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  1. Waging War on Pascal's Mugger.Patrick Kaczmarek - manuscript
    Fanatics judge a lottery with a tiny probability of arbitrarily high value as better than the certainty of some modest value, and they are prone to getting swindled. You need only make the lie “big enough” to get one over on them. I put forward an elegant solution to the fanatic’s problem. When coming to a fully rational decision, agents may ignore outlandish possibilities.
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  2. Pascal and the libertines. Some inspiration.Domenico Bosco - forthcoming - Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica.
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  3. Des concupiscences aux ordres de choses.Vincent Carraud - forthcoming - Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale.
    L'originalité de l'interprétation pascalienne des trois concupiscences selon 1 Jn 2, 16 est double : d'une part, il ne s'agit plus des plaisirs des sens; Pascal abandonne la doctrine janséniste de la délectation, elle-même fondée sur une théorie de l'imitation; d'autre part, cette concupiscence n'est pas tant l'amour du pouvoir que l'amour de la richesse, en tant qu'elle particularise. Le renversement des trois concupiscences en « trois ordres de choses » ne se comprend que si l'on voit que toute la (...)
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  4. Living by her laws: Jacqueline Pascal and women's autonomy.Daniel Collette & Dwight K. Lewis - forthcoming - European Journal of Philosophy.
    As a Catholic nun, to suggest Jacqueline Pascal as autonomous might at first glance seem contradictory. We show that her moral deference to the divine is not at all forfeiting her autonomy, but that aligning her own law with God's law is to align her own law with rationality itself, that is, the laws of nature. Her theoretical structure begins with a theory of virtue—viz., how and to whom we have an obligation to be moral. For her, acting in accordance (...)
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  5. Jean-Blaise GRIZE, Logique naturelle. Communications.E. Danblon - forthcoming - Revue Internationale de Philosophie.
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  6. The Buddha's Lucky Throw and Pascal's Wager.Bronwyn Finnigan - forthcoming - Australasian Journal of Philosophy.
    The Apaṇṇaka Sutta, one of the early recorded teachings of the Buddha, contains an argument for accepting the doctrines of karma and rebirth that Buddhist scholars claim anticipates Pascal’s wager. I call this argument the Buddha’s wager. Does it anticipate Pascal’s wager and is it a good bet? Contemporary scholars identify at least four versions of Pascal’s wager in his Pensées. This article demonstrates that the Buddha’s wager anticipates two versions of Pascal’s wager, but not its canonical form. Like Pascal’s (...)
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  7. Pregnancy as a Cipher for Nietzsche’s Project of Self-Overcoming: The Case of Pascal.Katia Hay & Jamie Parr - forthcoming - Comparative and Continental Philosophy.
    This paper focuses on the relations among critique, destruction and negation, on the one hand, and creation, affirmation, love, and care on the other, in Nietzsche’s writings from Daybreak to Zarathustra. In doing this, it traces a movement in Nietzsche's thought that can be understood as an integration of critique in the process of affirmation, which consolidates in Nietzsche’s project of self-overcoming. In contrast to readings that use the metaphor of art and the creativity of the artist, this paper presents (...)
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  8. How to Save Pascal (and Ourselves) From the Mugger.Avram Hiller & Ali Hasan - forthcoming - Dialogue:1-17.
    In this article, we re-examine Pascal’s Mugging, and argue that it is a deeper problem than the St. Petersburg paradox. We offer a way out that is consistent with classical decision theory. Specifically, we propose a “many muggers” response analogous to the “many gods” objection to Pascal’s Wager. When a very tiny probability of a great reward becomes a salient outcome of a choice, such as in the offer of the mugger, it can be discounted on the condition that there (...)
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  9. Les « trois ordres » selon Pascal.Pierre Magnard - forthcoming - Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale.
    Fruit d'une mathématique mystique issue de Proclus et de Denys, la doctrine des trois ordres figure-t-elle une échelle de Jacob, un chemin d'ascèse ou la radicale discontinuité de réalités incommensurables? Toujours est-il qu'elle révèle un Pascal profondément étranger au dualisme cartésien et à distance sérieuse de la spiritualité bérullienne. Being the fruit of a mystical mathematics initiated by Proclus and Dionysius, does the doctrine of the three orders figure a Jacob's ladder, a way of askesis or the radical discontinuity between (...)
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  10. L'ordre dans les trois ordres et l'ordre des trois ordres chez Pascal.Martine Pécharman - forthcoming - Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale.
    Quel ordre pour les trois ordres? On se propose de montrer ici que l'interprétation des fr. 933 et 308 Lafuma requiert un examen de ce qui, en chaque ordre, est principe organisateur. En élucidant deux formes de l'ordre dans les trois ordres, on est à même d'expliquer les variations de l'ordre entre les trois ordres. La première de ces formes voit en chaque ordre des objets intentionnels de la volonté, reconnaissables à une fin dominante; mais les trois ordres sont alors (...)
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  11. Les implications politiques des trois ordres selon Pascal.Yves-Charles Zarka - forthcoming - Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale.
    Les implications théoriques de la doctrine des trois ordres se font également sentir sur le plan politique. Non au sens où cette doctrine relèverait prioritairement d'une lecture politique (ou politico-sociologique), mais à l'inverse au sens où les concepts politiques sont retravaillés et redéfinis par Pascal en fonction de la doctrine des trois ordres. Pascal ne se contente pas de définir le lieu du politique, il repense le statut et la fonction du politique. En son ultime signification, le politique, y compris (...)
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  12. Blaise Pascal (1623–1662).Norbert Campagna - 2024 - In Norbert Campagna, Oliver Hidalgo & Skadi Siiri Krause (eds.), Tocqueville-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung. J.B. Metzler. pp. 195-199.
    Der Philosoph und Mathematiker Pascal gehört zu jenen Denkern, die Tocqueville am tiefsten beeinflusst haben, und zwar nicht nur inhaltlich, sondern auch stilistisch. Sein Freund Louis de Kergorlay teilt ihm in einem Brief aus dem Jahr 1834 mit, dass er sich Montesquieu (s. Kap. 36), Rousseau (s. Kap. 39) und Pascal als „Meister“ und als stilistische Vorbilder nehmen sollte und weist ihn darauf hin, dass er deren Stil schon sporadisch annimmt (OC XIII, 1, 366). Zwei Jahre später schreibt ihm Tocqueville, (...)
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  13. A summer with Pascal.Antoine Compagnon - 2024 - London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Edited by Catherine Porter.
    Blaise Pascal is a marquee name, yet little read outside France. Antoine Compagnon provides an ideal introduction to one of the great intellects, contextualizing Pascal in his own time and offering insightful readings of the Pensées and the Provincial Letters. Compagnon proves a welcoming guide to Pascal's challenging and rewarding thought.
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  14. Writing the Theoria: Genre occidental, Jean-Luc Nancy and Pascal Quignard, a Footnote to Plato’s Seventh Letter, 344c.Nenad Ivić - 2024 - In Davor Beganović, Zrinka Božić, Andrea Milanko & Ivana Perica (eds.), Procedures of Resistance: Contents, Positions and the ‘Doings’ of Literary Theory. Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 333-341.
    The paper describes and contextualizes the scene of thinking in Jean-Luc Nancy's Le poids d’une pensée, l’approche (2008) and Pascal Quignard’s Mourir de penser (2014) in the perspective of the so-called “genre occidental” (term coined by Nancy in Demande, 2015), characterized by the hybridization of literature and philosophy, the overlapping of concept and writing and the mutual conditioning of philosophical achievement (system, architectonics, certitude) and literary pursuit (recitative, recitation, recital). This written philosophy is characteristic of the works of Nancy, Milner, (...)
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  15. “Qu’est-ce qu’un homme, dans l’infini?”. Eternity and Infinity in Blaise Pascal and in the 17th-Century Geometrizing Ontologies.Alberto Peratoner - 2024 - In Ines Testoni, Fabio Scardigli, Andrea Toniolo & Gabriele Gionti S. J. (eds.), Eternity Between Space and Time: From Consciousness to the Cosmos. De Gruyter. pp. 201-212.
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  16. Beckett’s Unwarranted Miracles: Pascal, Geulincx, Kleist.Gabriel Quigley - 2024 - In Michael Krimper & Gabriel Quigley (eds.), Beckett Ongoing: Aesthetics, Ethics, Politics. Springer Verlag. pp. 95-117.
    In his speech presenting Samuel Beckett with the Nobel Prize in Literature, Karl Ragnar Gierow claims that Beckett’s works “can be described as a negativism that cannot desist from descending to the depths.” This “negativism” is best portrayed in Beckett’s 1964 novel How It Is, which follows the character Pim in search of his torturer Pom. Pim’s world is gray and lifeless—along with countless other seekers, he crawls across the muddy terrain “from west to east towards an inexistent peace,” dragging (...)
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  17. El Pascal trágico de Miguel de Unamuno (En el cuarto centenario del nacimiento de Blaise Pascal: 1623-2023).Alicia Villar - 2024 - Pensamiento 79 (304):1405-1425.
    Análisis de la interpretación de Blaise Pascal por parte de Miguel Unamuno, precisando lo que le unió al escritor francés en fondo y forma, y señalando asimismo lo que en realidad les separa. Después de resaltar el estilo compartido por los dos autores, se precisa el contenido de las referencias más importantes de Unamuno a Pascal en diferentes escritos. Todo ello muestra la interpretación de Pascal por parte de Unamuno como un espíritu «atormentado». Dicha interpretación se vio propiciada por el (...)
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  18. Deus Ludus: The Christocentric Games of Nicholas of Cusa and Blaise Pascal.Garrett Lincoln Ashlock - 2023 - Heythrop Journal 64 (4):489-502.
    Nicholas of Cusa and his daringly speculative theology seem odd matches for Blaise Pascal, the constant critic of the philosophies en vogue during his life. A commonality they share is their mutual concern for the apparent disproportion between the infinite God and the finite human. In this paper, I compare and analyse the shape this question takes in Cusanus's De ludo globi and Pascal's Pensées. Both men observe a sort of ‘ludic’ character inherent to the pursuit of bridging finite and (...)
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  19. Pascal, ou, La pensée figurative.Hubert Aupetit - 2023 - [Paris]: Fayard.
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  20. Un moraliste: Études et pensées dE̓rnest Bersot.Ernest Bersot & Edmond Henri Adolphe Scherer - 2023 - BoD – Books on Demand.
    Réimpression inchangée de l'édition originale de 1882.
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  21. A determinação de um novo modo de vida em Espinosa e em Pascal.Gabriel Frizzarin de Souza - 2023 - Cadernos Espinosanos 49:203-245.
    Espinosa e Pascal, respectivamente no proêmio do Tratado da Emenda do Intelecto e no opúsculo Sobre a conversão do pecador, colocam em cena a explicação de um processo que implica a instituição de um novo modo de vida e que representa, para a alma ou para a mente humana, uma profunda renovação de valores. Nessa explicação, ambos os autores abordam temas como a consideração por um bem verdadeiro, a perturbação entre tal consideração e a estima pelo que até então era (...)
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  22. Pascal y la inquietud de la fe.Emanuel Falque & Francisco Novoa - 2023 - Revista de Filosofia: Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción 22 (2):251-277.
    Este artículo explora la noción de "inquietud" en la fe cristiana según Blaise Pascal. El autor distingue tres tipos de inquietud en Pascal: la inquietud metafísica ante la muerte, la inquietud espiritual por el extravío del mundo en la diversión, y la inquietud de la salvación y el pecado para el creyente. Pascal describe una auténtica angustia ante la finitud (la muerte) y también ante el pecado (la separación de Dios). Pero más allá, hay en Pascal una inquietud propia del (...)
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  23. From an Enclosed Universe to the Cartesian Vortex – Pascal’s, La Fontaine’s, and Fontenelle’s Literary Representation of the Universe.Jiani Fan - 2023 - Papers on French Seventeenth Century Literature (99):299-325.
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  24. L’économie Sociale et Solidaire : De ses fondements à son « à venir », Pascal Glémain.Patrick Gilormini - 2023 - Revue de Philosophie Économique 24 (1):267-273.
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  25. Pragmatic Arguments for Theism.Elizabeth Jackson - 2023 - In John Greco, Tyler Dalton McNabb & Jonathan Fuqua (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Religious Epistemology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–82.
    Traditional theistic arguments conclude that God exists. Pragmatic theistic arguments, by contrast, conclude that you ought to believe in God. The two most famous pragmatic theistic arguments are put forth by Blaise Pascal (1662) and William James (1896). Pragmatic arguments for theism can be summarized as follows: believing in God has significant benefits, and these benefits aren’t available for the unbeliever. Thus, you should believe in, or ‘wager on’, God. This article distinguishes between various kinds of theistic wagers, including finite (...)
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  26. Common System Numbering Coordination Tables Of Pascal`s Pensées Fragments.Oleg Khoma - 2023 - Sententiae 3 (1):159-217.
    The text fragments that make up Blaise Pascal's “Penséesˮ are traditionally published in different sequences, according to the difference in the conceptual positions of the editors. So, the problem of correlating different editions is very difficult. Translations of “Penséesˮ reflecting several numbering systems are currently available to Ukrainian readers. The author offers two comparative tables for these numberings. In Table 1, the numberings of Louis Lafuma, Jacques Chevalier and Michel Le Guerne are expressed through the numbering of Leon Brunschvicg, which (...)
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  27. Nietzsche, lecteur de Pascal: "le seul chrétien logique".Lucie Lebreton - 2023 - Paris: Honoré Champion éditeur.
    'Non seulement je lis, mais j'aime Pascal.' L'hommage réitéré que Nietzsche adresse au penseur français n'a guère retenu l'attention des commentateurs. Il semble que cette affection ait gêné, dérouté même. Comment, en effet, l' 'anti-chrétien', l'athée 'de rigueur' et 'd'instinct' aurait-il pu sincèrement aimer le pieux janséniste, qui portait le cilice, croyait aux miracles, et consacra les dernières années de sa vie à l'écriture d'une apologie du christianisme? Cette admiration n'a pas été prise au sérieux, parce que tout invitait à (...)
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  28. Pascal.Pierre Lyraud - 2023 - Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.
    Philosophe, moraliste, inventeur de machines et de formes, mathématicien, physicien, théologien, polémiste... Blaise Pascal semble avoir eu mille visages. Mais de lui, finalement, que sait-on vraiment? En suivant l'écrivain pas à pas, de sa naissance à Clermont à sa mort à Paris, Pierre Lyraud nous dévoile les lignes de force d'une vie prématurément écourtée, mais passionnée par la recherche constante d'une vérité blessée par les troubles de son temps. C'est alors un nouveau visage de Pascal qui nous apparaît, celui d'un (...)
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  29. Space and Time: Mathematical and Moral Thoughts in Sophie Germain and Blaise Pascal.Jil Muller - 2023 - In Chelsea C. Harry & George N. Vlahakis (eds.), Exploring the Contributions of Women in the History of Philosophy, Science, and Literature, Throughout Time. Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 85-99.
    Space and time are geometrical notions that Sophie Germain, a French mathematician, discusses on several occasions in her Pensées diverses, however not only in a geometrical way but also in terms of a philosophical and moral understanding: she speaks of a human’s lifespan, the space they occupy, their place in creation and the knowledge toward which they always aim. This mixture of mathematical and philosophical thinking brings out Germain’s dream: she wants to apply the language of numbers to moral and (...)
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  30. Lloança a una edició de «Pensaments i opuscles» de Blaise Pascal (i alguna elucubració).Joan Requesens Piquer - 2023 - Enrahonar: Quaderns de Filosofía 71:209-224.
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  31. Pascal’ın Paradoksal İnsan Görüşü.Tamer Yildirim - 2023 - Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (48):317-330.
    Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), 39 yıllık kısa olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz yaşamında çoğu insanın iki yaşamda başarmayı umabileceğinden fazlasını başardı. Yaşadığı mistik bir deneyimden sonra, psikoloji ve din üzerine düşüncelerini topladı, ancak bu düşüncelerini bir kitap haline getiremeden öldü. Onun Düşünceler adlı eseri yalnızca Hristiyan dinine yeni bakış açıları getirmekle kalmadı, aynı zamanda Fransız edebiyatının en iyileri arasında değerlendirildi. Düşünceler’in ana stratejilerinden biri, bir yanda Montaigne, diğer yanda Epiktetos’un kişiselleştirdiği çelişkili şüphecilik ve stoacılık felsefelerini kullanarak, inanmayan kişiyi Tanrı’ya, imana götürecek bir çaresizlik ve (...)
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  32. Carlo Ginzburg, Néanmoins, Machiavel, Pascal, trad. fr. Martin Rueff, Éditions Verdier, Paris, 2022.Avishag Zafrani - 2023 - Cités 96 (4):201-207.
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  33. Editions as actions. Editing Pascal in the second half of the 19th century and the making of the philosophical canon.Félix Barancy - 2022 - Astérion 26.
    Les éditions et traductions représentent une part très importante du travail des philosophes français du XIXe siècle. Loin d’être envisagées comme des tâches subalternes, celles-ci sont comprises par leurs auteurs comme des œuvres elles-mêmes philosophiques. Dans cet article, nous montrons que pour pouvoir les considérer comme telles, il faut pouvoir identifier les raisons qui poussent l’auteur à s’intéresser à celui qu’il édite ainsi que les effets qu’il attend de sa publication dans le champ philosophique. En nous concentrant sur le cas (...)
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  34. Pascal Engel, Les vices du savoir — essai d’éthique intellectuelle, Marseille, Éditions Agone, 2019, 615 pages. [REVIEW]Pierre Blackburn - 2022 - Philosophiques 49 (1):337-341.
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  35. Philosophie de Pascal: le principe d'inquiétude.Laurence Devillairs - 2022 - Paris: PUF.
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  36. Blaise P ascal, Opere complete, Prima traduzione italiana, a cura di Maria Vita Romeo. Testi francesi e latini a fronte, Milan, Bompiani, « Il Pensiero occidentale », 3133 p.Alberto Frigo - 2022 - Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 115 (3):439-441.
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  37. Pascal: Reasoning and Belief by Michael Moriarty.Daniel Garber - 2022 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 60 (3):506-508.
    The Pensées is a difficult book. When originally published in 1670, eight years after Pascal’s death, it was simply a collection of “thoughts” or pensées found among his papers after his death. Modern editors have based their editions on two seventeenth-century copies that group many of the fragments into thematic groups that purport to reflect Pascal’s own organization. Even so, the Pensées is still a collection of fragments. The reader, particularly the first-time reader, needs a guide.It was well known among (...)
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  38. Nevertheless: Machiavelli, Pascal.Carlo Ginzburg - 2022 - London: Verso. Edited by Gregory Elliott.
    Nevertheless' comprises essays on Machiavelli and on Pascal. The ambivalent connection between the two parts is embodied by the comma (,) in the subtitle: Machiavelli, Pascal. Is this comma a conjunction or a disjunction? In fact, both. Ginzburg approaches Machiavelli's work from the perspective of casuistry, or case-based ethical reasoning. For as Machiavelli indicated through his repeated use of the adverb nondimanco ("nevertheless"), there is an exception to every rule. Such a perspective may seem to echo the traditional image of (...)
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  39. From Desire to Conversion: Pascal's Wager and Girard's Mimetic Theory.Joel Hodge - 2022 - Heythrop Journal 63 (4):691-702.
    The Heythrop Journal, Volume 63, Issue 4, Page 691-702, July 2022.
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  40. Infini-Rien: Ist Pascals Wettargument formallogisch ungültig?Christian Hoffmann - 2022 - Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 104 (4):759-782.
    In the Infini-Rien fragment of his Pensées, Blaise Pascal develops an argument for the rationality of faith in God, which posthumously became known as Pascal’s Wager and at the same time represents a cornerstone of modern probability theory. While this betting argument has been the subject of much philosophical investigation, the contribution of this paper lies in the following: On the one hand, the bet is reconstructed in its basic features as well as its structure with the help of modern (...)
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  41. Figures de la finitude chez Pascal: la fin et le passage.Pierre Lyraud - 2022 - Paris: Honoré Champion éditeur.
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  42. Pascal Sévérac, Renaître - Enfance et éducation à partir de Spinoza.Pierre Macherey - 2022 - Methodos 22.
    Au paragraphe 15 du De emendatione intellectus, Spinoza mentionne une doctrina de puerorum educatione au titre d’un élément intégré à part entière à son projet philosophique. Mais, cette « doctrine », il ne l’a jamais écrite en tant que telle, et elle constitue dans son œuvre une sorte de pièce manquante : en tout cas, la question de l’enfant et de sa formation n’y figure que de façon marginale, sous forme de traces que Pascal Sévérac exploite comme des « indices (...)
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  43. Pascal et la proposition chrétienne.Pierre Manent - 2022 - Paris: Bernard Grasset.
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  44. Pascal’s Wager and Decision-making with Imprecise Probabilities.André Neiva - 2022 - Philosophia 51 (3):1479-1508.
    Unlike other classical arguments for the existence of God, Pascal’s Wager provides a pragmatic rationale for theistic belief. Its most popular version says that it is rationally mandatory to choose a way of life that seeks to cultivate belief in God because this is the option of maximum expected utility. Despite its initial attractiveness, this long-standing argument has been subject to various criticisms by many philosophers. What is less discussed, however, is the rationality of this choice in situations where the (...)
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  45. Pascal Montlahuc, Le pouvoir des bons mots. « Faire rire » et politique à Rome du milieu du IIIe siècle a.C. à l’avènement des Antonins, Rom (École française de Rome) 2019 (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 382), XI, 500 S., ISBN 978-2-7283-1366-2 (brosch.), € 37,–Le pouvoir des bons mots. « Faire rire » et politique à Rome du milieu du IIIe siècle a.C. à l’avènement des Antonins. [REVIEW]Sebastian Scharff - 2022 - Klio 104 (1):391-394.
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  46. Pascal’s Climate Wager.Keith Tidman - 2022 - Philosophy Now 148:28-28.
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  47. Pascal’s Wager: a Reason to Hesitate.Amos Wollen - 2022 - Philosophia 50 (5):2743-2750.
    One version of Pascal’s Wager says we should commit to, or cultivate belief in, whatever religion we think is most likely to bring us eternal joy. I pose a reductio for this version of the Wager. After exploring some ways the Pascalian might respond, the verdict is that it provides some reason to suspect that somewhere, somehow, the Wager goes wrong.
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  48. Can Pascal’s Wager Save Morality from Ockham’s Razor?Tobias Beardsley - 2021 - Philosophia 50 (2):405-424.
    One version of moral error theory maintains that the central problem with morality is an ontological commitment to irreducible normativity. This paper argues that this version of error theory ultimately depends on an appeal to Ockham’s Razor, and that Ockham’s Razor should not be applied to irreducible normativity. This is because the appeal to Ockham’s Razor always contains an intractable element of epistemic circularity; and if this circularity is not vicious, we can construct a sound argument for the existence of (...)
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  49. On the Fear of the Void and Killing Babies in Pascal, Nabokov, and Game of Thrones.Ada Bronowski - 2021 - Open Philosophy 5 (1):192-208.
    The article places Game of Thrones within a tradition of pessimism, reaching back to Blaise Pascal and coloured by Nabokov’s vision of birth as a separation between two voids. This lineage provides a philosophical thread to analyse the motivations and actions of the protagonists of Game of Thrones, in particular their relation to child-killing. The void looms large in the world of Game of Thrones as the unchartered space beyond the wall. It is the awareness of the reality of this (...)
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  50. Blaise Pascal.Norbert Campagna - 2021 - In Norbert Campagna, Oliver Hidalgo & Skadi Siiri Krause (eds.), Tocqueville-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung. J.B. Metzler. pp. 132-135.
    Der Philosoph und Mathematiker Pascal gehört zu jenen Denkern, die Tocqueville am tiefsten beeinflusst haben, und zwar nicht nur inhaltlich, sondern auch stilistisch. Sein Freund Louis de Kergorlay teilt ihm in einem Brief aus dem Jahr 1834 mit, dass er sich Montesquieu, Rousseau und Pascal als »Meister« und als stilistische Vorbilder nehmen sollte und weist ihn darauf hin, dass er deren Stil schon sporadisch annimmt. Zwei Jahre später schreibt ihm Tocqueville, Pascal, Montesquieu und Rousseau seien die drei Menschen, mit denen (...)
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