My goal in this paper is, to tentatively sketch and try defend some observations regarding the ontological dignity of object references, as they may be used from within in a formalized language. -/- Hence I try to explore, what properties objects are presupposed to have, in order to enter the universe of discourse of an interpreted formalized language. -/- First I review Frege′s analysis of the logical structure of truth value definite sentences of scientific colloquial language, to draw suggestions from (...) his saturated vs. unsaturated sentence components paradigm. -/- Next try investigate, in how far reference to non pure math objects might allow for a role as argument of a truth value function. Object kinds to be considered are: common sense objects, technical objects, humanities object kinds (social, psychical, ...), objects of art, ... , be they abstract, concrete, or in this respect mixed objects. -/- Then have a comment on the just referenced label abstract objects. -/- Next try to get an idea wrt the ontological significance of the fact, that pure math objects and functions in some important classical cases can be uniquely defined by means of categorical theories. Here, in the course of my argument, I have a little corollary wrt the standard model of first order Peano arithmetic, reducing the epistemological significance of the existence of the non standard models. -/- Next, wrt a special concept of a formalized empirical theory, I care for whether the impure math objects and mixed objects described here, and complying best with truth value function mapping, are also reliable candidates for the ontological commitment of such theories: and discuss an alternative, which reduces the ontological significance of the universe of discourse of the theories intended models. -/- In the end I sum up what is - from my point of view - the status quo, according to my respective findings. (shrink)

”It is often assumed that knowledge claims must be justified. But what kind of justification is required for knowledge ? . . . ” (*) -/- presupposition: the kind of epistemic justification depends on the type of the knowledge claim and its respective knowledge claim tradeoff ’vague vs. precise’. -/- procedere: in two - almost purely logical - case studies I account for this tradeoff and question in each case what (if any) were its general outcome wrt justification -/- first (...) for basic measurement statements of the form ′′ϕ(x) = r ∈ IR ± δ′′ (wrt ”measurement accuracy realism” debate) -/- and secondly predication statements of the form ′′x is ( a case of )P′′ (wrt ”epistemic vagueness” debate). (shrink)

Zusammensetzung des Körpers.--Die sinnliche Wahrnehmung.--Der Mikrokosmos (der Mensch eine kleine Welt)--Embryologie, Astrologie.--Die Theilseele.--Die Grenze des menschlichen Wissens.--Leben und Tod.--Schmerz und Lust.--Ton, Laut, Sprache.

1. Abt. Zeitschriftenbeiträge. 1. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen Blättern für Erziehung und Unterricht" von 1827 bis 1829 -- 2. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." von 1830 bis 1832 -- 3. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." von 1833 bis 1835 -- 4. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." von 1836 bis 1839 -- 5. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." von 1840 bis 1842 -- 6. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." von 1843 bis 1845 -- 7. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." von 1846 (...) bis 1848 -- 8. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." von 1849 bis 1850 -- 9. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." 1851. Aus dem "Jahrbuch für Lehrer und Schulfreunde" 1851 und 1852 -- 10. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." 1852 und 1853. Aus dem "Jahrbuch für Lehrer und Schulfreunde" 1853 -- 11. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." 1854. Aus dem "Jahrbuch für Lehrer und Schulfreunde" 1854 und 1855 -- 12 Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." 1856 und 1857. Aus dem "Pädagogischen Jahrbuch für Lehrer und Schulfreunde" 1856 und 1857 -- 13. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." 1857 und 1858. Aus dem "Pädagogischen Jahrbuch für Lehrer und Schulfreunde" 1858 und 1859 -- 14. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." 1859 und 1860. Aus dem "Pädagogischen Jahrbuch für Lehrer und Schulfreunde" 1860 und 1861 -- 15. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." 1861 und 1862. Aus dem "Pädagogischen Jahrbuch für Lehrer und Schulfreunde" 1862 und 1863. Aus dem Preussischen Abgeordnetenhause 1859 bis 1863 -- 16. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." 1863 und 1864. Aus dem "Jahrbuch für Lehrer und Schulfreunde" 1864 und 1865. Aus dem Preussischen Abgeordnetenhause von 1863/1864 -- 17. Bd. Aus dem "Rheinischen ..." 1865 und 1866. Aus dem "Jahrbuch für Lehrer und Schulfreunde" 1866. Aus dem Preussischen Abgeordnetenhause 1865/1866. (shrink)

Due to the increasingly heterogeneous trajectories of aging, gerontology requires theoretical models and empirical methods that can meaningfully, reliably, and precisely describe, explain, and predict causes and effects within the aging process, considering particular contexts and situations. Human behavior occurs in contexts; nevertheless, situational changes are often neglected in context-based behavior research. This article follows the tradition of environmental gerontology research based on Lawton’s Person-Environment-Interaction model and the theoretical developments of recent years. The authors discuss that, despite an explicit time (...) component, current P-E models could be strengthened by focusing on detecting P-E interactions in various everyday situations. Enhancing Lawton’s original formula via a situationally based component not only changes the theoretical perspectives on the interplay between person and environment but also demands new data collection approaches in empirical environmental research. Those approaches are discussed through the example of collecting mobile data with smartphones. Future research should include the situational dimension to investigate the complex nature of person environment interactions. (shrink)

Shaftesbury started his literary career in 1698 with an edition of Whichcote’s sermons. At the same time he worked on An Inquiry Concerning Virtue and his ‘Crudities’, which were incorporated after August 1698 in the Askêmata manuscripts. In this paper I argue that Shaftesbury’s critique of John Locke is based on central ideas from Whichcote’s sermons. In his examination of Locke’s epistemology and moral philosophy he uses Whichcote’s arguments, concepts and keywords. Locke’s rejection of the ‘innate ideas’ reduces man to (...) an abstract being, ‘absolutely indifferent towards whatever is presented to him’. In opposition to this reduction he posits Whichcote’s Connatural Notions, ‘the principles of which Man doth consist, in his very first Make’, i.e. the categorial form of human feeling, discernment, understanding and judgment. These connatural principles include the idea of good and evil, i.e. the foundation of a non-legalistic, autonomous morality. (shrink)

1. Bd. Lebensschöpfung und Vernunftfrevel.--2. Bd. Schmarotzerzüchtung und Erbopferung.--3. Bd. Nietzsche, der gerechtfertigye Seher. b.

Irad Kimhi considers the conundrum, first addressed by Parmenides, of how negative facts can be the case and be thought, to be the puzzle that philosophy has been working to solve since Plato and Aristotle and wants to do his part by criticizing Frege's dissociation of sense and force and developing a more Aristotelian account of judgment. Michael Della Rocca considers the conundrum a hopeless aporia that we must avoid by embracing Parmenides' radical monism of being and in a recent (...) article (“Parmenides' insight and the possibility of logic”) aims to show that Kimhi is confronted with exactly the kind of insoluble difficulties that he that finds in Frege. The present article agrees with Kimhi that we can think about what is not the case, although thinking reaches all the way to what IS the case. But Della Rocca is right that Kimhi cannot explain by virtue of what we are able to do this. The counter‐proposal says: (1) Thinking reaches to being in that we have learned to read things in the intersubjective spatial field of consciousness as model tokens of singular propositions about them. (2) Negation can be thought of because thinking has its very origin in absolute, non‐well‐founded negation. (shrink)

Anti-elementarity is a strong way of ensuring that a class of structures, in a given first-order language, is not closed under elementary equivalence with respect to any infinitary language of the...

Dieses Buch präsentiert eine detaillierte Analyse der Freiheitskonzepte in Spinozas Philosophie. Es untersucht die Bedeutung von Spinozas Konzept der Freiheit und stellt eine ausführliche Analyse der Primärquelle dar. Mit diesem Buch werden Sie ein tiefes Verständnis für die Philosophie Spinozas entwickeln und in der Lage sein, seine Philosophie in den größeren Kontext der europäischen Philosophie zu stellen. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. (...) This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

This Elibron Classics title is a reprint of the original edition published by Ferdinand Enke in Stuttgart, 1894.