This article aims to contribute with a reflection about religious pluralism and religious freedom into Lusophony. Reviving pieces of history since the 15th century to the current post-colonial Portuguese society, Lusophony is analyzed in two complementary perspectives: That of the colonizing people and that of the colonized nations. Evangelization, colonization and Lusophony are, and always will be, inseparable. In addition to linguistic uniformity, Lusophony gave its distinctiveness in acculturation, miscegenation, plasticity, and Christianization policy. Using the census data in the 90’s, (...) 2000’s, and 2010’s, with a documentary approach, it is established a general overview of religious affiliation in Lusophony. Moving from a faith of obligation to a faith of conviction, Lusophony is nowadays characterized by a pluralist position in religious matters. The current situation of religious freedom is analyzed from the AIS report and the GRI and SHI indexes. From multiculturalism to acculturation, the plasticity, eclecticism, and religious syncretism acted as moderators towards the imposition of a new belief. The article ends by appealing to the inclusion of religious freedom in the political agenda, in order to defend human rights and peace in the world. (shrink)

Looking to understand religiosity as a social factor, contributory of constructions of meaning and omnipresent in diverse historical and cultural universes, this article focuses on the ritualistic dimension of religiosity. Adopting as a research problem the religious pilgrimages, take particular note of the shrines as symbolic markers towards the supernatural. This work has a double aim: to carry out a review and critical analysis of the religious pilgrimages and to study the specificity of the pilgrimages to the Shrine of Fatima, (...) located in Portugal. After a brief mention of the dialectic dissidence-coexistence of ancient religious practices in secularized societies, the concepts of worship, rites and sacrifices are revisited. There follows a more in-depth analysis of the theme of pilgrimages to shrines, from the concept and historical review to the particularity of pilgrimages to the Shrine of Fatima, the latter viewed as a geo-symbol of religious tourism in Portugal. The results of a survey of 784 pilgrims to the Shrine of Fátima are presented, focusing on the beliefs, experiences, perceptions, purposes and expectations regarding the pilgrimage, as well as the nature of the requests addressed to the Lady of Fatima and promises fulfilled. Throughout the article the pilgrim character is emphasized, not neglecting the analysis of the active, voluntary and sacrificial behavioral implication as legitimating the benefits already granted or to be granted. (shrink)

Os fenómenos religiosos ocupam um lugar central na vida dos crentes, na dinâmica dos grupos, na coesão das comunidades locais e na ordenação global das sociedades nacionais e transnacionais. Incidindo sobre a dimensão ideológica da religiosidade, o presente artigo pretende contribuir para um entendimento mais alargado da secularização, seus contornos sociais e consequências individuais nas sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas. Nele se revisita a tese weberiana da Secularização e seus efeitos ao nível da significação religiosa, dos estatutos/papéis religiosos e da extensão pela (...) qual se vive o religioso. Discute-se a privatização da religião e a consolidação numa religião mais transferida para a privacidade de cada um. A regressão ocorrida ao nível do efeito global e totalizante da religião assiste à procura de novas formas/rumos espirituais. A secularização vê-se transfigurada em pós-secularização, momento oportuno para a reformulação das teorias sociológicas da religião. O mundo contemporâneo é plural e secularizado, desenvolvendo-se crenças fora dos contextos institucionais, associadas a uma atitude religiosa mais pragmática. Espelho das sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas, a realidade portuguesa aproxima-se de uma posição pluralista em matérias religiosas. A relação do cristão leigo com a Igreja transformou-se, passando-se de uma fé de obrigação para uma fé de convicção. (shrink)

As religiões sempre foram, em parte, religiões de cura. Ao longo da história, têm sido perspetivadas como aliadas na procura de sentido para a vida e suas vicissitudes, com destaque para as situações de doença. Desde o trabalho inaugura de William James, que referia o papel preventivo da religião em certas doenças, associado à ação da ciência, diversos estudos têm explorado a relação entre religiosidade/espiritualidade e saúde e bem-estar. Mas que papel e funções a religião desempenha hoje em dia, nas (...) sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas? Neste artigo procuramos dar resposta a esta questão, bem como sistematizar um conjunto de investigação acerca da influência da espiritualidade/religiosidade em diversas áreas do ser humano, designadamente na saúde, bem-estar, suporte social e prevenção e redução de comportamentos de risco. Dos autores clássicos à contemporaneidade, este artigo debruça-se sobre: i) conceitos de religiosidade e espiritualidade; ii) o papel e funções da religião; iii) a interligação entre religião, sociedade, religiosidade, saúde e doença; iv) a influência da espiritualidade e religiosidade na saúde, bem-estar, suporte social, prevenção primária e comportamentos de risco; v) Religiosidade e espiritualidade enquanto estratégia de coping para entendimento e manejo de situações críticas. (shrink)

In this article, the right to health is discussed as a social right and an essential requisite in the construction and guarantee of human rights, more precisely human dignity, considering this right as a complex but effective process in the transformation of the social reality. In the first place, the activities of the public power and its difficulties to guarantee universal access to health are highlighted. This scenario ends up inhibiting the practice of the right to health and prevents users (...) from enjoying and using it. In that sense, this article challenges and explores some alternatives to solidify and put in practice the right to health in Brazil. Departing from the analysis of the Unified Health System and social participation in Brazil, this article discusses the judicialization of health in the country, highlighting the difficulties the State faces to equitably offer universal healthcare to society. This context offers an opportunity for reflection and a paradigm change, from the “judicialization of health” to the “judicialization of health policies.” Finally, the public health policies adopted by other countries are emphasized, in the attempt to construct the empowerment of human beings in the practice of their rights, particularly social participation and the discussion about the States’ responsibility to put their citizens’ right to health in practice. In conclusion, the political and collective construction of the right to health needs to be encouraged, distinguishing the legitimate interests of the different interlocutors involved. (shrink)

This study examines the ethical dilemmas and difficulties encountered by Portuguese school psychologists. As part of a larger survey, participants were asked about ethical issues faced in daily practice and asked to describe ethical incidents. Of the 477 respondents, 274 reported 441 ethically troubling or challenging situations. Responses were coded into a six-category system based on the code of ethics of Portuguese psychologists. Most of the reported dilemmas concerned privacy and confidentiality principles. Results are discussed in light of relevant literature (...) and international findings. Implications for the development of the profession and future research are provided. (shrink)

The Voices of Liberation series celebrates the lives and writings of African Liberation activists and heroes. By providing access to the thoughts and writings of some of the many men and women who fought for the dismantling of apartheid, this series invites the contemporary reader to engage directly with the rich history of the struggle for democracy, to discover where we come from and to explore how we, too, can choose to shape our destiny.

College students have become more representative as blood donors, mainly to help other people. This study ascertained the association between spirituality and adherence or intention to donate blood in post-graduate students. In this quantitative and cross-sectional study, participants were 281 students from a post-graduate programme at a Brazilian public university. After complying with ethical requirements, data were collected through a questionnaire for sociodemographic characterization and identification of blood donation practices, followed by the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Descriptive statistics and parametric tests (...) were used for data analysis. A total of 74% of the participants were female and 26% were male. Previous experience and/or intention to donate blood were found in 75.3%; 14.3% donated blood periodically. In addition, 12.2% were not adept to donation and 12.5% were inapt. Spiritual Well-Being scores were similar between individuals who are not adept and those who donate periodically. In conclusion, in the sample, spirituality and blood donation are not associated, but spiritual well-being and gender are. To enhance blood donation, further research is needed. (shrink)

The main goals of this study were, to test the motivational determinants of athletes perceived effort in football considering the four-stage motivational sequence at the contextual level proposed by Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: task-involving, basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation and perceived effort. The multi-group analysis across different age-groups (U15, U17, U19, U21 years) and mediation role of basic psychological needs and self-determined motivation on the task-involving climate and the perceived effort were also analysed. Two independent samples of (...) male football athletes (N= 403, N= 403), aged 13-20 were enrolled in this study. The results demonstrated that structural model provided a good fit to data for all samples under analysis, and was invariant across U17, U19, and U21. However, it was not invariant across U15 and U17, U19 and U21. Additionally, in the results from the mediation analysis, there were significant indirect effects in all samples, supporting theoretical by self-determination theory assumptions, reinforcing the importance of basic psychological needs satisfaction and behavioral regulation in the relation in analysis. The results allow concluding that when coaches promote a task-involving climate, the basic psychological needs satisfaction of athletes improves. This climate will facilitate the regulation of their behaviors towards more autonomous forms of motivation, with positive results in the perceived effort of the athletes. (shrink)

TAFKAV may be described as the systematic development of a poetic interpretation of communication as text flowing between particular subjects and humans. The concept of text here extends beyond information in general to any number of objects subject to interpretation. The hermeneutic circle describes a process of understanding a dynamic relationship and refers to the idea that one's understanding of the whole is established by reference to the constituent parts and vice versa. Neither the whole nor any individual part can (...) be understood without reference to one another, hence it is a circle. However, this circular character of interpretation does not make it impossible to interpret a relationship rather, it highlights that meaning must be found within a dynamic relational context. The projected installation will explore communication with the plant kingdom, specifically with flowers. The aim of this experiment is to build a potential flow of human-plant information that generates a rhythm or pace and a series of constants that can then be codified arbitrary, as with all sign systems in a system of communication and hence a system of meaning. (shrink)

In syncretic thought one of the forms of reality is virtuality, in other words description as detailed by man of the forms and technologies belonging to his era. Information, bytes and history. An analysis of the film Matrix reveals an interesting Gnostic design for the narrative virtual reality in which we find ourselves immersed. The white rabbit in Wonderland, virtual reality as man's adaptation strategy for technology, and the close connection between narrative elements and allusions in the film with works (...) that are the patrimony of post-modern culture and critical theory's way of listening and seeing. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to clarify the truth-functional interpretation of the logical connective of the material implication. The importance of such clarification lies in the fact that it allows avoiding the supposed paradoxes introduced by C. I. Lewis (1918). I argue that an adequate understanding of the history and purposes of logic is enough to dissolve them away. The defense is based on an exposition of propositional compositionalism. To compare, I also present Stalnaker’s (1968) alternative that seeks to (...) explain the implicit concept of conditionality of conditionals assertions. In order to reinforce my aim I expound the twelve different meanings of ‘implication’ stated by Corcoran (1993) in order to hold that a proper understanding of these meanings allows us to avoid ambiguities and confusions. Finally, I expect to show that despite the possible alternatives, compositionalism is still the best explanation for the truth-functionality account of logical connectives. (shrink)

The young Martin Buber was so much taken by the thought of Friedrich Nietzsche that at the age of 17 he undertook a translation of the work "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" into Polish. Even though the project had to be abandoned, Buber's enthusiasm for Nietzsche did not wane and traces of his influence are to be found in the different stages of his thought. The article shows how Buber came to introduce a Nietzschean perspective into the nascent Zionist movement. In fact, (...) Martin Buber's sharing in the vision of a reawakening of the Jewish people to its long-slumbering life-force was very much marked by the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche. The influence of the author of the "Zarathustra" upon Buber was particularly attached to the renewed concept of culture that was operative in the early stages of the Zionistic movement. /// Ainda durante a vida de Nietzsche, o jovem Martin Buber sentiu-se de tal maneira atraído pelo pensamento do autor do livro "Assim Falava Zarathustra" que, quando apenas tinha 17 anos de idade, deu início a uma tradução desta obra para Polaco, da qual, contudo, apenas concluiria a primeira parte, pois logo se apercebeu de que idêntica tradução tinha sido já encomendada a outra pessoa. O entusiasmo de Buber por Nietzsche, contudo, não esmoreceu, de tal forma que se podem encontrar traços da sua influência em cada uma das diferentes fases de evolução do seu pensamento. O presente artigo mostra até que ponto foi graças a Buber que uma certa perspectiva nietzschiana acabou por se introduzir no movimento zionista nascente. Foi sob a influência de Nietzsche, com efeito, que se deu a adesão de Buber à ideia de que era necessário retirar o povo judeu do seu adormecimento histórico e do esquecimento da sua própria forçavital. Essa influência, contudo, encontra-se sobretudo impressa no conceito de cultura que haveria de marcar a fase inicial do movimento zionista. (shrink)

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de valorar las implicaciones sociales de la investigación científico-tecnológica en Neurosicología del Adulto Mayor, mediante la caracterización del estado actual del proceso, los condicionantes que favorecen o impiden su desarrollo y los impactos sociales que genera. La investigación científico-tecnológica en esta área está condicionada por necesidades sociales propias del contexto actual. Se han identificado políticas, legislaciones e infraestructuras que la favorecen, aunque, existen algunas limitaciones. La producción tecnológica dirigida a la rehabilitación y (...) estimulación cognitiva continúa en ascenso, utilizando principalmente software y aplicaciones. La investigación del impacto de estas herramientas ha arrojado resultados contradictorios, lo que limita su poder de transformación social. Se pudo concluir que en Cuba es necesario estimular la transferencia de tecnología, la innovación tecnológica y la creación de alternativas de intervención ajustadas a la realidad económico-social de los adultos mayores. A bibliographical review was conducted with the aim of assessing the social implications of scientific-technological research in Senior Citizens' Neurosurgery through the characterization of the current state of the process, the determining factors that favor or stop its development and the social impact it generates. In this field, scientific-technological research is conditioned on social necessities typical of the current context. Policies, legislations and the infrastructures that favor it have been identified. Nevertheless, there are limitations. Technological production directed towards cognitive rehabilitation and stimulation continues to rise using mainly software and applications. The research on the impact of these tools has produced contradictory results, which limit their social transformation power. It was reached the conclusion that in Cuba, there's a need to stimulate technology transfer, technological innovation and the creation of intervention alternatives adapted to senior citizens' social-economic reality. (shrink)

Cellular identity and its response to external or internal signalling variations are encoded in a cell's genome as regulatory information. The genomic regions that specify this type of information are highly variable and degenerated in their sequence determinants, as it is becoming increasingly evident through the application of genome‐scale methods to study gene expression. Here, we speculate that the same scenario applies to the regulatory regions controlling where DNA replication starts in the metazoan genome. We propose that replication origins cannot (...) be defined as unique genomic features, but rather that DNA synthesis initiates opportunistically from accessible DNA sites, making cells highly robust and adaptable to environmental or developmental changes. (shrink)

RESUMO Entre a vasta produção de Eduardo Coutinho, destaca-se o documentário Jogo de cena, celebrado como “objeto solar” da filmografia do cineasta, no qual a entrevista ocupa um lugar central. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir discursivamente sobre ela a partir de cenas de fala postas a circular em relação às escolhas estéticas e à materialidade do documentário; natureza da relação entrevistador-entrevistadas, marcada pela recusa a uma “suposta neutralidade” e produção de agenciamentos, cenografias e mundo ético. Para isso, são acionados (...) conceitos basilares da Análise do Discurso, como interdiscurso, cenografia, agenciamento e ethos discursivo, conforme formulados por Dominique Maingueneau. Os resultados mostram que é possível estabelecer diálogos profícuos com os dispositivos metodológicos de Coutinho e conceitos da Análise do Discurso. A partir de uma aura mística do seu silêncio acolhedor, pode-se depreender um ethos respeitoso e atencioso do entrevistador em relação às falas das personagens. ABSTRACT Among Eduardo Coutinho’s vast production, the documentary Jogo de cena stands out and is celebrated as being the centerpiece of the filmmaker's filmography, in which the interviews occupy a central place. The purpose of this article is to reflect upon these interviews, discursively, based on: speech scenes put in perspective and in relation to the aesthetic choices and materiality of the documentary; nature of the interviewer-interviewee relationship, marked by the refusal of an “alleged neutrality” and the production of settings, scenographies, and ethical worlds. For this, we articulated basic concepts of Discourse Analysis, as theorized by Dominique Maingueneau, such as interdiscourse, scenography, setting and discursive ethos. The results demonstrate that it is possible to establish a dialogue between Coutinho’s methodological apparatus and concepts of Discourse Analysis. From a mystical aura of his welcoming silence, the interviewer’s respectful and considerate ethos in relation to the characters' speeches can be inferred. (shrink)

Contemplating the techniques of white nationalism used to refuse Black ontology and deny Black belonging to the humanity of Canadian nationhood, this article considers how art imaginatively visualizes rebellion against the racist logics that regulate such denials. Exploring the function of hyperbole, this article examines the ways the willfully heightened strangeness of the extraterrestrial Afro-Astronaut and Black Muslim monster depicted in performance and visual art trouble racial matrixes through the dissonance provoked by the Other's unfamiliar display of excess.

This paper intends to analyze how Aristotle develops the argument that connects justice and law; for this task, the books I and II of his Politics will be analyzed, since these texts offer us a more direct understanding of the central issue that will be developed here. Since Aristotle also deals with this fundamental theme in books II and V of the Nicomachean Ethics, visiting important passages of this work will also be necessary. Therefore, the hypothesis to be developed in (...) this brief study focuses on understanding the place of justice and law in the sphere of political life, as well as on the way in which individual virtues fulfill their political purposes in improving the moral character of individuals who practice law of the city, a context of different levels of human self-sufficiency. (shrink)

_The first major biography in English in over thirty years of the seminal modern Jewish thinker Martin Buber_ An authority on the twentieth‑century philosopher Martin Buber, Paul Mendes-Flohr offers the first major biography in English in thirty years of this seminal modern Jewish thinker. The book is organized around several key moments, such as his sudden abandonment by his mother when he was a child of three, a foundational trauma that, Mendes-Flohr shows, left an enduring mark on Buber’s (...) inner life, attuning him to the fragility of human relations and the need to nurture them with what he would call a “dialogical attentiveness.” Buber’s philosophical and theological writings, most famously _I and Thou,_ made significant contributions to religious and Jewish thought, philosophical anthropology, biblical studies, political theory, and Zionism. In this accessible new biography, Mendes-Flohr situates Buber’s life and legacy in the intellectual and cultural life of German Jewry as well as in the broader European intellectual life of the first half of the twentieth century. (shrink)

The goal of this work is writing about the importance of the poetic art, especially the tragedy to understand the psyche. The literature, besides showing an epoch, represents in a clear and poetic way the human conflicts. To reach this goal, we went through some literary works – Edipo King, by Sofocles, Hamlet and Macbeth by Shakespeare; Goriot Father by Balzac; Twenty Four Hours in a Woman’s Life by Stefan Zweig – extracting from them some fragments in which human sufferings (...) are explicit. We checked the importance of the speech in the emotions relief. We verified in the psychoanalytic and literary speeches that the poetic art seems to illuminate Freud’s steps in such a way that the poets anticipated the technical and psychoanalytic theory. (shrink)

The essays in Fanon and the Decolonization of Philosophy all trace different aspects of the mutually supporting histories of philosophical thought and colonial politics in order to suggest ways that we might decolonize our thinking. From psychology to education, to economic and legal structures, the contributors interrogate the interrelation of colonization and philosophy in order to articulate a Fanon-inspired vision of social justice. This project is endorsed by his daughter, Mireille Fanon-Mendès France, in the book's preface.

Embora influente na recepção de Heidegger nos Estados Unidos da América, o trabalho de Dreyfus foi repetidas vezes criticado por desenvolver uma leitura distorcida e seletiva da fenomenologia de Heidegger. Nesse artigo, mostramos que, independentemente de seus desenvolvimentos posteriores em ciência cognitiva, sua crítica inicial à IA simbólica se apoia em duas teses que podem ser localizadas em Ser e Tempo, a saber, de que nosso senso de situação é pragmático-holístico, e intrinsecamente relevante. Após uma introdução geral, reconstruímos, numa primeira (...) seção, em linhas gerais o projeto da IA simbólica e o tom geral da crítica de Dreyfus; numa segunda seção, reconstruímos a crítica de Dreyfus a SAM, de R. Schank; na terceira seção, indicamos como as duas teses podem ser localizadas em Ser e Tempo; concluímos apontando questões pendentes. (shrink)

_“Emotion as an element of contemporary Criticism in the intellectual Environment of the Weimar Republic – A contextual Reading of the Presentation of the Affective in Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt”_ This article examines a specific use of emotional concepts as well as a particular understanding of the affective in general in the work of Heidegger and Schmitt during the years 1919-1933. The general character of this idea of the affective is that it is developed as an element of a (...) critical engagement with discourses regarding institutional change. Thus, I will be reading the two thinkers in the light of institutional disputes present in the Weimar Republic. Heidegger is read in relation to the question of university reform, with which he was deeply involved in the 1920´s. Schmitt will be analyzed through the political situation of the newly established liberal democracy. In both cases, I will argue that a conception of the affective is developed that serves to attack a perceived relativism. This is seen in the fact that, for both thinkers, certain affective categories are linked to stable existential categories: being for Heidegger and the dichotomy between friend and foe for Schmitt. (shrink)

Recently, it has been argued that the phenomenon of direct transfer of intermediate metabolites between adjacent enzymes, also known as metabolic channelling, would not decrease the concentration of those intermediates in the bulk solution. However, this conclusion has been drawn by extrapolation from the results of simulations with a rather restricted set of parameters. We show that, for a number of kinetic cases, the existence of metabolic channelling can decrease the size of the soluble pool of intermediates. When the enzyme(s) (...) downstream of the channel have a catalytic capacity that is large relative to the enzymes upstream of the channel, the decrease of concentration can be substantial (3 orders of magnitude). (shrink)

Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929) was a German‐Jewish philosopher who became the focus of a renaissance of Jewish religious life and thought in Weimar Germany. Born into a highly assimilated Jewish family in Cassel, Germany, Rosenzweig affirmed Jewish religious faith in the midst of a philosophical and existential crisis. As a student, he was initially drawn to the neo‐Hegelianism popular in German academic circles during the first decade of the twentieth century. Although he would write his doctoral dissertation on Hegel – later (...) published with the support of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, Hegel und der Staat (1920, 2 vols) – Rosenzweig slowly lost his conviction that the dialectical providence of history would assure the ultimate convergence of truth and existence. Already in the autumn of 1910, when he was completing his dissertation under the supervision of Friedrich Meinecke, he questioned Hegel's ascription of an ontological status to history. History is not the unfolding of Being, he wrote to a friend, rather it is but the discrete acts of men. “We see God in every ethical event, but not in one complete Whole, not in history.” Indeed, history, which takes shape in the phenomenal world, cannot serve as a vessel for divinity. “Every human act becomes sinful as it enters history”; although the actors may have intended otherwise, the morality of an act is neutralized by the material world of necessity. We are hence, Rosenzweig reasoned, left with only one possible conclusion: God redeems humanity not through history but – “es bleibt nicht anders übrig” – through religion (Briefe, vol. 1, pp. 111–13). (shrink)

ABSTRACT Among Eduardo Coutinho’s vast production, the documentary Jogo de cena stands out and is celebrated as being the centerpiece of the filmmaker's filmography, in which the interviews occupy a central place. The purpose of this article is to reflect upon these interviews, discursively, based on: speech scenes put in perspective and in relation to the aesthetic choices and materiality of the documentary; nature of the interviewer-interviewee relationship, marked by the refusal of an “alleged neutrality” and the production of settings, (...) scenographies, and ethical worlds. For this, we articulated basic concepts of Discourse Analysis, as theorized by Dominique Maingueneau, such as interdiscourse, scenography, setting and discursive ethos. The results demonstrate that it is possible to establish a dialogue between Coutinho’s methodological apparatus and concepts of Discourse Analysis. From a mystical aura of his welcoming silence, the interviewer’s respectful and considerate ethos in relation to the characters' speeches can be inferred. RESUMO Entre a vasta produção de Eduardo Coutinho, destaca-se o documentário Jogo de cena, celebrado como “objeto solar” da filmografia do cineasta, no qual a entrevista ocupa um lugar central. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir discursivamente sobre ela a partir de cenas de fala postas a circular em relação às escolhas estéticas e à materialidade do documentário; natureza da relação entrevistador-entrevistadas, marcada pela recusa a uma “suposta neutralidade” e produção de agenciamentos, cenografias e mundo ético. Para isso, são acionados conceitos basilares da Análise do Discurso, como interdiscurso, cenografia, agenciamento e ethos discursivo, conforme formulados por Dominique Maingueneau. Os resultados mostram que é possível estabelecer diálogos profícuos com os dispositivos metodológicos de Coutinho e conceitos da Análise do Discurso. A partir de uma aura mística do seu silêncio acolhedor, pode-se depreender um ethos respeitoso e atencioso do entrevistador em relação às falas das personagens. (shrink)

Jair Bolsonaro, the current President of Brazil, has made himself into one of the most influent advocates of COVID-19 denial. His health policy and his political doctrine are partly based on an implicit moral claim, which is neglected by contemporary political theory. Bolsonarism’s rhetoric raises a moral claim to freedom without responsibility, which relieves its followers from the burdens that emerge from liberal accounts of liberty or from basic goods accepted in a political community. In opposition to liberal or communitarian (...) accounts, Bolsonarism endorses a Hobbesian concept of freedom that describes it as the absence of ‘impediments to motion’. Nonetheless, it differs from Hobbes because it treats this liberty as endowed with moral value and non-negotiable through a social contract. (shrink)

O filósofo dinamarquês Søren A. Kierkegaard é frequentemente lido, dentro da própria tradição intérprete, como um crítico das Ciências Naturais (Naturvidenskaben). 1 Neste artigo, pretendo argumentar, ao contrário, que Kierkegaard: (i) foi crítico de uma determinada prática científica do seu tempo epistemicamente frágil e dos cientistas naturais que a adotavam construindo uma proposta judiciosa do papel da Ciência na interpretação do mundo; (ii) interessou-se pelas Ciências Naturais, inclusive pelos trabalhos do seu primo, o paleontólogo Peter Wilhelm Lund, e as pesquisas (...) de Hans Christian Ørsted, um expressivo cientista dinamarquês contemporâneo; (iii) ao criticar os pressupostos metodológicos de Carl Gustav Carus, o primeiro psicólogo a fazer referência à existência do inconsciente, Kierkegaard toma partido no vitalismus-materialismusstreit; (v) Por fim, e talvez mais importante, Kierkegaard propôs limites éticos e epistêmicos à Ciência e inspirou os pressupostos da filosofia da ciência de filósofos contemporâneos como Paul Feyerabend. (shrink)

Background: Organ donation and transplantation represent one of the most important scientific advances over the last decades. Due to the complexity of these procedures and related ethical–legal aspects, however, there are a lot of doubts and uncertainty about the brain death diagnosis and the maintenance of potential organ donor. Aim: To identify and discuss the different meanings and experiences of registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit in relation to the diagnosis of brain death and the maintenance (...) of potential organ donors for transplantation purposes. Study Design: Participants were registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit at a University Hospital from Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing Research Ethics Committee. Results: Two main categories emerged from the analysis: brain death diagnosis and its implications and maintenance of the potential organ donor and its repercussion in the donation–transplantation process. Six subcategories were also identified: understanding the brain death diagnosis as a tool to aid decision-making; diagnosis as guarantee of rights; difficulties encountered to establish the diagnosis; clinical criteria adopted in Brazil and related ethical–legal aspects; specificities of care to the brain dead person and outcomes; and nurse’s duties toward the brain dead person. Conclusion: Although the brain death diagnosis is scientifically and legally defined in Brazil and the maintenance of the potential organ donor for transplantation purposes has been addressed during the last years, there are still some doubts about the subject, as its understanding varies according to the personal beliefs, culture, and educational background of individuals, including those who work in this scenario. (shrink)

This paper aims of this to describe, from Hannah Arendt’s point of view the theoretical and historical route that provide the emergence of one at the three faculties of the spirit: the faculty of the will or want. Drawing initially on ancient Greece, the paper also deals with contributions of classic, mediavel and modern thinkers. In a retrospective approach Arendt examines the perception and installation process of the faculty of the will, by correlating it with the advent and consolidation of (...) the linear conception of time, essencially from christian origins, against the background of cyclical conception of time, from Greek origins. It also reflects about the clash between the faculties of will and thinking, by following the controversy between Saint Tomas Aquino and Duns Scotus about the subject. Finally, the paper links the faculty of the will to the idea of freedom which is rationale of human condition. (shrink)

Our work is aimed at studying the optimization of a complex motor behaviour from a global perspective. First, free climbing as a sport will be briefly introduced while emphasizing in particular its psychomotor aspect called route finding. The basic question raised here is how does the optimization of a sensorimotoricity-environment system take place. The material under study is the free climber's trajectory, viewed as the signature of climbing behaviour (i.e., the spatial dimension). The concepts of learning, optimization, constraint, and degrees (...) of freedom of a system will be discussed using the synergistic approach to the study of movement (Bernstein, 1967; Kelso, 1977). Measures of a trajectory's length and convex hull can be used to define an index whose equation resembles that of an entropy. This index is a measure of the trajectory's overall complexity. Some important concepts related to the thermodynamics of curves will also be discussed. The optimization process will be studied by examining the changes in entropy over time for a set of trajectories generated during the learning of a route (ten successive repetitions of the same climb). It will be shown that the entropy of the trajectories decreases as learning progresses, that each level of expertise has its own characteristic entropy curve, and that for the subjects tested, the mean entropy of skilled climbers is lower than that of average climbers. Basing our analysis on the concepts of degrees of freedom and constraint equations, an attempt is made to relate trajectory entropy to system entropy. Based on the postulate that trajectory entropy is equal to the difference in entropy between the unconstrained and constrained system, a model of motor optimization is proposed. This model is illustrated by an entropy graph reflecting a dynamic release process. In the light of our results, two opposing views will be examined: movement construction vs. movement emergence. (shrink)

The question about the object, method, and nature of Psychology in the first half of the 19th century received three proposals: the first, presented by Christian Wolff, appealed to the conciliation between the Psychologia Rationalis and the Psychologia Empirica based on the process of Experimentalphysik and in the Principle of Sufficient Reason; the second, proposed a shift towards Physiology this proposal was responsible for establishing the Psychology as an independent Science; the third offers an existential approach to mental phenomena. We (...) argue that the project of Søren Kierkegaard presents a Psychology Experimenterende as a response to Psychologia Empirica and the Experimentelle Psychologie. (shrink)

The wide and complex range of technologies produced and used in the contemporary societies has challenged the analysis from the different fields of social sciences. In this sense, in order to elaborate a study that aim at understanding the relationship between technological progress and the ongoing institutional changes that mark the capitalist societies, we believe it is necessary to adopt an interdisciplinary approach combining methodologies from Economics and Sociology fields. Therefore, this study proposes the development of an interdisciplinary dialogue between (...) the economic sociology of Pierre Bourdieu and the evolutionary economics developed by authors such as Giovanni Dosi, Sidney Winter, Richard Nelson and Bhaven Sampat. In doing so, we intend to demonstrate that a theory guided by Marx’s historical materialism, as it is the case of evolutionary economics, can be enriched by a materialist theory of symbolic, such as that of Pierre Bourdieu. In searching the comprehension of the complementarity between material and symbolic forces, this study addresses the conflictual process surrounding the formulation of the regulatory institutions to the biotechnology sector in Brazil over the last two decades. More precisely, through a case study, we seek to demonstrate that the convergence of discourses and interests between prestigious scientific organizations and the multinational companies that control the agrobiotechnology industry has been relevant to allow this new technological paradigm to make progress. Finally, we raise some questions concerning this alliance between business and science and the conflicts that revolve around the rapid expansion of the genetically modified crops worldwide. (shrink)

The article traces the evolution and crystallization of Buber’s philosophy of dialogue. It focuses on his consideration of the epistemological and ontological issues attendant to the principium individuationis, the subject of his doctoral dissertation of 1904. Culminating with the publication of Ich und Du in 1923, this process was punctuated by life experiences that led him to affirm rather than to seek to transcend the principium individuationis as the ontological ground of being manifest in the matrix of everyday life, which (...) we are beckoned to sanctify through I-Thou relations. (shrink)

History and chronicle, by B. Croce.--History as a system, by J. Ortega y Gasset.--The idea of history, by R. G. Collingwood.--The historian's purpose; history and metahistory, by A. Bullock.--What are historians trying to do? By H. Pirenne.--What are historical facts? By C. Becker.--The concept of scientific history, by I. Berlin.--Reason in history, by G. W. F. Hegel.--The hedgehog and the fox, by I. Berlin.--What is history? By E. H. Carr.--Faith and history, by R. Niebuhr.--The world and the west, by A. (...) Toynbee.--Debates with historians, by P. Geyl.--Has history any meaning? By K. R. Popper.--Historical inevitability, by I. Berlin.--On fortune and misfortune in history, by J. Burckhardt.--Selected readings (p. 179-181). (shrink)

This volume of essays takes as its point of departure Martin Buber's principle of dialogue, which he applied as a comprehensive hermeneutic method for the study of various cultural phenomena. The volume critically evaluates the methodological purchase to be gained by the introduction of Buber's conception of dialogue in political theory, psychology and psychiatry, and religious studies.

Pobreza e educação: diálogos entre o passado e o presente, entre conformações e resistências docentes Resumo: Desde o século XIX, a pobreza tem sido objeto de governo em todos os âmbitos do Estado Brasileiro. No entanto, desde lá, a seu modo, a área educacional tem assumido fortemente essa tarefa para si, quer seja na política educacional ou na experiência docente. De fato, essa é uma questão importante, mas paradoxal. Por um lado, governam-se os pobres visando a sua liberdade; por outro, (...) para subjugá-los. A partir de aportes teórico-metodológicos de Michel Foucault, mas também de recortes analíticos de pesquisadores do campo da sociologia da educação e da história da educação brasileira, este artigo procura estabelecer diálogo com alguns aspectos atuais da experiência docente brasileira, tentando responder se, na prática, ela é capaz de analisar esse paradoxo e de agir frente a ele. Como conclusão, o artigo sugere que a analítica de tal questão depende, enormemente, da perspicácia da política educacional e dos professores para diagnosticarem o presente e o passado da educação, para, quem sabe, experimentar novas formas de educação com as populações pobres. Palavras-chave: Pobreza; Educação; Experiência docente. Poverty and education: dialogues between past and present, between conformations and resistance of teachers Abstract: Since the 19th century, poverty has been an object of government in all spheres of the Brazilian State. However, since then, the educational area has strongly assumed this task for itself in its own way, both in educational policy and in teaching experience. Indeed, this is an important but paradoxical issue. The poor are ruled with their freedom in mind on the one hand, and on the other, with their subjugation as an objective. Based on Michel Foucault's theoretical-methodological contributions, but also on analytical pieces by researchers in the field of sociology of education and the history of Brazilian education, this paper seeks to establish a dialogue with current aspects of the Brazilian teaching experience, trying to answer whether it is capable of analyzing this paradox and acting upon it in practice. In conclusion, the paper suggests that the analysis of such a matter greatly depends on the perspicacity of educational policy and teachers to diagnose the present and past of education in order to possibly experiment new forms of education with poor populations. Keywords: Poverty; Education; Teaching experience. Pauvreté et éducation: dialogues entre le passé et le présent, entre conformations et résistances des enseignants Résumé: Depuis le 19ème siècle, la question de la pauvreté a été l’objet du gouvernement dans tous les domaines de l’État brésilien. Cependant, depuis lors, à sa manière, le domaine de l'éducation a fortement assumé cette tâche, que ce soit en matière de politique éducative ou d'expérience d’enseignement. En fait, c'est une question importante, mais paradoxale. D'une part, les pauvres sont gouvernés pour leur liberté; mais aussi d'autre part, pour les soumettre. À partir des contributions théoriques et méthodologiques de Michel Foucault, mais également d'extraits analytiques de chercheurs dans le domaine de la sociologie de l'éducation et de l'histoire de l'éducation brésilienne, cet article cherche à établir un dialogue avec certains aspects actuels de l'expérience d'enseignement au Brésil, en essayant de répondre si, dans la pratique, elle est capable d'analyser ce paradoxe et d'agir face à ce dernier. En conclusion, l'article suggère que l'analyse d'une telle question depend, énormément, de la perspicacité de la politique éducative et des professeurs à diagnostiquer le présent et le passé de l'éducation, pour, on ne sait jamais, essayer de nouvelles formes d'éducation avec les populations pauvres. Mots-clés: Pauvreté; Éducation; Expérience d'enseignement. Data de registro: 14/05/2020 Data de aceite: 02/10/2020. (shrink)

Henri Meschonnic famously gives specific usage to a repertoire of terms such as subjectivity, continuous, rhythm, historicity, recitative and enunciation. Behind them, there is a project to overcome what he calls the “chain of dualisms” (1988), or the tendency toward dichotomy in theoretical thinking, represented in the language fields by the separations between signifier and signified, oral and written, form and content, and others. Following Philip Wilson’s (2012) initiative of applying Ludwig Wittgenstein’s concepts of language games and forms of life (...) to translation studies, we seek to draw an analogy between the Wittgensteinian leap from analytics to pragmatics and the Meschonnician leap from sign to discourse, with the aim of investigating the viability of a synthesis of the two authors’ ideas as a theoretical and methodological proposition for Translation Studies. Meschonnic proposes that the sign (enunciate) be overcome in favor of discourse (enunciation), which he views as a relationship between language and body. We argue that the linguistic experience, in that light, is akin to a performance and that Wittgenstein, by focusing on the use of language, also favors this idea, which may be a possible key for a theoretical practice of translation. (shrink)

The concept of faith has remained inscrutable to thinkers for centuries. The late Nathan Rotenstreich believed that faith was such a difficult topic for so many because of its inextricable links to theology and religion. _On Faith_, Rotenstreich's last work which was edited and prepared for publication by Paul Mendes-Flohr, attempts to detach the concept from its religious underpinnings and consider it in its own right, as a human phenomenon and cognitive attitude. Faith, Rotenstreich contends, should not be confused (...) with its historical manifestations. By making faith a philosophical rather than a theological matter, he explores its essence as an awareness of how we relate within mundane reality to all that is beyond the human world. Arguing for the intentionality of faith, Rotenstreich shows how it structures a variety of relations that range from the experience of the holy to the nature of cults, traditional religion, and the idea of servitude to God. Rotenstreich's phenomenological study will be of great importance for religious scholars as well as for philosophers. Nathan Rotenstreich was professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He was elected to the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and his works include _Jews and German Philosophy_ and _Reason and Its Manifestations: A Study of Kant and Hegel_. (shrink)

Dasein is an entity that can be understood as being-in-the-world, in which the "world" refers to the referential context of meanings. In this context are the environments where the human being as historically constituted relates to other entities, among them the entity called "book" which can mean more than a mere instrument in its instrumentality (Zuhandenheit), but be this entity "the book of my childhood", "of adolescence", etc., unveiling his deliverance in the "for what it is read". The book speaks (...) because the one who wrote it, the Dasein-author, is possessed of language just as the Dasein-reader who relates to the work. Calvin states that the book, as an author’s self-portrait, presents a written world, whose source is the unwritten world, that is, the reality that is more surprising and frightening than what is in the book. The relationship of literature with the philosophy that once belonged to opponents has changed with the writers' attempt to reconcile both movements, including one more element in a triple relationship - Science - Philosophy - Literature. Like the human being, the book has undergone significant changes, such as the rise of digital books. The purpose of the article is to understand these aspects and philosophically interpret some excerpts from world-known works. (shrink)

At first, it must be said that the existence of God is the great affirmation presupposed by the Bible. The Bible does not attempt to prove the existence of God, it simply takes this existence as a fact. The great Reformed theologian Louis Berkhof says: "For us the existence of God is the great presupposition of theology." In fact, no theologian could deny the existence of God, as this automatically would cause him to be without profession. But throughout history, philosophers (...) and theologians have debated whether the human mind can be sure of God's existence. Does the existence of God is a matter that must be accepted by faith itself? Or is it possible, from reason and rational arguments to prove the existence of God? (shrink)