Althusser gave on 6 December 1963, to a seminar for students in the École Normale Supérieure, Paris, offered at his invitation by Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron. Althusser takes the opportunity to raise questions about the status of social science and suggests that Bourdieu and Passeron represent slightly different strands of contemporary research practice, partly as a result of their different formation and practice since themselves leaving (...) the École. Althusser first considers the relation between the human sciences and the traditionally instituted Faculty of Letters or Humanities. What is the origin of the compulsion to constitute a science of human relations? Given that the social sciences have established themselves, Althusser then tries to define their nature. He suggests that they have three forms: as abstract and general theory, as ethnology, and as empirical sociology. He discusses the pros and cons of each in some detail. Althusser then asks what are the features which constitute sciences and concludes that they must always possess discrete theoretical perspectives corresponding with discrete components of reality but must also possess an element of self-referentiality or, as he puts it, must be objects to themselves. Althusser suggests that his contemporary social sciences are not philosophically adequate by the criteria which he advances. He proceeds to introduce Bourdieu and Passeron in such a way as to invite consideration of whether their practices meet his criteria. (shrink)

" Tous les hommes désirent être heureux " et " nul ne saurait être heureux sans être vertueux " ; tels sont les principes de départ de l'éthique aristotélicienne. Mais comment les articuler? Et qu'entend exactement Aristote par " bonheur "? Les vertus sont des modes de comportement, comme le courage, la justice et l'amitié, et des activités de la raison, telles la prudence et la contemplation. Mais quel est précisément leur statut par rapport au bonheur? Ces questions correspondent aux (...) problématiques centrales de l'éthique d'Aristote ainsi qu'aux multiples interprétations et débats qu'elles suscitent depuis l'Antiquité. Les contributions de ce recueil se proposent d'en thématiser les enjeux. Contributions de Richard Bodéüs, Pierre Destrée, Jean-Louis Labarrière, David Lefebvre, Pierre Rodrigo, Gerd Van Riel, Marco Zingano. (shrink)

During the Second Industrial revolution, consulting professor bridged higher education institutions with industry and government. A concept like the utilitarian research regime by Terry Shinn can explain their material and intellectual production by allowing for a reconstruction of their social networks. Pierre‐Paul LeCointe and Louis Bourgoin , associates in an engineering consultancy office, institutionalised a consultation service at the Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry of the École Polytechnique of Montreal . The two industrial chemists were thereby able to obtain (...) financial, material and human resources through exchanges with industrialists, business men and civil servants; consequently, their material and intellectual production is marked by the preoccupations of the industries and government with whom they exchanged. Industrial development in Canada was, in part, based on the work of these consultants who helped private companies analyse primary resources, standardize fabrication procedures and adapt the production to regulations. The government also offered technological assistance to businesses thanks to consultants, while regulating the markets and producing industrial standards. The inception of a utilitarian research regime results from the conjunction of these different factors. Finally, on Bourgoin's initiative, the École Polytechnique created a research centre based on the model of consulting laboratories. (shrink)

During the Second Industrial revolution, consulting professor bridged higher education institutions with industry and government. A concept like the utilitarian research regime by Terry Shinn can explain their material and intellectual production by allowing for a reconstruction of their social networks. Pierre‐Paul LeCointe (d. 1948) and Louis Bourgoin (1891–1951), associates in an engineering consultancy office, institutionalised a consultation service at the Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry of the École Polytechnique of Montreal (1917). The two industrial chemists were thereby able (...) to obtain financial, material and human resources through exchanges with industrialists, business men and civil servants; consequently, their material and intellectual production is marked by the preoccupations of the industries and government with whom they exchanged. Industrial development in Canada was, in part, based on the work of these consultants who helped private companies analyse primary resources, standardize fabrication procedures and adapt the production to regulations. The government also offered technological assistance to businesses thanks to consultants, while regulating the markets and producing industrial standards. The inception of a utilitarian research regime results from the conjunction of these different factors. Finally, on Bourgoin's initiative, the École Polytechnique created a research centre (1946) based on the model of consulting laboratories. (shrink)

1. De Genève à l'Hermitage, 1712-1757.--2. De Montmorency au Val de Travers, 1757-1765.--3. De l'île de Saint-Pierre à Ermenonville, 1765-1778.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Adventures of Telemachus [1699] by François de Salignac de la Mothe-FénelonJean–Michel RacaultFrançois de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon. The Adventures of Telemachus [1699]. Translated with an introduction and notes by A. J. B. Cremer. London, Anastasis Books, 2022, 419 pp. Hardbound £24.50. Paperback £15. ISBN: 9781739798314.Fénelon’s 1699 novel The Adventures of Telemachus—or more precisely, the epic poem in prose—was one of the major bestsellers in many European countries (...) for nearly two centuries. The book inspired paintings, operas, fashions, and even wallpaper motifs. It gave birth to a literary subgenre, the “archeological novel,” such as Terrasson’s Sethos (1731) or Bernardin de Saint-Pierre’s L’Arcadie (1788), in which the action is located in an antique setting. Still part of French schools’ syllabi a century ago, this book mainly owes its survival today to highly specialized academic research, stimulated from time to time when an “Agrégation” program generates new publications, papers, and conferences, as happened in 2009–10. The situation is similar in English-speaking countries, if perhaps just a bit worse: new editions are scarce and generally based more or less on revised versions of eighteenth-century translations, such as those editions by John Hawkesworth’s (1768) or Tobias Smollett’s (1776).The publication by A. J. B. Cremer of an entirely new translation, featuring a close rendering of the French text into modern English and preserving the original’s formal dignity without resorting to a pastiche of the classical language, is therefore a landmark in the history of Fénelon’s reception, and in the valuation of Telemachus particularly. This edition, while intended for the general reader, includes most of what is expected of a scholarly edition. In a comparatively short introduction, the editor recalls the essential facts about the author’s background (as a descendent of high nobility) and about his ecclesiastic career, which was compromised by both his involvement in mystical spirituality (the quarrel over Quietism) and his critical attitude toward the absolutism of Louis XIV’s régime. [End Page 140]In fact, Fénelon’s appointment as Archbishop of Cambrai (1695) was a kind of exile. In 1689, however, he was appointed tutor to Louis XIV’s seven-year-old grandson, the young Duke of Burgundy, second in the line of succession to the throne after his father (though both died prematurely). Fénelon wrote for this boy The Adventures of Telemachus as an educative fiction in the tradition of the “mirrors of Princes.” Of course, such a book was not intended for publication, and when it appeared in 1699—strangely enough, in a fully legal manner and with a printing privilege—it was against Fénelon’s will and in a very faulty form, which was corrected in later editions. An editor today therefore faces solving some highly complex textual problems, and choosing between the manuscript traditions. Cremer’s translation is based upon Jacques Le Brun’s authoritative text, published in Fénelon’s Œuvres, tome II (Paris: Gallimard, “Pléiade,” 1997).1After surveying the critical reception of Telemachus, particularly in England, starting at the text’s first publication and reaching the present time, the introduction discreetly hints at an apparent trend, among some interpretations, toward Christian allegory. If the figure of Mentor obviously “represents Fénelon” in his tutorial role, Cremer notes, this character, also an incarnation of Minerva, embodies humanity and divinity simultaneously, and thus may be seen as a “Christ-figure,” with Telemachus as his disciple and Ulysses, with his pursuit of a never-ending quest, as the symbolic form of the Divine. These observations are not entirely new; they have been formulated before by various critics. The editor himself concurs with a well-known article by André Blanc that describes Fénelon’s neo-platonician turn of mind: for Fénelon there is no contradiction between Christian revelation and the pagan fables of classical mythology, which he considers prefigurations or allegories of Christianity.This interpretation is abundantly and convincingly confirmed in the editor’s annotations. While as expected the commentaries point frequently to Greco-Latin mythology or classical literary sources... (shrink)

" Tous les hommes désirent être heureux " et " nul ne saurait être heureux sans être vertueux " ; tels sont les principes de départ de l'éthique aristotélicienne. Mais comment les articuler? Et qu'entend exactement Aristote par " bonheur "? Les vertus sont des modes de comportement, comme le courage, la justice et l'amitié, et des activités de la raison, telles la prudence et la contemplation. Mais quel est précisément leur statut par rapport au bonheur? Ces questions correspondent aux (...) problématiques centrales de l'éthique d'Aristote ainsi qu'aux multiples interprétations et débats qu'elles suscitent depuis l'Antiquité. Les contributions de ce recueil se proposent d'en thématiser les enjeux. Contributions de Richard Bodéüs, Pierre Destrée, Jean-Louis Labarrière, David Lefebvre, Pierre Rodrigo, Gerd Van Riel, Marco Zingano. (shrink)