Advancements in novel neurotechnologies, such as brain computer interfaces and neuromodulatory devices such as deep brain stimulators, will have profound implications for society and human rights. While these technologies are improving the diagnosis and treatment of mental and neurological diseases, they can also alter individual agency and estrange those using neurotechnologies from their sense of self, challenging basic notions of what it means to be human. As an international coalition of interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners, we examine these challenges and make (...) recommendations to mitigate negative consequences that could arise from the unregulated development or application of novel neurotechnologies. We explore potential ethical challenges in four key areas: identity and agency, privacy, bias, and enhancement. To address them, we propose democratic and inclusive summits to establish globally-coordinated ethical and societal guidelines for neurotechnology development and application, new measures, including “Neurorights,” for data privacy, security, and consent to empower neurotechnology users’ control over their data, new methods of identifying and preventing bias, and the adoption of public guidelines for safe and equitable distribution of neurotechnological devices. (shrink)

The main objective of this work is to understand the daily practices of user management in post-reformist devices in the Brazilian mental health field. Through Foucault's genealogical work on government practices, understood as forms of conducting the behavior of others, it is possible to open a possible field for the study of the practices of psi knowledge, considering them as forms of management that act by through the free and natural acts of individuals. More specifically, our goal is to examine (...) day-to-day practices on some reformist devices such as CAPS through user files. Basically, two driving models have been found in the new devices: 1) Cases with frank intervention of production of commitments and agreements with users, seeking the entry of this to varied activities and political leadership ; 2) Cases with little response from the user, in which the forms of conduction are implemented by policies of inclusion of family members and close reference characters in the management of the patient's life. (shrink)

Both questions as abstract objects and the speech acts, here called requests, by which we ask them play an enormous role in all argumentative practices. Nonetheless, there is hardly a proper systematic treatment of questions and requests in current argumentation theories. This paper is a first attempt at providing such a systematic treatment. This is achieved by following the ideal model of a critical discussion as elaborated over the years by the Amsterdam school of pragma-dialectics. After introducing the distinction between (...) questions and requests, the paper sets forth and illustrates the norms of questioning which implicitly underlie the four stages of a critical discussion in the standard order: confrontation, opening, argumentation, and conclusion. Among other things, it is shown that crucial insights of pragma-dialectics are illuminated by the questioning perspective, in particular the distinction between single and multiple differences of opinion, the duties of the antagonist and protagonist roles, the precise character of the argumentation stage, and the different ways in which a disagreement can be resolved. (shrink)

The belief in miracle, as a modality of spiritual/religious coping strategy in the face of stress and psychic suffering, has been discussed in psychological literature with regard to its positive or negative role on the health and well-being of patients and family members. In contemporary times, where pseudo-conflicts between religion and science should have been long overcome, there is still some tendency of interpreting belief in miracle – as the possibility of a cure granted by divine intervention, modifying the normal (...) course of events in a bleak medical diagnosis – as having unhealthy impacts in the care and treatment of health. This position seeks to find a base in the three characteristics of hoping in a miracle, frequently pointed out by psychological literature: it would imply a negation of reality instead of its confrontation; it would be a coping strategy focused on emotion instead of the problem; it would imply seeking to modify the supposed desire of God by extra-natural facts. In this study, we shall critically discuss this position and the dangers of its crystallization by the use of SRC scales in which the act of praying for a miracle is previously classified as a negative strategy. We revisit some tendencies in psychological literature about the subject, taking into consideration the various facets of miracle, sociocultural facts, elements of idiographic nature, and their profound outcomes in the lives of people especially in health contexts. We illustrate the dangers of a hasty generalization of the results of nomothetic studies about the role of belief in miracle with two examples of research in the Brazilian context: one carried out with pregnant women with fetal malformation and the other with family members caring for children and adolescents with cancer under chemotherapeutic treatment. In both studies, the results do not confirm the predominance of the negative aspects associated with the act of praying for a miracle, which we discuss and analyze in light of the phenomenological perspective. In this perspective, “pray for a miracle”, as experienced by patients and caregivers, can be recognized as an act of openness to life, bolstering hope, and the resignification of reality in the psyche. (shrink)

This essay aims to analyze Arendt’s reflections on the activity of thinking. This activity is essential to understanding our present and reconciling ourselves with contingency and human fragility. Unlike the philosophical tradition that has vindicated contemplative thinking, Arendt recovers the lost treasure of reflective thinking through the portraits of thinkers, such as Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Walter Benjamin, Socrates, Immanuel Kant, and Franz Kafka. In dark times, when the public sphere is destroyed, the challenge of “thinking without banisters” implies an act (...) of political resistance, by trying to examine the devastating reality, even if the answers are not what we would like to see and hear. Through reflective thinking, we can open up to the world and the drama of human freedom with its heterogeneities and destructive leaks. (shrink)

A teoria pedagógica comporta muitos fenômenos que o educador deve compreender e levar em consideração, dentre eles, a crise. Alguns educadores exercem dignamente o seu ofício. Mesmo diante das situações mais adversas, eles podem ser considerados resilientes. Resiliência é o nome dado à capacidade concreta das pessoas de não só superarem situações críticas, mas também de utilizá-las em seus processos de desenvolvimento pessoal. Os estudos sobre o tema se propõem a enfatizar a promoção de processos educativos que facilitem ou tornem (...) as pessoas mais resistentes e maduras para enfrentar as dificuldades que ocorrem em sua vida. A inclusão da espiritualidade como um fator de favorecimento da resiliência parece ser o de desafiar o futuro numa perspectiva de superação, considerando as adversidades como obstáculos que poderão favorecer o amadurecimento pessoal, através da ampliação da visão de mundo e do estabelecimento de novas formas de equilíbrio. Acredita-se que um professor resiliente poderá mais facilmente manter-se firme em sua tarefa de educar, transcendendo as questões meramente pedagógicas, buscando desenvolver a integralidade na prática formativa, sobretudo porque possui mais possibilidades de vivenciar a sua própria multidimensionalidade. Este texto tem como finalidade estudar a importância da espiritualidade no favorecimento de uma postura resiliente no educador. (shrink)

Chalmers e Dennett se encontram em lados opostos da discussão do problema da consciência. Para Chalmers, ela é um dado indubitável que não pode ser explicada em termos de outra coisa. Para Dennett, o que existe verdadeiramente são múltiplos julgamentos sobre nossa consciência. Cada um acusa o outro de circularidade. Isto só é possível porque a diferença entre estas duas teorias é verdadeiramente uma diferença de princípios. A mesma oposição que encontramos no aparato teórico encontramos também em suas pressuposições mais (...) básicas e fundamentais. Este fato torna extremamente difícil escolher entre as duas ao mesmo tempo em que radicaliza a diferença entre elas. De um lado temos que argumentos podem refutar intuições, de outro temos que é preciso primeiro sondar nossas intuições para depois criar argumentos a partir delas. Entre um extremo e outro nos encontramos com o velho dilema de “o que vem primeiro?”. No entanto, mais importante do que escolher lados é mostrar o quanto é difícil escolher. (shrink)

En este artículo se hace una lectura hermenéutica del más reciente libro de Comesaña Santalices, De métodos y filosofía feminista, donde se reúnen, por primera vez, un conjunto variado de artículos publicados en diversas revistas en los últimos quince años, en los que encontramos una serie de reflex..

This study analyzes the influence of women’s advances on changes that have altered men’s lives and their definition of masculinity. These changes are expressed in the development of new manifestations of masculinity, some of which, due to their non-sexist and non-homophobic character, are catalogued..

El artículo ana liza ciertas tensiones internas en la filosofía del arte de Danto, derivadas de una tensión originaria, la que se da entre esencialismo eternizante e historicismo. Analiza después la definición del arte que ofrece Danto, interpretando que es una definición poco específica, a falta de una mayor caracterización del símbolo artístico. Concluye con la consideración de la tesis de los indiscernibles perceptivos, y el problema que plantea en relación con una de las dos condiciones esenciales del arte, la (...) de la "encarnación del significado", problema que se mantiene a la hora de pensar la belleza artística. (shrink)

This paper is about the integration between metrical clausulae and rhetorical structure. First, there is a comparison of Waszink’s results using the Zielinski method with Laurand’s system, and my findings on the same group of clausulae. Secondly, we analyze the concluding words of every book of Tertullian, to identify the more frequent clausulae, and the initial words, in which we can find often a cretic. Thirdly, we analyze the metrical prose of Tertullian’s De testimonio animae, to establish a rhetorical scheme (...) for the very first time. (shrink)

Los libros de literatura testimonial del secuestro en Colombia ayudaron a fundamentar el discurso contra-terrorista del segundo periodo presidencial de Uribe, puesto que no solo cuestionaron a la guerrilla de las FARC desde su discurso, sino desde su accionar visto desde adentro. A partir del análisis de cuatro libros testimoniales, se establecen las representaciones de la guerrilla como victimaria y de los secuestrados como víctimas. Estos libros develan un grupo armado “salvaje”, incompasivo, sanguinario, poco humano, que no expresa coherencia entre (...) lo que dice que hace y lo que realmente hace. A partir de diversas operaciones discursivas, se recrea a la organización alzada en armas y al sujeto guerrillero como el Otro violento que hay que derrotar, en tanto exhibe unas condiciones psicológicas e ideológicas sancionables. Sin embargo, se pueden establecer diferencias en la manera cómo los autores representan a la guerrilla y esto tiene que ver también con la manera cómo los testimoniantes se representan a sí mismos como víctimas. El hecho de haber presenciado los hechos victimizantes convierte a los autores de los testimonios en testigos por excelencia, cuya palabra debe creerse. Aunque una parte significativa de los relatos testimoniales está compuesta por las descripciones de los vejámenes de la guerrilla hacia los secuestrados y las pésimas condiciones en que estos vivían, los testimonios también son documentos de resistencia y recomposición de la identidad. (shrink)

RESUMOEste artigo visa discutir elementos filosóficos presentes na obra de José Barbosa de Sá. Buscamos analisar o sistema de classificação botânica do autor, observando a relação com a construção de analogias e similitudes, avaliando em que medida tais ideias se coadunavam com concepções religiosas. Procuramos ainda discutir o conhecido debate sobre a reprodução vegetal no século XVIII, analisando concepções não acadêmicas. ABSTRACTThis article aims to discuss philosophical elements of the work of José Barbosa de Sá. We seek to analyze the (...) author's system of botanical classification, observing the relation with the construction of analogies and likenesses, evaluating to what extent these ideas were consistent with religious conceptions. We also attempt to examine the well known eighteenth-century known debate about the vegetable reproduction and to analyse non-academic conceptions of it. (shrink)

Se busca resaltar el topos de la proximidad en la lectura que hace Derrida de Heidegger, conectándolo con la presuposición de la unidad de la palabra en tanto que núcleo de la posibilidad del sentido del ser, y con la autoafección como condición de la unidad del sentido y de la proximidad, condición..

Este artículo reseña: Thomas CASADEI - Gianfrancesco ZANETTI, Manual de Filosofía del Derecho. Figuras, categorías, contextos, Prefacio y traducción de Fernando H. Llano Alonso, Madrid, Tecnos, 2023, 504 pp.

La estética se introdujo en España con ocasión de la constitución del sistema de instrucción pública y vinculada a la enseñanza de la retórica y la poética. En 1814, los liberales propusieron reunir la retórica y la poética en una única disciplina que ofreciese los principios de la literatura. Estos principios se venían elaborando para las bellas letras y las bellas artes desde el siglo XVIII y de ellos surgiría la estética como ciencia del gusto y de lo bello. La (...) estética entró a formar parte de la asignatura de _Literatura _en 1846 bajo la influencia de la filosofía ecléctica francesa y, en particular, de la teoría estética de Victor Cousin. Esto propició la producción de los primeros textos sobre estética en España, orientados a la enseñanza de la literatura. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the dispute around meanings involving the homosexual male body characterized as bear. Based on the theoretical-methodological framework of Dialogic Discourse Analysis, an analysis was carried out of a Facebook group post with three sequences of commentaries on the bear body type. The analysis revealed that the heart of the meaning making dispute in the utterances holds two distinct evaluations: (i) the bear identified as a fat and hairy body, and (ii) the bear identified as a standard (...) body and with (some) body hair. Through the fat/not-fat and hairy/hairless oppositions, the standard gay body contests the bear body characteristics, notably the hair, for demonstrating more masculine traits. However, this position generates protests, almost always in an ironic and critical tone, from those who defend that bears represent the resistance of a category that fits, above all, the fat body. (shrink)

O presente artigo objetiva discutir como Richer de Reims, monge beneditino do século X, compôs um relato histórico baseando na construção narrativa totalmente ligada ao aparato estético com instrumento retórico. A partir de sua formação clássica, organizada pelo Abade Gerbert d’Aurillac, Richer constrói um texto de Histórias que compõe uma narrativa a partir de uma fórmula estética particular, que é a “reescrita”, ou “criação”, dos diálogos dos diversos personagens que aparecem no relato; com isso, faz com que as supostas “vozes” (...) de seus personagens ajudem-no na legitimação, política ou intelectual, daqueles para quem ele deixa transparecer sua preferência. (shrink)

O presente estudo tem o objetivo de mapear dissertações e teses brasileiras na área da Educação que, no método de investigação, utilizaram-se da Fenomenologia como referência. O levantamento foi realizado no Banco de Teses e Dissertações da Capes, encontrando-se 1.142 registros, dos quais 89 foram analisados, referentes aqueles orientados pelos pesquisadores com maior número de orientações nesta perspectiva. Constatou-se um aumento da presença da Fenomenologia nos estudos da área da Educação, além da grande diversidade de procedimentos adotados. Identificou-se, ainda, a (...) presença marcante da Hermenêutica, em detrimento de pesquisas fundadas exclusivamente na Fenomenologia Estrutural. (shrink)

The formation and evolution of multiculturalism and hybridization belong today to the leading research priorities of social sciences. These developments assumedly forward a kind of new or next society features of which seemingly emerge and may be captured in processes taking place in given partial structures. We think especially of subsystems that, at the origin, concretized utopic orientations that were abandoned over time to leave room to new ambitions. One such subsystem consists of the kibbutz that was for long viewed (...) as one of the most successful utopia that was both rigorous and performing, and which illustrates today an appropriate example of next-society emergence. The general validity of this assumption resides in this setting’s multigenerational survival through far reaching structural, cultural and ideological changes. A model of communitarian collectivity at its start that now is best defined by the oxymoron of “individualistic community”. (shrink)

(1993). Integrating cooperation and conflict: Comments on Raymond Boudon's paper. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 29-31.

The numberless unprecedented situations attached today to the concept of transnational diaspora arise the debate of whether or not this phenomenon signals a new era. Our own contention is that it does represent a factor of new kinds of heterogenization of both the societal reality and of the diasporas themselves, as worldwide entities. It is in this dialectic perspective that we describe transnational diasporas as causes of discontinuity in our world and point out to the qualitative change in the social (...) fabrics that they represent. Among other aspects, dual or threefold homeness that is bound to the transnational condition signifies for diasporans a slipping away from the totalistic character of the commitment and view of the nation that the nation-state requires of its citizens. When viewed in its multiplicity, the cohabitation under the same societal roof of a priori alien socio-cultural entities yields a configuration that is not uniform in every setting, but which still responds in its essentials to the new reality experienced by many a contemporary society.To illustrate this approach, this paper compares four well-known contemporary transnational diasporas—namely, the Muslim, African, Hispanic and Chinese. (shrink)

We undertake the comparison between Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General Systems Theory and Alexandr Bodganov's Tektology as two theories proposing a holistic interpretation of reality and claiming to solve problems which are unsolvable via conventional philosophic and scientific theories and methodologies. Basic misunderstandings by some Soviet authors regarding the nature of these theories — especially in the case of Tektology — are pointed out. The comparison is made in what concerns the general origins and purposes of the theories, their approaches to (...) the problem of organization, their treatment of mathematics and their understanding of the cybernetic concept of regulation.We contend that Tektologycontains — some 15 years earlier — all the basic concepts which will be later developed by the General Theory of Systems. As we shall see, Tektology is the ultimate expansion of any theory of systems. This fact is widely ignored in contemporary specialized literature. (shrink)

Resumo Pretendemos, neste artigo, expor a noção trágica nietzschiana na conferência O Drama Musical Grego e os fragmentos póstumos escritos no mesmo período, mostrando que o desenvolvimento dessa concepção caminha peri passu à crítica ao pensamento moderno. Essa crítica é realizada por meio do conceito de ecstase, o qual se confronta com a ideia de tragédia entendida a partir da poesia, Deste modo, exporemos como Nietzsche articula o seu conceito de ecstase como um contraponto à compreensão moderna da “Poética” de (...) Aristóteles, assim como as suas aproximações e distanciamentos da filosofia schopenhaueriana ao formular sua concepção trágica. Abtract In this article we intend to expose the nietzschean tragic notion in the conference The Greek Musical Drama and the posthumous fragments written in the same period, showing that the development of this conception goes peri passu to criticism of modern thought. This criticism is made through the concept of ecstase, which confronts the idea of tragedy understood from poetry. In this way, we will expose how Nietzsche articulates his concept of ecstase as a counterpoint to the modern understanding of Aristotle's Poetics, as well as his approximations and distances from Schopenhauer's philosophy in formulating his tragic conception. (shrink)

The goal of this study was to test the role of message framing for effective communication of self-care behaviors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, contrasting health and economic-focused messages. We presented 319 participants with an unforced choice task where they had to select the message that they believed was more effective to increase intentions toward self-care behaviors, motivate self-care behaviors in others, increase perceived risk and enhance perceived message strength. Results showed that gain-frame health messages increased intention to (...) adopt self-care behaviors and were judged to be stronger. Loss-framed health messages increased risk perception. When judging effectiveness for others, participants believed other people would be more sensitive to messages with an economic focus. These results can be used by governments to guide communication for the prevention of COVID-19 contagion in the media and social networks, where time and space for communicating information are limited. (shrink)

Parenthood is a highly valued life goal, independent of one’s sexual orientation. However, the majority of studies exploring young adults’ parenthood plans have relied exclusively on samples of heterosexual individuals. This study aimed (i) to explore differences in parenthood intentions as a function of sexual orientation, (ii) to investigate to what extent sociodemographic and psychological characteristics predict parenthood intentions of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) and heterosexual individuals, (iii) to test the mediating effect of stigma between sexual orientation and parenthood intentions, (...) and (iv) to identify and characterize profiles of prospective parenthood (through cluster analysis). Data were gathered using an online survey from 375 self-identified LGB and heterosexual young adults without children in Portugal, with a mean age of 25.83 years old (SD = 4.49). Findings indicated that LGB individuals were less likely to intend to have children than heterosexual individuals; furthermore, among LGB individuals, lesbian women expressed stronger intentions to have children than did gay men. Similarities between heterosexual and LGB young adults were observed concerning the psychological determinants of parenthood intentions. Four distinctive profiles of prospective parenthood were identified: aspiring parents not anticipating stigma, aspiring parents anticipating stigma, childfree intent, and childfree ambivalent. Lesbian and bisexual women mostly populated the childfree ambivalent cluster, in contrast the aspiring parents anticipating stigma cluster contained an overrepresentation of men, including sexual minority men. Professionals may want to attend to communalities and specificities of prospective parenthood as a function of sexual orientation, in order to provide unbiased and culturally competent support to sexual minority individuals. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objeto o historicismo, a abordagem filosófica que considera a história como um fator crucial para a configuração dos valores e crenças e critérios dos homens e mulheres. De modo mais específico, eu exploro nas páginas seguintes alguns problemas que cercam a abordagem historicista e sua relação com a ação política e o discurso filosófico. Faço isso através da análise do pensamento de dois filósofos cuja contribuição tem sido considerada muito importante para a filosofia política hodierna: (...) Cornélius Castoriadis e Richard Rorty. Ambos os autores, além de decididamente historicistas, desenvolveram sua obra a partir de crítica e releitura de alguns elementos filosofia hegeliana e os dois procuram oferecer uma alternativa para a filosofia marxista. A minha análise de Castoriadis acompanha a sua crítica ao “universalismo objetivista do marxismo” e a sua proposta de uma “ontologia histórica” para daí então comentar alguns possíveis problemas decorrentes do seu historicismo. Em seguida eu exploro as possíveis virtudes da filosofia de Castoriadis, apontadas por Richard Rorty, para em seguida mostrar como o próprio Rorty oferece uma possível saída aos impasses do historicismo de Castoriadis. (shrink)

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é avaliar, de forma crítica, como os fundamentos teóricos da Democracia Radical, nomeadamente os expendidos por Chantal Mouffe e seus interlocutores, podem contribuir no aprofundamento da Democracia Deliberativa de acento habermasiano e seus fundamentos de participação política. O problema que pretendemos destacar diz com a possibilidade de equalizarmos as convergências e divergências entre os fundamentos da Democracia Radical e da Democracia Deliberativa, visando constituir o aprimoramento da participação política contemporânea. Em face desses problemas, nossa hipótese (...) é a de que determinados aportes da Democracia Radical são adequados e sinérgicos à Democracia Deliberativa; todavia, outros não, e sobre estes pretendemos identificar insuficiências de sustentação. (shrink)

Comunicado del Claustro de Profesores del Programa de Filosofía - Universidad del Quindío Llamado al diálogo, cuidado de la vida y solidaridad por las víctimas de las protestas sociales iniciadas el 28 de abril de 2021 en Colombia La protesta social expresa los deseos de un pueblo por salir de las situaciones políticas y económicas desfavorables, es una expresión de esperanza. Precisamente, las distintas acciones ciudadanas en la mayoría de los municipios quindianos, y en general, en el territorio colombiano, son (...) la muestra de un profundo deseo por aportar a la construcción de un país donde la vida en todas sus manifestaciones sea respetada y valorada. (shrink)