Auch die subtilsten geistigen Kompetenzen haben eine organische Basis. Mag es auch zunächst überraschen, so besteht daher doch eine entscheidende Verbindung zwischen Gedächtnis und Körper. Es geht also darum, Gedächtnis und Erinnerung nicht als bloßes Wissen misszuverstehen. Vor allem als soziale Tatsache bedarf Erinnerung stets wiederholter Beschwörungen, um nicht zu verschwinden. Spricht man vom individuellen Gedächtnis und der persönlichen Erinnerung, denkt man im Allgemeinen an bewusste Prozesse, dabei ist es häufig viel eher so, dass bestimmte Lernerfahrungen gar nicht mehr bewusst, (...) sondern gleichsam zum weitestgehend unbewussten Moment geistiger und vor allem auch körperlicher Prägungen geworden sind. Diese Verbindung zwischen Körper und Gedächtnis faltet der vorliegende Band systematisch aus. (shrink)

Due to the obvious and widely studied Deweyan foundations in the educational program elaborated by philosopher Mathew Lipman, Philosophy for Children is often presented as a continuation of Dewey’s democratic ideal, as a mode of associated living. I argue that there is a democratic model specific to Lipman’s P4C, that cannot be reduced to Dewey’s theories. To do so, I propose to compare Dewey’s and Lipman’s educational models through the Bourdieusian notion of habitus, understood as a set of lasting mental (...) dispositions, following a specific social conditioning, revealed by some practical habits. Studying in depth Dewey’s and Lipman’s educational recommendations concerning inquiry does not only reveal that they are structured according to different rationalities, it also highlights the fact that they tend to develop different habits and dispositions in the child, that ultimately form two distinct citizen habitus. Dewey’s habitus could be called experimental and Lipman’s habitus dialogical and they both correspond to their respective reflections on democracy and the role a citizen should be playing. I conclude by highlighting the interesting possibilities that stem from the analysis and comparison of educational models through the notion of habitus.Resumen: En razón de las indudables y ampliamente estudiadas fundaciones deweyana en la pedagogía elaborada por el filósofo Mathew Lipman, la filosofía para niños es generalmente presentada como una continuación del ideal democrático de John Dewey, como un modo de vida asociada. Sostengo que existe un modelo democrático específico a la filosofía para niños como la que fue elaborada por Lipman, que no se puede reducir a las teorías de Dewey. Para mostrar eso, propongo de comparar las pedagogías de Dewey y de Lipman a través de la noción bourdieusiana del habitus, entendida como un conjunto de disposiciones mentales duraderas, proveniente de un condicionamiento social específico, que se manifiesta por hábitos prácticos. Un estudio en profundidad de las recomendaciones educativas de Dewey y de Lipman en cuento a la encuesta no sólo revela que están organizadas por racionalidades diferentes, sino también que desarrollan hábitos y disposiciones diferentes en el niño, que últimamente forman dos habitus ciudadanos distintos. El habitus de Dewey se puede llamar experimental, y el de Lipman un habitus dialógico, los dos corresponden a sus reflexiones respectivas sobre la democracia y el rol del ciudadano. Concluyo subrayando las posibilidades interesantes que emerjan de la analiza y comparación de las pedagogías a través de la noción de habitus. (shrink)

For the past few decades a concern with heritage in the countries of the Arab Gulf has led to the reclamation of the purebred Arabian horse as one of the iconic animals of the Bedouin identity and...

The texts in this book offer new observations on incarnation in light of the developments of the past twenty years in both philosophy and theology, as well as current debates in anthropology and ethics.

L'enfantement est-il le propre de la femme? Pourquoi n'y a-t-il qu'un seul sexe qui enfante? Les hommes ne pourraient-ils pas aussi enfanter? Est-il encore nécessaire d'en passer par le corps des femmes pour mettre au monde les enfants? La fin de l'enfantement se présente-t-elle comme une libération ou comme une aliénation des femmes? Serait-ce un progrès de s'en passer ou, au contraire, une perte sèche pour l'humanité? Une seule question semble toutes les contenir : quelle est la raison d'être de (...) l'enfantement? (shrink)

In this analysis of one of the most difficult and neglected topics in Hegelian studies, Songsuk Susan Hahn tackles the status of contradiction in Hegel's ...

Why should one go to see works of art if one can look at faces in clouds and other somewhat more complex forms in tarmac? Does my aesthetic experience discover something unprecedented when it takes products of human Intentionality as substrate rather than “natural objects” supposedly lacking all Intentionality? These questions raise that of the contribution of authorship in the framework of aesthetic experience ; they question the role of the author from one of a number of possible points of (...) view. The aim here is to advance this thought setting out from an experience of thought. Borrowing from the methodology of Arthur Danto displayed in The transfiguration of the commonplace, this experience of thought seeks to determine the structural differences between an aesthetic experience undertaken concerning Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty and that undertaken concerning an indiscernable perceptible said to have been generated randomly by nature. The question at the heart of this article is how to characterize the difference implied by the presence of the data-author for the aesthetic experience (transl. J. Dudley). (shrink)

This essay examines the ways in which Daniel Maximin, a Guadeloupean writer, tackles the work of history and memory that constitutes the ethical imperative of postcolonial writers in the African diaspora. From Proust to Joyce, Camus to Blanchot, Maximin “riffs” on the modernist canon to produce a truly hybrid hermeneutics. In three inter-connected works that share characters and circumstances and owe much to Eco’s concept of the “open work”, Maximin crafts one giant unbounded, untelelogical self-referential narrative that shall heal the (...) diasporic obsession with the all too real fractures of colonial history. (shrink)

Οι δηλιακοί κατάλογοι απογραφής περιλαμβάνουν πληθώρα όρων με τα επιθήματα -ιον, -ίσκος ή -ίδιον, τα οποία θεωρούνται συχνά ως υποκοριστικά. Βάσει ορισμένων επιλεγ μένων παραδειγμάτων αποδεικνύεται ότι η ανωτέρω ερμηνεία είναι λανθασμένη και ότι πρέπει κυρίως να ληφθούν υπόψη οι έννοιες του ανήκειν και του προσομοιάζειν σε αυτές τις καταλήξεις. Σε πολλές λεξιλογικές περιπτώσεις η ιδέα της καλλιτεχνικής απομίμησης υπερέχει εκείνης της μικρογραφίας.

The study of the ways of presentation and conservation of the ex-votos deposited in the Delian sanctuaries and recorded in the annual inventories, reveals two interesting phenomena in the functioning of sacred stewardship: The ingenuity of the donors and administrators in combining the requirements of display and arrangement and in their descriptions of them in the catalogues through the use of a rich vocabulary and strict syntax, can thus be underlined. Over the years one can also glimpse an evolution in (...) attitude, evidenced in the more sophisticated and striking presentation of offerings, to the detriment sometimes of the sobre piety that surrounded them at the beginning of Delian independence. (shrink)

Cette inscription inédite, découverte en 1987 dans les fouilles du Prytanée de Délos, est à ajouter à la série déjà connue des Tabulae Archontum déliennes. Elle permet de confirmer le nom de l'archonte de 168 av. J.-C, Alkimachos, fils d'Antikratès, et d'enrichir nos connaissances prosopographiques à l'époque de l'Indépendance. En dépit de ses ressemblances avec les autres Tabulae, ce texte présente cependant quelques variantes qui modifient notre compréhension du mode de fonctionnement des Apollonia dans les dernières années de l'Indépendance, en (...) révélant notamment l'existence d'une nouvelle épreuve dans ce concours. (shrink)

Stigmata and grammata in the accounts of miraculous cures at Epidauros. A new semantic and clinical analysis The accounts of miraculous cures at Epidauros have been the object of many interpretations and have led to numerous speculations concerning the pathologies described therein. Thus, up to the present, the termes and were interpreted especially as tattoos of fugitive slaves. By placing the words in a medical context, and through a double semantic and pathological analysis, it has been possible to propose a (...) retrospective diagnosis of the ailment afflicting two patients of the god Asklepios. The place of this account among the iamata is once again fully justified. (shrink)

Pendant plusieurs décennies, voire plusieurs siècles, les inventaires de Délos ont recensé les offrandes déposées chaque année dans les différents sanctuaires de l’île sacrée. Parmi elles se trouvent de nombreuses dédicaces de vêtements et de tissus dont la description témoigne de l’inventivité lexicale et sémantique des administrateurs sacrés. Parallèlement aux offrandes, les inventaires mentionnent également des tissus aux fonctions multiples. L’objectif ici est d’examiner la terminologie propre aux textes de Délos afin de déterminer ensuite quels renseignements nous livre cette étude (...) sémantique : les textiles à Délos sont les vecteurs d’identités multiples, qu’ils soient les témoins de pratiques religieuses particulières ou qu’ils constituent un indice social de l’époque hellénistique. (shrink)

A common view in both philosophy and the vision sciences is that, in human vision, wavelength information is primarily ‘for’ colouring: for seeing surfaces and various media as having colours. In this article we examine this assumption of ‘colour-for-colouring’. To motivate the need for an alternative theory, we begin with three major puzzles from neurophysiology, puzzles that are not explained by the standard theory. We then ask about the role of wavelength information in vision writ large. How might wavelength information (...) be used by any monochromat or dichromat and, finally, by a trichromatic primate with object vision? We suggest that there is no single ‘advantage’ to trichromaticity but a multiplicity, only one of which is the ability to see surfaces and so on as having categorical colours. Instead, the human trichromatic retina exemplifies a scheme for a general encoding of wavelength information given the constraints imposed by high spatial resolution object vision. Chromatic vision, like its partner, luminance vision, is primarily for seeing. Viewed this way, the ‘puzzles’ presented at the outset make perfect sense. 1 Reframing the Problem1.1 Introduction1.2 Three puzzles1.2.1 Why is trichromatic vision an anomaly in diurnal mammals?1.2.2 Why does the colour system occupy such a large and central part in human vision?1.2.3 Why are the blue cones so rare?1.3 Recasting the question2 The Costs and Benefits of Spectral Vision2.1 Spectral information and object vision2.2 Encoding the spectral dimension of light2.2.1 ‘General’ versus ‘specific’ encoding2.2.2 Spectral encoding and the monochromat2.2.3 Spectral encoding and the dichromat2.2.4 Spectral encoding and the human trichromat2.3 Three puzzles revisited2.3.1 Why is trichromatic vision an anomaly in diurnal mammals?2.3.2 Why does the colour system occupy such a large and central part in human vision?2.3.3 Why are the blue cones so rare3 Conclusion. (shrink)

The Chairman of Volkswagen's Board of Management made the following presentation in London last November at a Conference on‘Business and Moral Standards in Post‐Communist Europe’, held under the auspices of the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster and sponsored by the Sedgwick Group and KPMG Peat Marwick. Dr Hahn's lecture is reproduced with permission.

In der Einleitung in den Schwerpunkt „Ethik der Globalisierung und kollektive Verantwortung“ machen wir uns für ein Verständnis von globaler Ethik als einer neuen Disziplin innerhalb der angewandten Ethik stark. Darin geht es wesentlich um Probleme, die sich aus der globalen Kooperation und Konkurrenz in wirtschaftlicher, politischer, sozialer und kultureller Hinsicht ergeben. Nach dieser Auffassung hat es globale Ethik grundsätzlich mit der Bestimmung globaler kollektiver Verantwortlichkeiten zu tun, da sich das Handeln individueller und kollektiver Akteure heute vor dem Hintergrund einer (...) globalisierten Struktur von Handlungspfaden, Anreizen und Regeln vollzieht. In allen Bereichsethiken der globalen Ethik ist daher die Frage, wie sich kollektive Verantwortung unstrukturierten Gruppen zuschreiben lässt, zentral geworden. Worin besteht die kollektive Verantwortung von Unternehmen und Konsument*innen für globale Ausbeutung, Weltarmut oder die Folgen der Klimawandels? Die Antworten der fünf in dieser Einleitung vorgestellten Beiträge greifen dazu in erhellender Weise auf die handlungstheoretischen Debatten zu kollektiver Verantwortung zurück. Es zeigt sich, dass das Verantwortungsprinzip durch seinen prospektiven, Kollektive in den Blick nehmenden, die moralische, politische und juridische Dimension verbindenden sowie auf Strukturen scharf stellenden Charakter besonders geeignet ist, diese Probleme zu behandeln. (shrink)

The debate over environmental, health, and safety regulation has reached a new crescendo in the 104th Congress. So impassioned is the debate on occasion, and so high the feelings, that even the tools of regulatory analysis have become part of the combat.To some, the term cost-benefit analysis, for example, is virtually a swearword, a nefarious tool used by big business to undermine regulations aimed at benefiting the people at large. To others, it is the mechanism for achieving more effective regulation (...) at less cost.This new book on the subject of reforming regulation is aimed at increasing the light and turning down the heat. It consists of an introduction and nine chapters written by scientists, public policy analysts, and economists on various aspects of regulation and regulatory analysis.The book advances the latest knowledge and evidence on risk analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and related techniques for improving regulation--all based on experience and data accumulated over the quarter century since regulation in the areas of environment, health, and safety became a major player on the governmental stage. The strengths and limitations of those analytical tools are an important part of the portrait that is painted, but a common thesis is that, properly used, the tools can be helpful in getting better regulatory results. (shrink)

La naissance constitue pour toute famille un bouleversement identitaire. Dans ce contexte, le « devenir grand-parent » est encore peu étudié. Les auteurs ont mené plusieurs entretiens conjointement chez des parents et grands-parents dans une population tout-venant au Québec. Les résultats illustrent les enjeux identitaires qui surgissent autour de la naissance entre les parents et leurs propres parents. Les parents s’expriment sur l’attente quant au soutien que pourraient apporter ces derniers. Les grands-parents, qui semblent plutôt en attente de relations avec (...) le bébé, passeraient par ce soutien pour trouver leur propre place dans l’économie familiale. Avec des différences selon les sexes, les grands-parents concourent ainsi à construire grâce à cet étayage un berceau psychique familial qui réunit dans un premier cercle les parents avec leur bébé. En périnatalité, cette « fonction » grand-parentale permettrait d’envisager la spécificité d’un second cercle autour du bébé, propre également aux interventions des professionnels. (shrink)

Shape and locomotion of tissue cells depend on the interaction of elements of the cytoskeleton, adhesion to the substrate and an intracellular hydrostatic pressure. The existence of this pressure becomes obvious from increase in cell volume on cessation of contractile forces and from observations with ultrasound acoustic microscopy. Wherever such an internal pressure is established, it is involved in generation of shape and driving force of cell locomotion. Therefore each hypothesis on cell shape and locomotion must consider this property of (...) a living cell. Apparently different types of locomotion depend on differences in substrate adhesion and/or cytoskeleton organisation. (shrink)

It is virtuous for individual and collective agents to be tolerant. However, toleration is difficult, both in practice and in conceptualization. Firstly, given that toleration can be understood in various ways (Walzer 1997, Forst 2007), it seems that to determine what is the proper conception of toleration would be controversially difficult. Here I shall suggest one particular conception of toleration is more suitable than others. This conception allows, as I shall explain, us to better understandthe difficulties of toleration. Thus, this (...) particular conception of toleration should lead us to see what is more adequate for dealing with the difficulties of toleration. To be more precise, I shall argue for a political conception of toleration, which different from the attitudinal conception of toleration as being indifferent, or the ethical conception of toleration as respect. There is the suggestion of toleration as recognition (Galeotti 2002). These alternative understandings of toleration do not provide better diagnoses of the difficulties of toleration. The political conception of toleration is intended to be grounded on some moral considerations, notpragmatic purpose. It is political in that it recognizes the fact that toleration is essentially practiced to deal with a power relationship among the parties of toleration. Where these is no such power relationship, as I shall argue, there is no issue of toleration. Secondly, this proposed conception of toleration is political in the sense that it shall not deal with differences coming from, to use John Rawls’s phrase, the fact of pluralism by adopting any comprehensive doctrine such as an ethics of respect or recognition. (shrink)

Norms—that is, specifications of what we ought to do—play a critical role in the study of informal argumentation, as they do in studies of judgment, decision-making and reasoning more generally. Specifically, they guide a recurring theme: are people rational? Though rules and standards have been central to the study of reasoning, and behavior more generally, there has been little discussion within psychology about why (or indeed if) they should be considered normative despite the considerable philosophical literature that bears on this (...) topic. In the current paper, we ask what makes something a norm, with consideration both of norms in general and a specific example: norms for informal argumentation. We conclude that it is both possible and desirable to invoke norms for rational argument, and that a Bayesian approach provides solid normative principles with which to do so. (shrink)

In 2004, the excavation in the north part of the Artemision on Thasos yielded a fragment of a decree passed in honour of the Thasian Stilbon between the 1st c. BC and the 1st c. AD. Stilbon had offered to finance the work of restoration and construction necessitated by the sanctuary of a goddess of the city. Rendered in a rather unconventional style, the text shows how the maintenance of religious facilities passed from the responsibility of the city to that (...) of individual fortunes. (shrink)

Much of what we believe we know, we know through the testimony of others. While there has been long-standing evidence that people are sensitive to the characteristics of the sources of testimony, for example in the context of persuasion, researchers have only recently begun to explore the wider implications of source reliability considerations for the nature of our beliefs. Likewise, much remains to be established concerning what factors influence source reliability. In this paper, we examine, both theoretically and empirically, the (...) implications of using message content as a cue to source reliability. We present a set of experiments examining the relationship between source information and message content in people's responses to simple communications. The results show that people spontaneously revise their beliefs in the reliability of the source on the basis of the expectedness of a source's claim and, conversely, adjust message impact by perceived reliability; hence source reliability and message content have a bi-directional relationship. The implications are discussed for a variety of psychological, philosophical and political issues such as belief polarization and dual-route models of persuasion. (shrink)

Autour du Manifeste de Vienne se trouvent reunis des textes fondateurs ecrits autour de 1929. Leurs auteurs: Carnap, Hahn, Neurath, Schlick l'ame du Cercle de Vienne, et Waismann plus proche de Wittgenstein, temoignent d'un courant philosophique constituant aujourd'hui la tradition analytique de source continentale a la fois empiriste et logique. Forme de maniere informelle a Vienne, au coeur de l'Europe, le Cercle reunissait des savants de differentes branches qui voulaient se donner une philosophie susceptible d' unifier leurs vues. Echo (...) aux reves d'unite de la science, cette philosophie en exprime aussi le renversement complet. Veritable Discours de la methode, mais d'esprit anti-cartesien, elle entend reconstruire la science de maniere a evincer la speculation metaphysique, le but etant qu'aucun enonce ne soit laisse a l'exterieur de cette grande architecture de symboles s'il etait pourvu de sens. La declaration de guerre contre la metaphysique est un geste de militance a une epoque riche en differents manifestes. Incomprehensible en dehors du contexte socio-politique viennois de ces annees, elle porte aussi un programme de reconstruction rationnelle qui, au dela du langage de la science, devait toucher tous les secteurs de la vie. Plus complexe qu'il n'y parait, ce programme contient, en reference a Wittgenstein, son prestigieux representant a cote d'Einstein et Russell, une mise en garde contre differentes formes d'irrationalismes, qui est d'actualite. (shrink)

There has been much interest in group judgment and the so-called 'wisdom of crowds'. In many real world contexts, members of groups not only share a dependence on external sources of information, but they also communicate with one another, thus introducing correlations among their responses that can diminish collective accuracy. This has long been known, but it has-to date-not been examined to what extent different kinds of communication networks may give rise to systematically different effects on accuracy. We argue that (...) equations that relate group accuracy, individual accuracy, and group diversity are useful theoretical tools for understanding group performance in the context of research on group structure. In particular, these equations may serve to identify the kind of group structures that improve individual accuracy without thereby excessively diminishing diversity so that the net positive effect is an improvement even on the level of collective accuracy. Two experiments are reported where two structures are investigated from this perspective. It is demonstrated that the more constrained network outperforms the network with a free flow of information. (shrink)

Globalization arguably generated a governance gap that is being filled by transnational rule-making involving private actors among others. The democratic legitimacy of such new forms of governance beyond nation states is sometimes questioned. Apart from nation-centered democracies, such governance cannot build, for example, on representation and voting procedures to convey legitimacy to the generated rules. Instead, alternative elements of democracy such as deliberation and inclusion require discussion to assess new instruments of governance. The recently published standard ISO 26000 is an (...) interesting example of transnational governance. ISO 26000 was developed in a lengthy multiorganizational process for the purpose of giving guidance on the social responsibility of organizations. By assessing the specific case of ISO 26000, this study sheds light on the question of how legitimacy beyond nation-state democracy is ensured or constricted. Centering on the idea of deliberate democracy and democratic legitimacy, the study offers in-depth insights on the normative legitimacy of the development process of ISO 26000. Positioned on the interface of business studies and public policy, this article contributes to the academic literature on transnational governance and on the role of multistakeholder processes in shaping the role of business in society. (shrink)