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  1. Problems start with the preface! Are fair equality of opportunity and Quine consistent?Terence Rajivan Edward - manuscript
    The preface to A Theory of Justice includes the interesting suggestion that John Rawls’s system is consistent with W.V. Quine’s system. I raise a problem for achieving fair equality of opportunity granting Quine’s system: that one does not have to respond to apparent evidence that two candidates are equally suitable for a job in the desired way. There does not appear to be a logical inconsistency between the systems at this point, but in practice regular positive discrimination schemes are probably (...)
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  2. Vexed adults? Simone de Beauvoir’s “One is not born a woman” and W.V. Quine.Terence Rajivan Edward - manuscript
    This is a one page handout outlining an interpretation of Simone de Beauvoir which draws heavily upon material from the analytic tradition of philosophy.
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  3. On Philomatics and Psychomatics for Combining Philosophy and Psychology with Mathematics.Benyamin Ghojogh & Morteza Babaie - manuscript
    We propose the concepts of philomatics and psychomatics as hybrid combinations of philosophy and psychology with mathematics. We explain four motivations for this combination which are fulfilling the desire of analytical philosophy, proposing science of philosophy, justifying mathematical algorithms by philosophy, and abstraction in both philosophy and mathematics. We enumerate various examples for philomatics and psychomatics, some of which are explained in more depth. The first example is the analysis of relation between the context principle, semantic holism, and the usage (...)
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  4. Interculturalidad en salud, más allá de varias formas de decir lo mismo.Biani Paola Sánchez López - manuscript
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  5. "If-then" as a version of "Implies".Matheus Silva - manuscript
    Russell’s role in the controversy about the paradoxes of material implication is usually presented as a tale of how even the greatest minds can fall prey to basic conceptual confusions. Quine accused him of making a silly mistake in Principia Mathematica. He interpreted “if- then” as a version of “implies” and called it material implication. Quine’s accusation is that this decision involved a use-mention fallacy because the antecedent and consequent of “if-then” are used instead of being mentioned as the premise (...)
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  6. Ontology and Information Systems (2004).Barry Smith - manuscript
    In a development that has still been hardly noticed by philosophers, a conception of ontology has been advanced in recent years in a series of extra-philosophical disciplines as researchers in linguistics, psychology, geography and anthropology have sought to elicit the ontological commitments (‘ontologies’, in the plural) of different cultures or disciplines. Exploiting the terminology of Quine, researchers in psychology and anthropology have sought to establish what individual human subjects, or entire human cultures, are committed to, ontologically, in their everyday cognition, (...)
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  7. Willard Van Orman Quine.Paul Gregory - manuscript
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  8. Quine's Ontology: Its Contents and Discontents.Phillip Hoffman - unknown - Eidos: The Canadian Graduate Journal of Philosophy 13.
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  9. WV Quine, From Stimulus to Science Paolo Crivelli and Marco Santambrogio, eds, On Quine: New Essays.M. De Gaynesford - forthcoming - Radical Philosophy.
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  10. What Quine (and Carnap) might say about contemporary metaphysics of time.Natalja Deng - forthcoming - In Frederique Janssen-Lauret (ed.), Quine, Structure, and Ontology. Oxford University Press.
    This chapter explores some of the relations between Quine’s and Carnap’s metaontological stances on the one hand, and contemporary work in the metaphysics of time, on the other. Contemporary metaphysics of time, like analytic metaphysics in general, grew out of the revival of the discipline that Quine’s critique of the logical empiricists (such as Carnap) made possible. At the same time, the metaphysics of time has, in some respects, strayed far from its Quinean roots. This chapter examines some likely Quinean (...)
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  11. Quine and holism.Kênio Estrela - forthcoming - AL-Mukhatabat.
    Holism is a well-known and discussed theory in several fields of philosophy, especially in the field of epistemology and the philosophy of language. Willard Van Orman Quine was one of the leading analytical philosophers to argue about this topic in the last 70 years. The objective of this paper is to present how Quine developed his holistic arguments, identifying the texts in which they appear, and finally to present our interpretation of how epistemological holism and meaning holism work in the (...)
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  12. Quine, Naturalism and First-Person Epistemology (In Persian).Ali Hossein Khani - forthcoming - Iranian Institute of Philosophy (IRIP) Publishing.
    The book will discuss and criticize the objections from Blackburn, Searle and Glock to Quine's arguments for the indeterminacy of translation, i.e., that these arguments result in a denial of first-person authority, as well as Hylton’s solution to these objections. The book argues that these objections, as well as Hylton's solution, all rely on a misconstrual of Quine, among other things, that there can be a distinction between meaning and translation for Quine. I will then offer a Strawsonian-Wittgensteinian account of (...)
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  13. Naturalism and Its Challenges.Ali Hossein Khani & Gary Kemp (eds.) - forthcoming - New York: Routledge.
    This volume features new essays on the application and role of naturalism in philosophical inquiry. It serves as an important update on current controversies about naturalism.
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  14. Quine’s Underdetermination Thesis.Eric Johannesson - forthcoming - Erkenntnis:1-18.
    In On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World from 1975, Quine formulated a thesis of underdetermination roughly to the effect that every scientific theory has an empirically equivalent but logically incompatible rival, one that cannot be discarded merely as a terminological variant of the former. For Quine, the truth of this thesis was an open question. If true, some would argue that it undermines any belief in scientific theories that is based purely on their empirical success. But despite its potential (...)
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  15. De Semantiek Van "Two Dogmas of Empiricism".H. J. Kaptein - forthcoming - Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte.
    Quine seems to maintain that there is no sharp distinction between analytic and synthetic sentences, and also that 'analytic' and 'synthetic' have no meaning. the dependence of these concepts on 'meaning' is used to show the incompatibility of these two interpretations of quine's conception of the analytic and the synthetic, and to show that both have a paradoxical character of their own. that may threat reductionist semantics as a whole. still the need for a totally different (rationalistic, essentialistic) semantics may (...)
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  16. Grace de Laguna’s analytic and speculative philosophy.Joel Katzav - forthcoming - Australasian Philosophical Review.
    This paper introduces the philosophy of Grace Andrus de Laguna in order to renew interest in it. I show that, in the 1910s and 1920s, she develops ideas and arguments that are also found playing key roles in the development of analytic philosophy decades later. Further, I describe her sympathetic, but acute, criticism of pragmatism and Heideggerian ontology, and situate her work in the tradition of American, speculative philosophy. Before 1920, we will see, de Laguna appeals to multiple realizability to (...)
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  17. 'Confessions of a Confirmed Extensionalist and Other Essays'; and'Quine in Dialogue'by WV Quine.G. Kemp - forthcoming - Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews.
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  18. On Why Quine’s Ontological Relativity Requires Reconsideration.Zbigniew Król & Józef Lubacz - forthcoming - Foundations of Science:1-25.
    We aim to show from a new perspective that Quine’s ontological relativity, based largely on his so-called “proxy-function argument”, falls short of being a rigorously coherent philosophical conception, as it exhibits significant formal defects. This new perspective enables exposing the shortcomings of Quine's position and suggests a possible reformulation of the original position. Moreover, we argue that his ontological relativity is inconsistent with the empirical data associated with some of our best physical theories, such as quantum mechanics. We refer to (...)
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  19. De Quine à Carnap.Sandra Laugier - forthcoming - Revue Internationale de Philosophie.
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  20. Philosophy of Language: The Key Thinkers.B. Lee (ed.) - forthcoming - Continuum.
  21. Philosophy After Quine.Bernard Linsky - forthcoming - Eidos: Revista de Filosofía de la Universidad Del Norte 13.
    As a survey included in an issue devoted to W.V. Quine this article contains a list of sixteen distinctively Quinean theses and a brief discussion of the influence of several of them on contemporary philosophy. In particular, I mention how Quine's views have had a profound influence on contemporary discussions of the nature of logic, the theory of meaning and on realism. Many who explicitly reject some of his more controversial doctrines may not have worked out the interconnections of theses (...)
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  22. Sellars, Analyticity, and a Dynamic Picture of Language.Takaaki Matsui - forthcoming - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science.
    Even after Quine’s critique of the analytic-synthetic distinction in “Two Dogmas of Empiricism,” Wilfrid Sellars maintained some forms of analyticity or truth in virtue of meaning. This paper aims to reconstruct his neglected account of the analytic-synthetic distinction and the revisability of analytic sentences, its connection to his inferentialist account of meaning, and his response to Quine. While Sellars’s account of how analytic sentences can be revised bears certain similarities with Carnap’s and Grice and Strawson’s accounts, it is still striking (...)
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  23. Quine on Explication.Jonas Raab - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy:1-30.
    The main goal of this paper is to work out Quine's account of explication. Quine does not provide a general account, but considers a paradigmatic example which does not fit other examples he claims to be explications. Besides working out Quine's account of explication and explaining this tension, I show how it connects to other notions such as paraphrase and ontological commitment. Furthermore, I relate Quinean explication to Carnap's conception and argue that Quinean explication is much narrower because its main (...)
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  24. Pragmatism and scientific philosophy in Carnap and Quine.Robert Sinclair - forthcoming - British Journal for the History of Philosophy:1-8.
    Critical Review of The Philosophical Project of Carnap and Quine, edited by Sean Morris, Cambridge University Press, 2023.Scholarly opinion concerning the Carnap–Quine relationship and their centra...
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  25. WV Quine, From Stimulus to Science.G. Van de Vijver - forthcoming - Revue Internationale de Philosophie.
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  26. Carnap and Quine.Sander Verhaegh - forthcoming - In Christian Damböck & Georg Schiemer (eds.), Rudolf Carnap Handbook. J. B. Metzler Verlag.
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  27. Kripke, Quine, the ‘Adoption Problem’ and the Empirical Conception of Logic.Paul Boghossian & Crispin Wright - 2024 - Mind 133 (529):86-116.
    Recently, there has been a significant upsurge of interest in what has come to be known as the 'Adoption Problem', first developed by Saul Kripke in 1974. The problem purports to raise a difficulty for Quine’s anti-exceptionalist conception of logic. In what follows, we first offer a statement of the problem and argue that, so understood, it depends upon natural but resistible assumptions. We then use that discussion as a springboard for developing a different adoption problem, arguing that, for a (...)
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  28. Temeldencilik Karşıtlığından Bütünselciliğe: Neurath, Quine ve Bilimin Dili.Dinçer Çevik - 2023 - Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi / Cilicia Journal of Philosophy 10 (2):149-169.
    Otto Neurath’ın çalışmalarına olan ilgi son dönemde artmıştır. Bu ilgi bir yönüyle bilim felsefesine ve pratiğine ait güncel problemlerin Neurath tarafından ele alınış biçimiyle ilgilidir. Neurath’ın temeldencilik karşıtlığı ve bilimin dili ile ilgili iddiaları güncel bilim felsefesi ve pratiği ile ilgili önemli açılımlar içermektedir. Neurath’ın temeldencilik karşıtlığı ve bilimin dili ile ilgili görüşlerinin etkisi Williard Van Orman Quine’nın çalışmalarında da göze çarpar. Bu çerçeve kapsamında bu çalışmanın amacı; natüralizm, temeldencilik karşıtlığı, uzlaşımcılık ve Duhem tezi bağlamlarını referans alarak, bilimin dili konusunda (...)
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  29. Monizm contra pluralizm logiczny w kontekście dyskusji W.V.O. Quine – S. Haack.Bożena Czernecka-Rej - 2023 - Roczniki Filozoficzne 71 (1):247-271.
    Jednym z głównych pytań w filozofii logiki jest to, czy jest jedna, czy wiele logik. Pytanie to doczekało się różnych odpowiedzi, które formułują opozycyjne stanowiska: monizm logiczny contra pluralizm logiczny. Za reprezentatywnego przedstawiciela monizmu uznawany jest Willard Van Orman Quine, a pluralizmu — Susan Haack. Oba te stanowiska są kontynuowane współcześnie: monizm (m.in. Michael Dummett, Graham Priest, Timothy Williamson) oraz pluralizm (m.in. Jc Beall i Greg Restall, Johan van Benthem, Ottavio Bueno i Scott Shalkovski, Stewart Shapiro i Roy Cook). Monizm (...)
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  30. Carnap and Quine on Explanationism in Ontology.Anthony Dardis - 2023 - Acta Analytica 39 (1):19-36.
    Let “explanationism” be the view that ontology is fundamentally an explanatory enterprise. What it does is “on a par” with natural science, as Quine put it. Carnap appears to offer a “lighter weight” alternative in “Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology”: ontology is concerned with semantics and language choice. This paper argues that Carnap’s account of the internal/external distinction is of less use than Carnap suggests for diagnosis of disputes in ontology. But he largely agrees with Quine about explanationism. I propose that (...)
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  31. Schleiermacher on Linguistic Difference: From Quine to Benoist and Beyond.Ivory Day - 2023 - In Christian Berner, Sarah Schmidt, Brent W. Sockness & Denis Thouard (eds.), Kommunikation in Philosophie, Religion und Gesellschaft: Akten des InternationalenSchleiermacher-Kongresses 25.–29. Mai 2021. De Gruyter. pp. 229-250.
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  32. On Type Distinctions and Expressivity.Salvatore Florio - 2023 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 123 (2):150-172.
    Quine maintained that philosophical and scientific theorizing should be conducted in an untyped language, which has just one style of variables and quantifiers. By contrast, typed languages, such as those advocated by Frege and Russell, include multiple styles of variables and matching kinds of quantification. Which form should our theories take? In this article, I argue that expressivity does not favour typed languages over untyped ones.
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  33. Behavior, valuation, and pragmatism in C.I. Lewis and W.V. Quine.Paul L. Franco - 2023 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 2 (1):1-10.
    I explore three points about the relationship between C.I. Lewis’s conceptual pragmatism and W.V. Quine’s naturalized epistemology inspired by Robert Sinclair’s Quine, Conceptual Pragmatism, and the Analytic-Synthetic Distinction. First, I highlight Lewis’s long-standing commitment to Platonism about meaning and its connection to his reflective philosophical method and rejection of a linguistic account of analyticity. Second, I consider Sinclair’s claim that “Lewis’s epistemology provides no indication concerning how, despite different sensory experiences, we still come to agree on what we are talking (...)
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  34. Holistic similarities between Quine and Wittgenstein.Rena Beatrice Goldstein - 2023 - Philosophical Investigations 47 (1):53-75.
    W.V. Quine and Ludwig Wittgenstein have been compared with regard to the analytic/synthetic distinction, propositions known a priori or a posteriori, mathematical and logical necessity and naturalism, amongst other topics. Following Pieranna Garavaso and Danièle Moyal-Sharrock, I compare how Quine and Wittgenstein conceptualize a system of beliefs. Overlooked is Wittgenstein's description of the role of propositions and Quine's description of the location of propositions. The difference between the role and location signals a difference in how these frameworks conceptualize the boundary (...)
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  35. Quine and First-Person Authority.Ali Hossein Khani - 2023 - Logos and Episteme 14 (2):141-161.
    Blackburn and Searle have argued that Quine‘s thesis of the indeterminacy of translation results in a denial of the sort of first-person authority that we commonly concede we have over our mental and semantical content. For, the indeterminacy thesis implies that there is no determinate meaning to know at all. And, according to Quine, the indeterminacy holds at home too. For Blackburn, Quine must constrain the domain of indeterminacy to the case of translation only. Searle believes that Quine has no (...)
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  36. The Root of the Third Dogma of Empiricism: Davidson vs. Quine on Factualism.Ali Hossein Khani - 2023 - Acta Analytica 38 (1):161-183.
    Davidson has famously argued that conceptual relativism, which, for him, is based on the content-scheme dualism, or the “third dogma” of empiricism, is either unintelligible or philosophically uninteresting and has accused Quine of holding onto such a dogma. For Davidson, there can be found no intelligible ground for the claim that there may exist untranslatable languages: all languages, if they are languages, are in principle inter-translatable and uttered sentences, if identifiable as utterances, are interpretable. Davidson has also endorsed the Quinean (...)
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  37. Analytic Philosophy of Language (Wittgenstein, Sellars, Quine, Davidson, Kuhn).Yvonne Huetter-Almerigi & Bjørn Torgrim Ramberg - 2023 - In Martin Müller (ed.), Handbuch Richard Rorty. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 347-362.
    In this chapter we focus on Rorty’s core commitments with respect to language, and consider their role in Rorty’s stormy relations to mainstream analytic philosophy. Further, we bring out key features of Rorty’s position by tracing his engagement with WittgensteinWittgenstein, SellarsSellars, QuineQuine, DavidsonDavidson, and KuhnKuhn.
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  38. Chapter 7 Introduction.Joel Katzav - 2023 - In Joel Katzav, Dorothy Rogers & Krist Vaesen (eds.), Knowledge, Mind and Reality: An Introduction by Early Twentieth-Century American Women Philosophers. Cham: Springer. pp. 69-80.
    I introduce the key ideas of foundationalist, coherentist and pragmatist theories of knowledge. I then use these ideas as background for presenting the work on knowledge and perception in this part, work by Grace Andrus de Laguna and Marie Collins Swabey. We will see that these authors critique the idea of sense data that was central to the foundationalist theories of knowledge of Bertrand Russel and other early analytic thinkers, though de Laguna’s critique leads to perspectivism about perception and knowledge (...)
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  39. The Question of Logic.Saul A. Kripke - 2023 - Mind 133 (529):1-36.
    Under the influence of Quine’s famous manifesto, many philosophers have thought that logical theories are scientific theories that can be ‘adopted’ and tested as scientific theories. Here we argue that this idea is untenable. We discuss it with special reference to Putnam’s proposal to ‘adopt’ a particular non-classical logic to solve the foundational problems of quantum mechanics in his famous paper ‘Is Logic Empirical?’ (1968), which we argue was not really coherent.
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  40. Quine's Philosophy: An Introduction. [REVIEW]Benjamin Marschall - 2023 - Philosophical Quarterly 74 (1):386-388.
    W. V. Quine is a curious case. Despite being among the most influential analytic philosophers of the 20th century, card-carrying proponents of Quinean doctrines are hard to find these days. But Quine is far from obsolete. His negative arguments are part of a positive vision for philosophy that is still powerful, attractive, and worth engaging with. Appreciating this, however, requires dodging considerable obstacles. Quine-novices thus need some guidance. And Gary Kemp's excellent Quine: An Introduction, the updated version of his 2006 (...)
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  41. Kripke, Quine and Steiner on Representing Natural Numbers in Set Theory.Oliver R. Marshall - 2023 - In Carl Posy & Yemima Ben-Menahem (eds.), Mathematical Knowledge, Objects and Applications: Essays in Memory of Mark Steiner. Springer. pp. 157-192.
    Saul Kripke’s analysis of the concept of the natural numbers that we are taught in school yields a novel and axiomatically economical way of representing arithmetic in standard set theory—one that helps to answer Benacerraf’s objection from extraneous content as well as Wittgenstein’s objection from unsurveyability. After describing Kripke’s proposal in some detail, we examine it in the light of work by Quine, Steiner, Parsons, Boolos and Burgess. Although the primary aim of this paper is to present and explicate Kripke’s (...)
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  42. The Normativity Question in Quine’s Naturalism: The Context of Language Learning Situation.Shonkholen Mate - 2023 - Balkan Journal of Philosophy 15 (2):165-178.
    Quine has been charged with eliminating the normative dimension from his naturalized epistemology. The aim of the paper is to look at the role of empathy in Quine's language learning situation, which in its simplest form is constituted by the parent-child relation. We will explore the normativity of the role of empathy thereof by exploiting the sociality of the language learning situation. Since the sociality of Quine's notion of empathy is implicit, to explore the normativity expression thereof, we will examine (...)
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  43. From analytic pragmatism to historical materialism: Frankfurt school critical theory and the Quine‐Duhem thesis.Jacob McNulty - 2023 - European Journal of Philosophy 31 (3):576-599.
    My aim in this paper is to explore an affinity between early critical theory and analytical philosophy. The affinity is in a fairly unexpected area: philosophy of science. I argue that early critical theory embraces a view of science which is a natural if somewhat unfamiliar extension of the pragmatist one defended by Quine. In particular, I argue that Horkheimer has a version of the Quine-Duhem thesis (“underdetermination of theory choice by the evidence”). How do the Frankfurt and analytical versions (...)
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  44. Comprometido, mas não casado, com solteiros: Explodindo o critério de compromisso ontológico de Quine.Deiver Melo - 2023 - In Vinícius Felipe Posselt, Taís Regina Chiodelli, Claiton Costa, Eduardo Alves, Kelvin Amorim de Melo, Leonardo Teixeira Pereira & Messias Miguel Uaissone (eds.), XXIII Semana Acadêmica PPG Filosofia PUCRS. Porto Alegre: Fundação Fênix. pp. 197-212.
    W. V. Quine’s criterion of ontological commitment is commonly presented as the slogan: “to be is to be the value of a variable”. More specifically, to be is to be in the domain of values of a bound variable attached to a existential quantifier in the body of a theory. If a sentence of our best available theory quantifies over bachelors, so we conclude that, according to it, there are bachelors. Simplicity and the use of logical apparatus for determining this (...)
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  45. The Bounds of Sense.A. W. Moore - 2023 - In Jens Pier (ed.), Limits of Intelligibility: Issues from Kant and Wittgenstein. London: Routledge.
    This is an updated version of an essay originally written for a special issue of Philosophical Topics on the links between Kant and analytic philosophy. It explores these links by focusing on: Wittgenstein’s Tractatus; the logical positivism endorsed by Ayer; and the (very different) variation on that theme endorsed by Quine. The claim defended is that in all three cases we see analytic philosophers trying to attain and express a general philosophical understanding of why the bounds of sense should be (...)
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  46. Quine a naturalistický omyl.Martin Nuhlíček - 2023 - Filozofia 78 (8):664-674.
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  47. Objectivity Socialized.James Pearson - 2023 - In Sean Morris (ed.), The Philosophical Project of Carnap and Quine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 92-113.
    Do Quine and Carnap distort the social nature of inquiry by privileging individual epistemic subjects? This objection is at the heart of Donald Davidson’s claim that Quine fails to grasp the significance of the concept of truth. In Carnap’s case, the objection may be detected in Charles Morris’s call to ground scientific philosophy in semiotics, the science of signs, rather than syntax, the formal investigation of languages. Drawing out the challenge from Morris’s proposal requires examining a neglected influence on this (...)
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  48. Identitas Tanpa Eksistensi: Perlakuan Proposisional Quine.Raisa Rahima - 2023 - Lsfdiscourse.Org.
    Apa itu yang ada? Kita akan membilang seluruh objek di sekitaran kita: lampu, buku, langit, matahari dan lain-lain. Tetapi bagaimana jika seseorang bertanya, “Apa yang kamu inginkan?” kita akan menjawab “Aku ingin kapal pesiar, iPhone, Taylor Swift.” dan objek lain yang terpikirkan. Bagaimana seseorang dapat menjamin bahwa kapal pesiar yang kita pikirkan sesuai dengan kapal pesiar yang ada?. Artikel ini membahas perlakuan proposisional Quine dalam memahami identitas objek tanpa eksistensi yang mengemban status ontologis (keberadaan) dari proses kuantifikasi level-pertama.
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  49. Quine’s critique of C. I. Lewis: pragmatism, psychologism, and naturalism—a response to Quine, conceptual pragmatism, and the analytic-synthetic distinction (Robert Sinclair, 2022).Carl B. Sachs - 2023 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 2 (2):1-7.
    I argue that Quine’s naturalization of Lewis’s Kantian pragmatism should be understood in terms of Lewis’s attempt to de-psychologize pragmatist epistemology. Lewis wants epistemology to be a priori in order to be distinct from psychology. Quine’s criticisms of Lewis result in a picture that weakens the distinction between epistemology and psychology. Nevertheless, Quine’s naturalized Kantian pragmatism remains far more Kantian than is widely recognized, due to what Quine retains from Lewis.
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  50. Précis of Quine, Conceptual Pragmatism, and the Analytic-Synthetic Distinction.Robert Sinclair - 2023 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 2 (2):1-7.
    Quine’s references to his “pragmatism” have often been seen as indicating a possible link to the American pragmatism of Peirce, James, and Dewey. In Quine, Conceptual Pragmatism, and the Analytic-Synthetic Distinction, I argue that the influence of pragmatism on Quine’s philosophy is more accurately traced to C.I. Lewis’s conceptual pragmatism. Quine’s epistemology shares many affinities with Lewis’s view, which depicts knowledge as a conceptual system pragmatically revised in light of future experience. This claim is defended through an examination of several (...)
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