Although the quality and effectiveness of mental health treatments and services have improved greatly over the past 50 years, therapeutic revolutions in psychiatry have not yet been able to reduce stigma. Stigma is a risk factor leading to negative mental health outcomes. It is responsible for treatment seeking delays and reduces the likelihood that a mentally ill patient will receive adequate care. It is evident that delay due to stigma can have devastating consequences. This review will discuss the causes and (...) consequences of stigma related to mental illness. (shrink)

The consequences of stigma are preventable. We argue that individual attention should be provided to patients when dealing with stigma. Also, in order to deal with the impact of stigma on an individual basis, it needs to be assessed during routine clinical examinations, quantified and followed up to observe whether or not treatment can reduce its impact. A patient-centric anti-stigma programme that delivers the above is urgently needed. To this end, this review explores the experiences, treatment barriers and consequences due (...) to stigma. We also offer putative solutions to this problem. (shrink)

A proof is presented showing that there is no paraconsistent logics with a standard implication which have a three-valued characteristic matrix, and in which the replacement principle holds.

Infants' own activities create and actively select their learning experiences. Here we review recent models of embodied information seeking and curiosity-driven learning and show that these mechanisms have deep implications for development and evolution. We discuss how these mechanisms yield self-organized epigenesis with emergent ordered behavioral and cognitive developmental stages. We describe a robotic experiment that explored the hypothesis that progress in learning, in and for itself, generates intrinsic rewards: The robot learners probabilistically selected experiences according to their potential for (...) reducing uncertainty. In these experiments, curiosity-driven learning led the robot learner to successively discover object affordances and vocal interaction with its peers. We explain how a learning curriculum adapted to the current constraints of the learning system automatically formed, constraining learning and shaping the developmental trajectory. The observed trajectories in the robot experiment share many properties with those in infant development, including a mixture of regularities and diversities in the developmental patterns. Finally, we argue that such emergent developmental structures can guide and constrain evolution, in particular with regard to the origins of language. (shrink)

After recalling the distinction between logic as reasoning and logic as theory of reasoning, we first examine the question of relativity of logic arguing that the theory of reasoning as any other science is relative. In a second part we discuss the emergence of universal logic as a general theory of logical systems, making comparison with universal algebra and the project of mathesis universalis. In a third part we critically present three lines of research connected to universal logic: logical pluralism, (...) non-classical logics and cognitive science. (shrink)

We present the logic K/2 which is a logic with classical implication and only the left part of classical negation.We show that it is possible to define a classical negation into K/2 and that the classical proposition logic K can be translated into this apparently weaker logic.We use concepts from model-theory in order to characterized rigorously this translation and to understand this paradox. Finally we point out that K/2 appears, following Haack's distinction, both as a deviation and an extension of (...) K. (shrink)

With the meaning of trust, good faith and respect for promises made, protection, or assistance, fides in the non-exclusively religious sense of the word comes from the demand for ethical perfection: as such, it is omnipresent in human relations and in the dynamic of societies in the Middle Ages.

Seattle, Prague, Quebec, Nice, Gothenburg, Genoa, Brussels, Barcelona, ≡ All these cities formed the setting of mass globalization protests. In most mass media reports, the presence of thousands of peaceful demonstrators has been outshone by the pictures of radical activists smashing McDonald's and Niketown. In the search for an adequate theological response to today's context of globalization, this article takes precisely this radical activism as a starting–point. In line with those postmodern iconoclasts’ own legitimation, a theological approach to this case (...) leads to the Marxist theory of fetishism and idolatry as it has already been investigated by liberation theologians two decades ago. Surprisingly, a renewed version of this critique of the theologization of economics can be found in No Logo , the trend–setting globalization critique written by the Canadian journalist Naomi Klein. A theological close reading of this best–selling book brings to the light a recurrent use of religious metaphor to characterize the corporate logo as a major aesthetic figure in the context of globalization. In order to understand the aesthetic and theological processes involved, a confrontation with the theological aesthetics of Hans Urs von Balthasar delivers a striking formal parallel between the Church's cross and today's corporate logo. Beyond an at first sight similar theo–aesthetic programme, Balthasar's theological aesthetics however opens up a position which enables us to expose the contemporary global socio–economic system as a subtly inverted Christianity. (shrink)

’Catastrophes are not accidents.’All complex organizations can take steps to prevent catastrophe by enlisting the new scientific study of danger. The author is a member of the Scientific Committee of 1′Institut Européen de Cindyniques and Directeur général adjoint of L'Union des Assurances de Paris. This article is part of a presentation made to the 1992 Paris Conference of the European Business Ethics Network, of which the author is a Council member. The subject of the Conference was the role of business (...) in the shaping of cities, but the author's reflections on learning from risks are of considerably wider application. (shrink)

’Catastrophes are not accidents.’All complex organizations can take steps to prevent catastrophe by enlisting the new scientific study of danger. The author is a member of the Scientific Committee of 1′Institut Européen de Cindyniques and Directeur général adjoint of L'Union des Assurances de Paris. This article is part of a presentation made to the 1992 Paris Conference of the European Business Ethics Network, of which the author is a Council member. The subject of the Conference was the role of business (...) in the shaping of cities, but the author's reflections on learning from risks are of considerably wider application. (shrink)

Universal Logic is not a new logic, but a general theory of logics, considered as mathematical structures. The name was introduced about ten years ago, but the subject is as old as the beginning of modern logic: Alfred Tarski and other Polish logicians such as Adolf Lindenbaum developed a general theory of logics at the end of the 1920s based on consequence operations and logical matrices. The subject was revived after the flowering of thousands of new logics during the last (...) thirty years: there was a need for a systematic theory of logics to put some order in this chaotic multiplicity. This book contains recent works on universal logic by first-class researchers from all around the world. The book is full of new and challenging ideas that will guide the future of this exciting subject. It will be of interest for people who want to better understand what logic is. Tools and concepts are provided here for those who want to study classes of already existing logics or want to design and build new ones. (shrink)

Many-valued logics are standardly defined by logical matrices. They are truth-functional. In this paper non truth-functional many-valued semantics are presented, in a philosophical and mathematical perspective.

“Formal logic”, an expression created by Kant to characterize Aristotelian logic, has also been used as a name for modern logic, originated by Boole and Frege, which in many aspects differs radically from traditional logic. We shed light on this paradox by distinguishing in this paper five different meanings of the expression “formal logic”: (1) Formal reasoning according to the Aristotelian dichotomy of form and content, (2) Formal logic as a formal science by opposition to an empirical science, (3) Formal (...) systems in the sense of Hilbert, Curry and the formalist school, (4) Symbolic logic, a science using symbols, such as Venn diagrams, (5) Mathematical logic, a mathematical approach to reasoning. We argue that these five meanings are independent and that the meaning (5) is the one which better characterized modern logic, which should therefore not be called “formal logic”. (shrink)

This article reflects on the skills required in trades services to people dedicated to coordinate services in complex clinical situations because of their multidimensionality and chronicity. All human activity requires for its proper effectuation, the coordination of interdependencies between actors. Coordination of interdependencies is done in ordinary mode, in everyday activities, but also in dedicated mode, that is to say, through a practice that has a primary mandate to manage them in a conscious, voluntary and accountable for intervention situations whose (...) complexity is high. This passage from the ordinary form in the form of dedicated coordination undertakes a transformation of skills and professional knowledge mobilized in the professional gesture. Further skills and knowledge relating to the disciplinary control of clinical objects, the case manager or professional figure who best embodies this form of coordination, should mobilize expertise and procedural knowledge (assessment, planning, communication, negotiation, activation networks, etc..) required to control the interfaces between technical systems and professional and organizational actors, posing as the interdependence of actants primary purpose in work. For this he must do it in a time of temporality combining organizational project in clinical time. Le présent article réfléchit aux compétences requises dans les métiers de services aux personnes dédiés à coordonner les services dans les situations cliniques complexes en raison de leur multi-dimensionnalité et leur chronicité. Toute activité humaine exige, pour sa bonne effectuation, la coordination des interdépendances entre les acteurs concernés. La coordination des interdépendances se réalise en mode ordinaire, dans les activités de tous les jours, mais aussi en mode dédié, c’est-à-dire à travers une pratique qui a pour mandat principal de les gérer de manière consciente, volontaire et imputable pour les situations d’intervention dont la complexité est grande. Ce passage de la forme ordinaire à la forme dédiée de coordination engage une transformation des compétences et savoirs professionnels mobilisés dans le geste professionnel. En outre des compétences et savoirs relatifs à la maîtrise des objets cliniques disciplinaires, le gestionnaire de cas, soit la figure professionnelle qui incarne le mieux cette modalité de coordination, doit mobiliser des compétences et savoirs procéduraux (évaluation, planification, communication, négociation, activation de réseaux, etc.) requis à la maîtrise des interfaces entre systèmes techniques et acteurs professionnels et organisationnels, en posant l’interdépendance des actants comme objet premier de son action professionnelle. Pour cela, il doit effectuer cette dernière dans une temporalité conjuguant le temps du projet organisationnel au temps clinique. (shrink)

Résumé. : La réflexivité constitue une thématique à la mode, qui traduit à sa façon une évolution importante dans la façon de penser les pratiques sociales. Mais pour cette même raison, sa conception est encore instable, et les sens et usages dont elle est l’objet sont pour le moins multiples. Pour effectuer un travail de conception sur la notion de réflexivité, il faut d’abord montrer en quoi elle est objet d’une inflation normative la posant comme catégorie logique si attendue qu’une (...) critique en est presque pas pensable. Or, cette aura très (trop) positive doit être dispersée pour qu’un travail théorique rigoureux puisse émerger. Le présent article propose de contribuer à une théorie de la réflexivité en décrivant l’aire de dispersion des usages de cette notion, distribués sur cinq plans logiques. Abstract: Reflectivity is a popular theme that in its own manner reflects an important evolution in the way social practices are thought about. For this very reason, however, its conception is still unstable and it has multiple senses and usages, to say the least. Undertaking conceptual work on the notion of reflectivity first requires that one show how it has undergone the normative inflation that has established it as such an expected logical category that critiquing it almost seems unthinkable. This very (overly) positive aura must be dissipated so that rigorous theoretical work can emerge. The present article proposes to contribute to a theory of reflectivity by describing the area of dispersion of the notion’s use, distributed across five logical levels. (shrink)

Plutôt que d’abandonner ou d’écraser l’idée de la liberté de la presse – en la considérant comme naïve ou anachronique – mon but est de la faire revivre et de la redéployer pour plaider en faveur d’une valeur normative particulière : le droit du public à entendre. Je prétends que l’image dominante, historique et professionnalisée de la liberté de la presse – généralement définie comme toutes les libertés dont doivent bénéficier les journalistes pour poursuivre un intérêt public évident – privilégie (...) le droit individuel à la parole sur le droit du public à entendre, alors que ce dernier mérite d’être remis au cœur de nos débats. (shrink)

Résumé: L’école républicaine « à la française » se donnait officiellement pour objectif de former le citoyen. Elle a connu de multiples réformes durant ces dernières décennies, et on perçoit mieux aujourd’hui sa transformation (d’ores et déjà bien avancée) en une école d’inspiration néolibérale visant la fabrication d’individus aptes à s’incorporer dans la machine économique. La façon dont l’école publique et laïque s’acquittait de ses missions principales se voit ainsi malmenée, ce qui se traduit par des zones de tension, tant (...) au niveau idéologique que sur le terrain. Abstract: Republican schooling «à la française» was officially meant to educate the citizen. It has known a number of reforms in recent decades. The neo-liberalization transformation of the French education system is now well advanced and one can see more clearly that schooling is being designed to produce individuals formatted for the economic machine. The former process by which the state schools (which are non-denominational schools) used to achieve their main missions is being shaken, and this causes tensions both on an ideological level and in schools. (shrink)

Le ' créole ' est un registre dont la constitution même repose sur le déplacement.Déplacement des peuples, bien entendu, mais aussi des accents, des pratiques, des catégories et des genres. Déplacements ballottés entre souffrances subies et revendications enjouées, entre expropriations sanguinaires et réappropriations créatives. Déplacements qui sont voués à être toujours en cours. . .On sent toujours , au sein de l'archipel de termes (créolité, créolisation, hybridation, métissage, mélange) sur lesquels on atterrit pour arpenter le ' créole ', des poussées (...) séparant ou rapprochant des îles vouées à n'être jamais vraiment fixes.Ainsi Edouard Glissant se déclare-t-il ' tout à fait contre le terme 'créolité' bien que les écrivains de la créolité se réclament de [lui, Glissant] comme étant leur père spirituel ' ; à ses yeux, ' l'idée de créolisation correspond mieux à la situation du monde. C'est l'idée d'un processus continu capable de produire de l'identique et du différent [alors que] que la créolité érige le multilinguisme ou le multiethnisme en dogme ou en modèle ' 1. Ou encore : ' j'appelle créolisation, des contacts de cultures en un lieu donné du monde et qui ne produisent pas un simple métissage, mais une résultante imprévisible. Cela [est] caractérisé non pas par le désordre mais par l'imprévisible. On peut prévoir le métissage, pas la créolisation '. (shrink)

Résumé La dette est une affaire de mots avant d’être une affaire de chiffres. La rengaine qui nous enjoint de rembourser nos dettes nous berce d’illusions, que cet article essaie de déboulonner. La dette est un appareil de capture des revenus du travail, son remboursement fait l’objet de conflits sociaux et non de calculs économiques. Surtout, la vraie dette, écologique, ne saurait être remboursée, mais entretenue.

Résumé : L’article propose une démarche méthodologique permettant d’identifier la réflexion professionnelle chez des stagiaires en formation à l’enseignement. En effet, la capacité d’analyser sa pratique de façon réflexive est une composante d’une compétence professionnelle à développer selon le Ministère de l’Éducation du Québec. Une certaine forme de réflexion chez les étudiants est donc à acquérir et, du point de vue des tuteurs de stage, à faire acquérir. Quels sont les critères implicites que les enseignants associés des écoles ou les (...) superviseurs universitaires identifient afin d’évaluer la présence ainsi que la qualité de la compétence réflexive chez le stagiaire ? L’étude identifie une dizaine de points de repère afin de favoriser chez les tuteurs de stage l’évaluation de la compétence réflexive de leurs stagiaires. L’article valide ces critères à partir d’un extrait de discours de stagiaire, puis confronte cet extrait à une autre approche, consistant à détecter des reconceptualisations chez les stagiaires pour dépister de la réflexion. Une certaine cohérence s’établit avec les critères empiriques d’identification de la réflexion identifiés par induction chez les tuteurs de stage. S’ensuit une discussion sur ces critères en lien avec les approches méthodologiques adoptées. La recherche utilise un devis qualitatif et s’appuie sur des entretiens semi-structurés. Abstract : This article proposes a methodological process aimed at identifying professional reflection among student teachers in teacher education. The ability to analyze one’s practice reflectively is a component of one of the professional competencies that must be developed according to Quebec’s Ministry of Education. A certain form of reflection must therefore be acquired by students, and, from the standpoint of practicum supervisors, it must be developed in students. What are the implicit criteria that mentor teachers in schools or university-based supervisors identify in order to assess the presence and quality of student teachers' reflective competence? This study identifies a dozen guideposts to assist supervisors in this direction. The article first validates these criteria based on an excerpt of a student teachers’ statements, then submits the same excerpt to another approach aimed at detecting the student teacher’s reconceptualizations with a view to pinpointing reflection. A certain degree of coherence is established with the empirical criteria for identifying reflection as identified inductively by practicum supervisors. A discussion follows on these same criteria in line with the methodological approaches adopted. This research is based on a qualitative study and draws on semi-structured interviews. (shrink)

" Un monde sépare tout cela d'Héraclite " affirme Heidegger pour dire combien le Logos de la Croix est éloigné du logos grec. Affirmant cela, Heidegger s'oppose à une conception de l'histoire qui fonderait la " classicité " de la philosophie grecque à partir de la Vérité révélée dans le Christianisme. Selon cette conception, le logos d'Héraclite serait précurseur du Logos de Jean, et l'être de Parménide, une notion nécessaire qui ne serait devenue réalité que dans le Christianisme. Ainsi, toute (...) la philosophie grecque trouverait son accomplissement dans la Révélation. La science phénoménologique nous propose d'opter aujourd'hui pour une autre voie. Pour l'examen et l'enjeu de ces implications premières, Y. Meessen examine tour à tour le logos héraclitéen et le " se posséder ", dont se distingue radicalement le Logos johannique et son " se dessaisir ". Est-ce à dire que la philosophie grecque se trouve définitivement congédiée ? Sûrement pas : dans la mesure où allant au bout de sa propre logique dont le point de départ est d'affirmer l'identité de l'être et du penser, elle dit aussi le désir d'aboutir à la coïncidence des deux termes. Dans la Révélation, l'être et la pensée sont effectivement appelés à coïncider, mais d'une manière qui déroute la logique grecque.Heidegger affirms that "A world separates all that from Heraclitus" in order to say how distant the Logos of the Cross is from the Greek logos. In making this assertion, Heidegger is against a way of looking at history that would base the "classicity" of Greek philosophy on the Truth revealed in Christianity. According to this conception, the logos of Heraclitus is held to be the precursor of John's Logos and Parmenides' Being, a necessary notion that would only become reality in Christianity. Thus, all of Greek philosophy would find its fulfillment in Revelation. Today, phenomenological knowledge proposes that we opt for another approach. To investigate what is at stake in these first implications, Y. Meessen examines one by one the Heraclitean logos and the "to possess oneself," from which the Johannine Logos and its "giving up the self" is radically distinct. Does that mean to say that Greek philosophy finds itself definitively dismissed? Certainly not: insofar as it is taken to its logical conclusion, the starting point of which is the affirmation of the identity of being and thought, Greek philosophy also speaks of the desire to arrive at the coincidence of the two terms. In Revelation, being and thought are effectively called to coincide, but in a way that turns away from Greek logic. (shrink)

Pourquoi la démocratie qui, en son principe, est un régime de liberté peut-elle dériver vers la servitude? Cette question n'est pas nouvelle, elle figurait déjà en bonne place dans la pensée politique de Platon et d'Aristote, pour lesquels cette dérive était inscrite dans la nature du régime, lequel n'était donc pas viable. Elle se retrouve également chez les premiers penseurs de la démocratie réelle moderne, en particulier Alexis de Tocqueville, pour lequel la démocratie est perpétuellement confrontée à une redoutable alternative (...) : promouvoir le goût de la liberté ou, à l'inverse, se dégrader en servitude de mœurs et d'opinion. Or, que cette servitude démocratique, qui est une tendance interne par laquelle la démocratie se détruit elle-même, ne résulte pas d'un pouvoir de contrainte externe mais trouve ses ressorts dans la volonté des individus, nous savons le penser depuis longtemps avec le concept de servitude volontaire d'Etienne de La Boétie. Pourquoi donc parler de nouvelles servitudes? Parce qu'il n'y a pas lieu d'écrire aujourd'hui un " Contr'un ". La figure du maître a changé, ce n'est plus un maître personnel, un tyran, qui tiendrait sous son pouvoir une multitude effrayée, mais un maître anonyme, sans visage et sans nom propre qui, par de nouvelles voies, instaure une domination d'un nouveau genre et de nouvelles servitudes. Celles-ci sont analysées ici sur les plans de l'anthropologie, de l'éthique, de l'économie, ainsi que de l'analyse sociale et de la philosophie politique en vue de repenser une liberté civile à la mesure des problèmes de notre temps. Ce livre est une défense de la liberté issue de la convergence des vues, non d'un collectif, mais d'un certain nombre d'individus singuliers, auteurs libres et indépendants, disons intempestifs, qui entendent s'élever contre les formes larvées de servitudes qui se mettent en place dans les sociétés démocratiques. Il s'agit donc de retrouver l'esprit de liberté sans lequel la démocratie se dégrade et se meurt. (shrink)

Pretende-se, neste artigo, examinar uma das principais inovações introduzidas por Hobbes na filosofia política moderna, que é a invenção da noção de vontade política pública. A dimensão moderna do público é estabelecida por Hobbes por meio da solução do problema da passagem do múltiplo ao uno, da multidão ao povo. presente desde os Elements of law e do De cive . No Levíatã , a emergência da vontade política pública ganha os seus contornos teóricos definitivos. embora Hobbes não tenha chegado (...) a lhe garantir uma plena efetividade. (shrink)

Rarely is the problem of the diversity of languages taken into account whenever population groups are formed into States. When the problem does come up, it is later, in a primarily political context which tries to find political solutions, such as we may presently see them in Canada or in Belgium for instance. These solutions are few and they deal with situations that may contain a host of nuances.Certain countries have chosen a vehicular language while keeping their local languages: the (...) common language in the USSR is the language of one of its republics. In Senegal it is French, which is of a totally foreign origin but has the advantage of avoiding the rivalry existing among the native languages, and it also has a place within the international community. Other countries have accepted as official languages the different languages spoken within its borders. Thus Switzerland is officially tri-lingual (French, German, Italian), giving legal status to what somewhere else may simply be an accepted fact. Many Alsatians speak three languages (Alsatian, French, German). As far as it concerns countries with a strong linguistic heterogeneity, whether it be their history or their size making for a centralizing policy, they have adopted, with the resulting neglect of all others, the language or the idiom of the region which was politically or culturally the dominant one at the time of their unification. Pekinese has been extended to all of China, Florentine to Italy, Hindi to India. Some original combinations can be found: in Israel Jewish immigrants who came from more than seventy different countries, have again taken up the nation's old cultural and religious language, which had been out of use for two thousand years, and have placed it on equal footing with Arabic spoken by the local population, while English is being used for international relations. (shrink)

t.l. Introduction à une anthropologie philosophique.

Jean-Yves Leloup nous propose ici deux lectures magistrales de deux géants de la culture occidentale : Nietzsche, l'athée et Maître Eckhart, le théologien-mystique. Il tente de remettre "à l'endroit" un texte de Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, souvent cité pour justifier tous les athéismes. Leloup montre que le Dieu en lequel Nietzsche voyait une "antithèse de la vie" n'a rien à voir avec le Dieu des Evangiles qui est au contraire une puissance de vie et de libération, une claire lumière par (...) laquelle le monde est vu. L'auteur, avec Maître Eckhart, nous entraîne ensuite au-delà des contraires, au-delà même de Dieu et de tous les Absolus que nous imaginons, vers notre essentielle et silencieuse liberté... Ce livre délicieux et audacieux nous montre, comme le disait Pascal, que "l'athéisme est une marque de force d'esprit, mais jusqu'à un certain degré seulement". (shrink)

Universal Logic is not a new logic, but a general theory of logics, considered as mathematical structures. The name was introduced about ten years ago, but the subject is as old as the beginning of modern logic: Alfred Tarski and other Polish logicians such as Adolf Lindenbaum developed a general theory of logics at the end of the 1920s based on consequence operations and logical matrices. The subject was revived after the flowering of thousands of new logics during the last (...) thirty years: there was a need for a systematic theory of logics to put some order in this chaotic multiplicity. This bo. (shrink)

In this paper we address some central problems of combination of logics through the study of a very simple but highly informative case, the combination of the logics of disjunction and conjunction. At first it seems that it would be very easy to combine such logics, but the following problem arises: if we combine these logics in a straightforward way, distributivity holds. On the other hand, distributivity does not arise if we use the usual notion of extension between consequence relations. (...) A detailed discussion about this phenomenon, as well as some possible solutions for it, are given. (shrink)

We define and examine a notion of logical friendliness, which is a broadening of the familiar notion of classical consequence. The concept is tudied first in its simplest form, and then in a syntax-independent version, which we call sympathy. We also draw attention to the surprising number of familiar notions and operations with which it makes contact, providing a new light in which they may be seen.

of implication and generalization rules have a close relationship, for which there is a key idea for clarifying how they are connected: varying objects. Varying objects trace how generalization rules are used along a demonstration in an axiomatic calculus. Some ways for introducing implication and for generalization are presented here, taking into account some basic properties that calculi can have.

We discuss some logico-mathematical systems which deviate from classical logic and mathematics with respect to the concept of identity. In the first part of the paper we present very general formulations of the principle of identity and show how they can be ‘relativized’ to objects and to properties. Then, as an application, we study the particular cases of physics and logic . In the last part of the paper, we discuss the alphabar logics, that is, those logical systems which violate (...) a formulation of one of the most fundamental versions of the principle of identity; in these logics, there are formulas which are not deducible from themselves. (shrink)

1 What are the features of a paraconsistent negation? Since paraconsistent logic was launched by da Costa in his seminal paper [4], one of the fundamental problems has been to determine what exactly are the theoretical or metatheoretical properties of classical negation that can have a unary operator not obeying the principle of noncontradiction, that is, a paraconsistent operator. What the result presented here shows is that some of these properties are not compatible with each other, so that in constructing (...) a paraconsistent negation as close as possible to classical negation, we have to make a choice among classical properties compatible with the idea of paraconsistency. In particular, there is no paraconsistent negation more classical than all the others. (shrink)

Journal Name: Semiotica Issue: Ahead of print.