The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Soochow Gambling Task (SGT) are two experience-based risky decision-making tasks for examining decision-making deficits in clinical populations. Several cognitive models, including the expectancy-valence learning model (EVL) and the prospect valence learning model (PVL), have been developed to disentangle the motivational, cognitive, and response processes underlying the explicit choices in these tasks. The purpose of the current study was to develop an improved model that can fit empirical data better than the EVL and PVL (...) models and, in addition, produce more consistent parameter estimates across the IGT and SGT. Twenty-six opiate users (mean age 34.23; SD 8.79) and 27 control participants (mean age 35; SD 10.44) completed both tasks. Eighteen cognitive models varying in evaluation, updating, and choice rules were fit to individual data and their performances were compared to that of a statistical baseline model to find a best fitting model. The results showed that the model combining the prospect utility function treating gains and losses separately, the decay-reinforcement updating rule, and the trial-independent choice rule performed the best in both tasks. Furthermore, the winning model produced more consistent individual parameter estimates across the two tasks than any of the other models. (shrink)

Content: Sprache, Recht und Rechtsverbindlichkeit: R. Fukawa: An Analysis of the aeRules of Recognition Statement' u W. Krawietz: What does it mean to follow an aeInstitutionalised Legal Rule'? u N. MacCormick: Citizens' Legal Reasoning and its Importance for Jurisprudence u Y. Morigiwa: Hart's Theories of Language and Law u R.Tuomela: Supervenience, Collective Action, and Kelsen's Organ Theory uRecht und politische Kultur: G. Haney: Recht als Form von Kultur u A. Kojder: Dysfunctionalities of Legal Cultur u A. Lopatka: Law and Religion (...) in Poland u M. Samu: Culture and Law: Legal Culture uWerteordnung als ideologische Basis des Rechtsstaats: R. Dreier: Konstitutionalismus und Legalismus u O. Maenpaa: Unilaterality and Consensualism in the Application of Law u K.-F. Lenz: Zivilprozea und Spiel u M. Pavcnik: Ideologie der Rechtsanwendung versus argumentierte Rechtsentscheidung u J. Uusitalo: Legal Dogmatics, Epistemology, Radical Hermeneutics u Entwicklung der Rechtsordnung und soziale Gerechtigkeit: V. Luizzi: Legal Validity and Justice u H. Rottleuthner: Recht und Technik in entwicklungstheor. Perspektive u S. Panou: Uber die aeGerechtigkeit' des Rechts u A. Squella: Legal Positivism and Democracy in the 20. Century u D. Wyduckel: Konsens und gesellschaftlich-technischer Fortschritt u Soziale Mechanismen der Rechtsanwendung und Rechtsfindung: H. Aoi: Richterliche Rechtsfindung als Pattern-Matching-Prozea uu.a. (Franz Steiner 1991). (shrink)

A natural heme deficiency that exists in cells outside of the circulation broadly compromises the heme contents and functions of heme proteins in cells and tissues. Recently, we found that the signaling molecule, nitric oxide (NO), can trigger or repress the deployment of intracellular heme in a concentration‐dependent hormetic manner. This uncovers a new role for NO and sets the stage for it to shape numerous biological processes by controlling heme deployment and consequent heme protein functions in biology.

The DAMA project is an observatory for rare processes and it is operative deep underground at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the I.N.F.N. In particular, the DAMA/LIBRA (Large sodium Iodide Bulk for RAre processes) set-up consists of highly radiopure NaI(Tl) detectors for a total sensitive exposed mass of ≃250 kg. Recent results, obtained by this set-up by exploiting the model independent annual modulation signature of Dark Matter (DM) particles, have confirmed and improved those obtained by the former DAMA/NaI experiment. (...) A model independent evidence for the presence of Dark Matter particles in the galactic halo is cumulatively obtained at 8.2 σ C.L. No systematics or side reactions able to account for the measured modulation amplitude and to contemporaneously satisfy all the many specific requirements of the signature have been found or suggested by anyone over more than a decade. An example of one of the many possible model dependent corollary quests for the candidate particles and for the related astrophysical, nuclear and particle physics scenarios is presented considering the whole cumulative exposure. Future perspectives are shortly addressed. (shrink)

Searches for non-paulian nuclear processes, i.e. processes normally forbidden by the Pauli–Exclusion–Principle (PEP) with highly radiopure NaI(Tl) scintillators allow the test of this fundamental principle with high sensitivity. Status and perspectives are addressed.

Nos três problemas preambulares e nas primeiras lições do Commentarium in De anima atribuído a Pedro Hispano, o autor: 1) discute a possibilidade de urna ciência da alma; 2) compara a ciência da alma com as outras ciências naturais; 3) identifica o método da ciência da alma. Daí emerge uma fundamentação da "ciência da alma" como "ciência do homem" e um modelo de organização das ciências, tendencialmente coincidente com a organização do corpus aristotélico, mas com a reivindicação da superioridade da (...) Ciência da alma por razões gnosiológicas. (shrink)

A concise and accessible introduction to the evolution of the concept of moral self-cultivation in the Chinese Confucian tradition, this volume begins with an explanation of the pre-philosophical development of ideas central to this concept, followed by an examination of the specific treatment of self cultivation in the philosophy of Kongzi ("Confucius"), Mengzi ("Mencius"), Xunzi, Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, Yan Yuan and Dai Zhen. In addition to providing a survey of the views of some of the most influential Confucian thinkers (...) on an issue of fundamental importance to the tradition, Ivanhoe also relates their concern with moral self-cultivation to a number of topics in the Western ethical tradition. Bibliography and index are included. (shrink)

Nestes nossos tempos gerundistas e de valores-isopores o apelo ao eufemismo e à grandiloquência torna-se palavra de ordem e progresso. Oficinas mecânicas passam a ser chamadas de centros automotivos, açougues transmutam-se em butiques de carnes e sapatarias em recuperadoras de calçados.Daí a gente olha em volta e começa igualmente a não achar mais nem barbearias nem barbeiros.Quedê, perguntamos, a Tesoura de Ouro do Carlão? Pois seu salão ganhou a neomodernosa indicação de Cabeleireiro Masculino e virou ele esteticista capilar. Bate daí (...) saudade danada – possivelmente, diria. (shrink)

A concise and accessible introduction to the moral philosophy of Kongzi (Confucius), Mengzi (Mencius), Xunzi, Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, Yan Yuan and Dai Zhen.

Umm el-Qaab VII: Private Stelae of the Early Dynastic Period from the Royal Cemetery at Abydos. By Geoffrey Thorndike Martin. DAI Cairo, Archäologische Veröffentlichungen, vol. 123. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2011. Pp. 219, 90 plts. €128.

Il presente saggio mette in evidenza come i Beiträge zur Charakterologie di Bahnsen abbiano rappresentato un primo filtro interpretativo per la ricezione in Nietzsche di alcuni importanti temi della filosofia di Schopenhauer. Il giovane Nietzsche condivide non solo la critica di Bahnsen al radicale dualismo posto da Schopenhauer tra volontà e intelletto, ma anche la tesi che le inclinazioni intellettuali derivino dalla peculiarità del carattere individuale. Le osservazioni di Bahnsen sulla dottrina del carattere di Schopenhauer rappresentano la chiave interpretativa con (...) cui Nietzsche spiega la sua adesione alla filosofia di Schopenhauer. Dal punto di vista di Nietzsche l’affinità con Schopenhauer è prova di un carattere incapace di soddisfare il suo bisogno metafisico attraverso il ricorso alla religione. Nietzsche concorda anche con Bahnsen sul fatto che l'eccessiva auto-riflessione inibisca l'azione e l'espressione autentica del carattere individuale e, di conseguenza, che la voce dell'istinto sia preferibile alla guida dell'intelletto. (shrink)

Autor de vasta e rigorosa obra de investigação histórico-filosófica, Domingos Maurício participou no corpo incial dos redactores da. Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, cabendo-lhe a autoria do texto programático de abertura da publicação, em 1945. Como investigador, as directrizes de trabalho que Domingos Maurício prosseguia ligavam--se, em parcela significativa, àquelas que viriam a ser definidas e executadas pela própria Revista, daí resultando o interesse de uma análise em termos de recíproca aproximação, para efeitos deste estudo. A recuperação do prestígio intelectual dos (...) Inacianos, e a revisão crítica do processo que engendrara a lenda denegridora da Companhia de Jesus no nosso País; a valorização da Metafísica cristá e da Teologia de inspiração tomista; a demonstração da grande densidade filosófica do Curso Conimbricense, e da valia do labor especulativo de luminares do Pensamento moderno, como Pedro da Fonseca, Franciso Suárez e Luís de Molina; o mérito e projecção cultural da Universidade de Éevora e do Colégio das Artes de Coimbra, durante a administração jesuíta, tais eram as metas e os temas de um vasto programa que Domingos Maurício empreendera. A única via possível para realizar esse vasto programa foi a da objectividade da investigação histórica, da erudição verdadeiramente rigorosa, da crítica exigente. A realização destes objectivos constitui, a nosso ver, o grande merito historiográfico de Domingos Maurício, e isso lhe conquistou um lugar ímpar na História da Filosofia e na História das Ideias em Portugal. /// Auteur d'une vaste et rigoureux travail de recherche histoire-philosophique, Domingos Maurício étail menibre du groupe initial des redacteurs de la Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, et fut l'auteur du texle-programme lors de l'apparilion de la publication en 1945. Coirune chcrchcur, les lignes directrices du travail de Domingos Maurício croisent de façon significative celles qui en viendraient à l'être définies et mises en pratique par la Revue même: il en résulte un net intérét pour une analyse en tennes d'approchc réciproque en vue de cette étude. La récuperation du prestige intellecluel des disciples de S. Ignacc et la révision critique du procès qu'avait provoqué la légende dénigranl la Compagnie de Jésus dans noire pays: la valorisation de la Métaphysique chrétienne el de la théologie d'inspiralion thomiste; la démonstration de la grande densite philosophique du "Cursus Conimbricensis", et la qualité du travail spéculatif des flambeaux de la pensée moderne, comme Pedro da Fonseca, Francisco Suárez et Luis de Molina; le mérite de la projection culturelle de l'Université d'Évora et du College des Arts de Coimbra durant radministration jésuite, tels étaient les buls el les thèmes d'un vaste programme que Domingos Maurício avait entrepris. L'unique voie possible pour réaliser ce vaste programme ful celle de l'objectivité de la recherche historique, de l'érudition vraiment rigoureuse, de la critique exigente; la réalisation de ces objectifs consume, à notre avis, le grand mérite historiographique de Domingos Maurício, ce qui lui valut une place sans égal dans la Philosophic et l'Histoire des Idées au Portugal. /// Author of many works in the history of philosophy, Domingos Maurício belong the original editorial team responsable for the publication of the Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia; in fact, the opening text of the first issue of the review (1945) was witten by him. The direction taken in his research can be seen in the issues of the Revista: the recuperation of the intelectual prestige of the Inacians and a critical account of the process by which a negative history of the Society of Jesus was produced in our country; the valorization of Christian Metaphysics and Thomistic theology; the demonstration of the philosophical worth of the "Curso Conimbricense", and the value of authors such as Pedro da Fonseca, Francisco Suárez, and Luis de Molina; the cultural importance of the Universidade de Évora and the Colégio das Artes in Coimbra under the administration of the Jesuits. (shrink)

O texto apresenta a ideia de um mínimo existencial como condição de possibilidade para a realização dos direitos e liberdades fundamentais incluídos no primeiro princípio de justiça de Rawls. Mostra, no entanto, a sua insuficiência para o exercício pleno da cidadania. Daí decorre a necessidade de ampliação da noção de "mínimo social" (mínimo existencial) para a ideia de "bens primários", considerando a concepção política de justiça. The text presents the idea of an existential minimum as a condition of possibility for (...) the realization of the basic rights and liberties included in the first principle of justice of Rawls. It shows, however, to be insufficient for the full exercise of citizenship. Hence the need to expand the notion of "social minimum" (existential minimum) to the idea of "primary goods", considering the political conception of justice. (shrink)

The logic DAI of demodalised analytic implication has been introduced by J.M. Dunn as a variation on a time-honoured logical system by C.I. Lewis’ student W.T. Parry. The main tenet underlying this logic is that no implication can be valid unless its consequent is “analytically contained” in its antecedent. DAI has been investigated both proof-theoretically and model-theoretically, but no study so far has focussed on DAI from the viewpoint of abstract algebraic logic. We provide several different algebraic semantics for DAI, (...) showing their equivalence with the known semantics by Dunn and Epstein. We also show that DAI is algebraisable and we identify its equivalent quasivariety semantics. This class turns out to be a linguistic and axiomatic expansion of involutive bisemilattices, a subquasivariety of which forms the algebraic counterpart of Paraconsistent Weak Kleene logic. This fact sheds further light on the relationship between containment logics and logics of nonsense. (shrink)

Philosophers have proposed many accounts of biological function. A coarse-grained distinction can be made between backward-looking views, which emphasise historical contributions to fitness, and forward-looking views, which emphasise the current contribution to fitness or role of a biological component within some larger system. These two views are often framed as being incompatible and conflicting with one another. The emerging field of synthetic biology, which involves applying engineering principles to the design and construction of biological systems, complicates things further by adding (...) intentional design as a source of function. In the current study we explored how biology experts and novices think about function in the context of single-celled, multi-celled, and synthetic organisms. We also explored the extent to which each group were function pluralists, and if they were function pluralists, which accounts of function tended to be endorsed together. The results showed a surprising degree of similarity between experts and novices in most contexts, although certain differences were apparent. Most surprisingly, we found evidence not only of function pluralism in both groups, but pluralism between backward-looking and forward-looking accounts. We discuss these findings in the context of the philosophical debate on function and consider the practical implications for public acceptance of synthetic biology. First, we argue that philosophers of biology should re-examine the purported incompatibility between accounts of function. Second, we argue that due to the introduction of an intentional aetiology in synthetic biology, there may be an inherent conflict between the views of experts and novices when thinking about synthetic biology. (shrink)

Peace is a hallmark of human societies. However, certain ant species engage in long-term intergroup resource sharing, which is remarkably similar to peace among human groups. We discuss how individual and group payoff distributions are affected by kinship, dispersal, and age structure; the challenges of diagnosing peace; and the benefits of comparing convergent complex behaviours in disparate taxa.

Doctors’ strikes are legally permissible in the UK, with the situation differing in other countries. But are they morally permissible? Doug McConnell and Darren Mann have systematically attempted to dismiss the arguments for the moral impermissibility of doctors’ strikes and creatively attempted to provide further moral justification for them. Unfortunately for striking doctors, they fail to achieve this. Meanwhile, junior doctors’ strikes have continued in the UK through 2023 and have now extended into 2024. In this response, which focuses on (...) the UK situation and specifically junior doctors’ strikes in the National Health Service (NHS) in England, I will demonstrate a central problem with their arguments—namely that they underplay the harms caused by prolonged doctors’ strikes by ignoring the harms to patients with cancer. This weakens their conclusion that strikes are morally permissible in terms of the conditions and thresholds they set. I then provide a psychological critique of their justification for strikes in terms of the interests of the public. It follows that invoking the controversial concept of supererogatory action is ungrounded but also absurd when you consider time-critical cancer care. If those representing striking doctors wish to maintain a modicum of moral respectability, they should mitigate for patients with cancer and negotiate reasonably and with urgency. (shrink)

Grace and Freedom in a Secular Age offers a concise exposition of key ideas - contingency, otherness, freedom, vulnerability and mutuality - that inform the work of the Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor, especially concerning the dynamics of religious belief and religious denial in what he calls a "a secular age." The book integrates discussion of Immanuel Kant and Susan Neiman in particular and seeks to show how Taylor's work can be fruitfully engaged by theologians.

The Western Middle Ages witnessed the emergence of a wide array of economic theories of public life and the common good that emphasized the worthiness (indeed priority) of ensuring a satisfactory arrangement of economic goods primarily for the sake of meeting the physical, temporal needs of individuals from all classes and orders. The chapter surveys a plethora of texts, dating from the middle of the twelfth century up to the end of the fifteenth, that considered pragmatic issues related to how (...) the material self-interest of human beings coincided with the augmentation of public wealth within a community, and especially how governmental policies promoted or hampered the goal of personal economic improvement. Despite the diversity of and occasional discordance among these writings, all of them fundamentally agree on two interrelated points: (1) the pursuit of material self-interest, rather than conflicting with or detracting from the common good, actually supports and enhances it; (2) the responsibility of government to promote the public welfare requires paying careful attention to the protection and promotion of private advantage. (shrink)

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion.

Organized across national boundaries and with millions of supporters worldwide, transnational environmental activist groups such as Greenpeace, the World Wildlife Fund, and Friends of the Earth play a central role in the way the world addresses environmental issues. This book provides the most systematic and theoretically informed study to date of the strategies these organizations use to advance global environmental protection. Based on case studies of three transnational groups, it argues that in addition to lobbying governments, activists operate within and (...) across societies to effect widespread change. They work through transnational social, economic, and cultural networks to alter corporate practices, educate vast numbers of people, pressure multilateral development banks, and shift standards of good conduct. Wapner argues that because this activity takes place outside the formal arena of inter-state politics, environmental activists practice "world civic politics"; they politicize global civil society. The theoretical import of this book is to bring the practice of world civic politics into sharp relief and generalize its significance beyond environmental affairs to explain the efforts of all NGOs in world politics. (shrink)