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Summary The Stoic school of philosophy was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium c. 300 BCE. He was succeeded as head by Cleanthes and then Chrysippus, who is widely held to be the most important of the early Athenian Stoics. Later Hellenistic Stoics of note included Panaetius and Posidonius. The most important Stoics during the Roman period were Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius; also noteworthy are Musonius Rufus, Hierocles, and Cleomedes. The Stoics divided their philosophy into three parts: logic, physics, and ethics.
Key works All of the works of the early Stoics are lost. Our earliest extended accounts of Stoic philosophy are in the philosophical works of Cicero from the first century BCE. Another important source is the extended account in Book 7 of Diogenes Laertius' Lives and Opinions of the Philosophers. The fragments for the early Athenian Stoics are gathered together in von Arnim 1903-24. A good selection is translated in Inwood & Gerson 2008, which is based on their earlier selection in Inwood 1988. Another highly recommended selection is Long & Sedley 1987. The fragments for Posidonius are edited in Edelstein & Kidd 1972. The surviving works of the Roman Stoics Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius are widely available in a number of different editions and translations.
Introductions For a general introduction to Stoicism see Sellars 2006. The edited volume Inwood 2003 offers a fuller overview. Inwood 2005 brings out the philosophical importance of Seneca. For an introduction to Epictetus the best place to start is Long 2002. Marcus Aurelius is examined in Hadot et al 1998.
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  1. Stoacı Ruh Öğretisi Bağlamında Duygu ve Akıl İlişkisi / The Relationship Between Emotion and Reason in the Context of Stoic Theory of Soul.İ. Berk Özcangiller - 2019 - Kutadgubilig Felsefe-Bilim Araştırmaları 39:189-212.
    In Ancient Greek, different philosophical teachings agree that the distinctive characteristic of human is reason (logos, ratio). According to Platonist, Aristotelian and Epicurean views, human beings, unlike plants or animals, attain the highest good, i.e., happiness when they live under the guidance of reason without denying their irrational nature. However, Stoicism differs from these teachings with regard to the relation between the irrational and rational nature of humans. The main reason for this difference is due to the difference in Stoic (...)
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  2. The stoic cosmos: conflagration, cosmogony, and recurrence in early stoicism.Ricardo Salles - 2025 - New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
    A detailed and accessible reconstruction of the Stoic philosophical doctrine that our cosmos is periodically destroyed and restored. Explains its uniqueness compared to earlier cosmologies and refers to central questions in the interpretation of Stoicism, such as the role of the Stoic god in cosmology.
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  3. Beyond stoicism: a guide to the good life with stoics, skeptics, epicureans, and other ancient philosophers.Massimo Pigliucci, Gregory Lopez & Meredith Alexander Kunz - 2025 - New York: The Experiment.
    A philosophical and practical guide to incorporating the wisdom of ancient philosophers and build on a Stoic way of life.
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  4. THE STOIC HECATO OF RHODES - (C.) Veillard (ed., trans.) Hécaton de Rhodes: Les Fragments. Texte, traduction et commentaire. (Histoire des Doctrines de l'Antiquité Classique 55.) Pp. 369. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2022. Paper, €34. ISBN: 978-2-7116-3002-8. [REVIEW]Ada Bronowski - 2024 - The Classical Review 74 (2):429-431.
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  5. The Stoic Theory of Case.Marion Durand - 2024 - Apeiron 57 (4):611-639.
    This article presents a new account of the Stoic theory of case. It argues that cases belong to the Stoic class of lekta and that they play a twofold semantic role. Firstly, they relate words to the world in a process akin to reference. Secondly, they encode syntactic information which captures structural elements of the world, contributing to language’s ability to represent reality and its structure by enabling it to capture both objects and the ways in which these objects relate (...)
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  6. Aristotle and the Stoics on the Notion of ἐνέργεια.Giuseppe Nastasi - 2024 - Apeiron 57 (4):553-582.
    The Stoic theory of movement has never been the object of a deep investigation despite the considerable number of sources in Neoplatonist commentators. This paper explores for the first time the Stoic notion of ἐνέργεια, which plays a fundamental role in the Stoic conception of movement and generally in the characterization of interaction between bodies. I will show that the Stoics identified movement and activity, so that everything that is active is necessarily moved. This implies that the Stoics merely characterized (...)
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  7. (1 other version)Stoic ethics: epictetus and happiness as freedom.William O. Stephens - 2017 - New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
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  8. (2 other versions)The meditations of Marcus Aurelius.Marcus Aurelius - 2019 - Boulder: Shambhala. Edited by George Long.
    The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius originally wrote the meditations collected here in the form of a personal journal during his military campaigns in the second century. In them, he reflects with great beauty and simplicity upon the Stoic virtues that lead to a happy life: self-mastery, moral strength, duty to oneself and others, detachment, and acceptance of the divine order and the way of Nature. His words of wisdom and courage continue to inspire all who struggle to live a meaningful (...)
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  9. Kosumoporitanizumu no kigen: shoki sutoaha no seiji tetsugaku = The origin of cosmopolitanism.Ai Kawamoto - 2019 - Kyōto-shi: Kyōto Daigaku Gakujutsu Shuppankai.
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  10. (2 other versions)The meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antonius.Marcus Aurelius - 2020 - Moscow , Idaho: Canon Press.
    What if you could spy into the mind of a great world leader? Uncover what made them tick? See what motivated them? Learn to understand why they made the decisions they made? Emperor Marcus Aurelius' Meditations allow you to do just that, and the wisdom found in them is astoundin--From Dr. Phillips's Introduction. At the peak of the Roman empire, leading the Western world's most sophisticated military force against the barbarians, Emperor Marcus Aurelius began jotting down meditations on the insignificance (...)
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  11. (6 other versions)Meditations.Marcus Aurelius - 2021 - Garden City, New York: Ixia Press. Edited by Robin Waterfield.
    In one of the world's most famous and influential books, Meditations, Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 121-180) describes the stoic precepts he used to cope with his life as a warrior and ruler of an empire. Aurelius offers his reflections on the search for inner peace and ethical certainty in a chaotic world, and gives modern readers a practical and inspirational guide to the challenges of everyday life.
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  12. THE STOICS AND SEXTUS EMPIRICUS - (F.) Ruge The Stoic Theory of Sign and Proof. (Philosophical Studies in Ancient Thought 2.) Pp. 166. Basel: Schwabe, 2022. Cased, CHF48. ISBN: 978-3-7965-4555-9. [REVIEW]Máté Veres - forthcoming - The Classical Review.
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  13. The wisdom of Marcus Aurelius.Marcus Aurelius - 2025 - New York: Basic Books. Edited by Robin Waterfield.
    Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was the sixteenth emperor of Rome-and by far the most powerful man in the world. His collected thoughts, gems that have come to be called his Meditations, have proved an inexhaustible source of wisdom and one of the most important Stoic texts of all time. In often passionate language, the entries range from one-line aphorisms to essays, from profundity to bitterness. An abridged and portable edition of Marcus Aurelius's sage insights, The Wisdom of Marcus Aurelius illuminates one (...)
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  14. The illustrated Meditations: life lessons from Marcus Aurelius.Marcus Aurelius - 2025 - [New York]: Riverside Press. Edited by Joanna Lisowiec, James S. Romm & George Long.
    Stunning artworks bring more than sixty reflections from the iconic Stoic work Meditations by Marcus Aurelius to vivid life. "What is not good for the hive is not good for the bee either"--Marcus Aurelius. Roman Emperor and philosopher Marcus Aurelius wrote the twelve books of Meditations over two thousand years ago as a personal diary of notes, nudges, and mental exercises to help him live a good life. His work has since become one of the greatest works of spiritual reflection (...)
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  15. Stoicism 101: from Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus to the law of reason and amor fati, an essential primer on Stoic philosophy.Erick Cloward - 2025 - New York: Adams Media.
    You've seen the memes and quotes everywhere-from Reddit to TikTok-but what is stoicism really about? Stoicism 101 teaches you everything you need to know about this influential philosophy-from its key figures (including Epictetus, Seneca the Younger, and Marcus Aurelius), to its key principles (virtue, mindfulness, and the dichotomy of control). This easy-to-read guide uses engaging, straightforward lessons to teach you all the important stoic concepts. Whether you are new to stoicism or have been studying it for some time, in this (...)
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  16. Marcus Aurelius among the psychotherapists.Donald Robertson - 2025 - In John Sellars (ed.), The Cambridge companion to Marcus Aurelius' Meditations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
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  17. Body, mind, soul, and self.Lothar Willms - 2025 - In John Sellars (ed.), The Cambridge companion to Marcus Aurelius' Meditations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
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  18. The form and function of the Meditations as ethical self-cultivation.Francesca Alesse - 2025 - In John Sellars (ed.), The Cambridge companion to Marcus Aurelius' Meditations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
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  19. The Cambridge companion to Marcus Aurelius' Meditations.John Sellars (ed.) - 2025 - New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    This collection of essays on Marcus Aurelius' Meditations by leading experts brings out the key philosophical themes in the work and explains the central Stoic ideas standing behind Marcus' notebook reflections. It will be useful for specialists and students of ancient philosophy and literature.
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  20. (2 other versions)Die stoa.Paul Barth - 1903 - Stuttgart,: F. Frommann.
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  21. (1 other version)The Stoic creed.William L. Davidson - 1907 - Edinburgh,: T. & T. Clark.
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  22. (1 other version)Stoics and sceptics.Edwyn Robert Bevan - 1913 - Oxford,: Clarendon press.
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  23. (1 other version)Pensieri.Marcus Aurelius - 1921 - Livorno: S. Belforte & C..
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  24. (2 other versions)Die stoa.Paul Barth - 1922 - Stuttgart: Fr. Frommanns Verlag ;.
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  25. (1 other version)I ricordi.Marcus Aurelius - 1943 - Torino,: Einaudi.
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  26. (1 other version)Die Stoa.M. Pohlenz - 1948 - Göttingen,: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
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  27. (6 other versions)Meditations.Marcus Aurelius - 1956 - New York,: Heritage Press. Edited by Meric Casaubon.
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  28. (1 other version)Le stoïcisme.Jean Brun - 1966 - Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
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  29. Epictet und die Stoa.Adolf Friedrich Bonhöffer - 1890 - Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt,: F. Frommann.
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  30. (1 other version)La théorie des incorporels dans l'ancien stoïcisme.Émile Bréhier - 1970 - Paris,: J. Vrin.
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  31. (1 other version)Physics of the stoics.Samuel Sambursky - 1971 - London,: Hutchinson.
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  32. L'âme du monde de Platon aux stoïciens.Joseph Moreau - 1971 - New York,: G. Olms.
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  33. (1 other version)The Stoics.F. H. Sandbach - 1975 - London: Chatto & Windus.
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  34. Recherches sur le stoicisme aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles.Julien Eymard D'Angers - 1950 - New York: G. Olms.
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  35. (1 other version)Le système stoïcien et l'idée de temps.Victor Goldschmidt - 1979 - Paris: J. Vrin.
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  36. The Ancient Background of Kant's Conception of Virtue.Melissa Merritt - forthcoming - In Wolfram Gobsch & Thomas Land (eds.), The Aristotelian Kant, ed. by W. Gobsch and T. Land, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge UK: Cambridge UP.
    Scholars have widely assumed that the aspects of Kant’s virtue theory that nod to ancient ethics must be cashed out with reference to Aristotle. Interpreters then worry that Kant's conception of virtue as a “moral strength of will” (Doctrine of Virtue, 6:405) must be tantamount to Aristotle’s notion of “continence” (enkrateia) — the state of a person who knows the good, and acts accordingly, but must overcome strong countervailing impulses in order to do so. The result plays into caricatures of (...)
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  37. (6 other versions)Meditations.Marcus Aurelius - 1909 - Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. Edited by George Long.
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  38. (1 other version)Discourses. Epictetus & Robert F. Dobbin - 1998 - New York: Oxford University Press. Edited by Robert F. Dobbin.
    About Epictetus: Little is known for certain about Epictetus' life. He was born in the second half of the first century AD, probably in Asia Minor; he was a slave for some of his life; he studied philosophy in Rome, and worked at the imperial court, at the end of the century; he subsequently lived in Epirus, the northwestern part of Greece. About this work: The Discourses are a key source for ancient Stoicism, one of the richest and most influential (...)
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  39. (6 other versions)Meditations.Marcus Aurelius - 2002 - New York: Modern Library. Edited by Gregory Hays.
    “To me, this is the greatest book ever written.... It is the definitive text on self-discipline, personal ethics, humility, self-actualization, and strength.... If you’re going to read it, you absolutely have to go with the Gregory Hays translation.”—Ryan Holiday, #1 New York Times bestselling author of The Obstacle Is the Way “It is unbelievable to see how the emperor’s words have stood the test of time.... Read a page or two anytime you feel like the world is too much.”—Arnold Schwarzenegger, (...)
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  40. (2 other versions)Enchiridion. Epictetus & George Long - 2004 - Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
    A first-century Stoic, Epictetus argued that we will always be happy if we learn to desire that things should be exactly as they are. His Enchiridion, or Manual, is a distillation of his teachings and an instructional manual for a tranquil life as it offers guidelines for those seeking contentment.
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  41. (1 other version)Discourses. Epictetus - 1916 - Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. Edited by P. E. Matheson.
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  42. Chrysippus, the Dynamically True and Modality.Stephen Connelly - 2024 - Méthexis 36 (2):188-210.
    How can events in part of the Stoic cosmos be contingent, when all events are necessary? Why does Chrysippus hold that the impossible may flow from the possible, or that while it is possible Dion die, ‘this person be dead’ is impossible. This article constructs a naïve model of Stoic modality in which truth evaluations are grounded in spatial location and motion. This is shown to provide a best fit for the Stoic doctrine, generating the six events which Chrysippus groups (...)
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  43. (6 other versions)Meditations.Marcus Aurelius - 2014 - London: Penguin Classics, an imprint of Penguin Books. Edited by Martin Hammond & Diskin Clay.
    A new translation of the philosophical journey that has inspired luminaries from Matthew Arnold to Bill Clinton in a beautiful hardcover gift edition, with a cover designed by Coralie Bickford-Smith World-changing ideas meet eye-catching design: the best titles of the extraordinarily successful Great Ideas series are now packaged in Coralie Bickford-Smith’s distinctive, award-winning covers. Whether on a well-curated shelf or in your back pocket, these timeless works of philosophical, political, and psychological thought are absolute must-haves for book collectors as well (...)
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  44. Éticas estoicas.Zamora Calvo & José María - 2023 - Madrid: Tecnos.
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  45. Beyond the individual: Stoic philosophy on community and connection.Will Johncock - 2023 - Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick Publications, an imprint of Wipf & Stock Publishers.
    Do you believe you think independently? Do you alone control your actions? Stoic philosophy asserts that your mind, thoughts, and actions are traces of a world which shapes you, and everyone else, together. Our personal nature is part of a system, not independent. This book studies how a Stoic thinks and acts as part of a community and in service of a world, rather than separately or for themselves alone. This is not just another book about Stoic philosophy. Stoicism has (...)
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  46. What is stoicism?: a brief and accessible overview.Tanner Campbell - 2024 - Novato, California: New World Library. Edited by Kai Whiting.
    An easy, jargon-free introduction to Stoic philosophy and its relevance to modern life. Topics include: the three pillars of Stoic philosophy (logic, physics, and ethics), the Stoic ideal of living in accordance with nature, and the question of whether belief in God is necessary for practicing Stoicism.
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  47. Marco Aurelio.David Hernández de la Fuente - 2024 - In Javier Gomá Lanzón, Carlos García Gual, Hernández de la Fuente & A. David (eds.), El estoicismo romano: Séneca, Epicteto y Marco Aurelio. Barcelona: Arpa.
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  48. Séneca.Javier Gomá - 2024 - In Javier Gomá Lanzón, Carlos García Gual, Hernández de la Fuente & A. David (eds.), El estoicismo romano: Séneca, Epicteto y Marco Aurelio. Barcelona: Arpa.
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  49. Epicteto.Carlos García Gual - 2024 - In Javier Gomá Lanzón, Carlos García Gual, Hernández de la Fuente & A. David (eds.), El estoicismo romano: Séneca, Epicteto y Marco Aurelio. Barcelona: Arpa.
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  50. El estoicismo romano: Séneca, Epicteto y Marco Aurelio.Javier Gomá Lanzón, Carlos García Gual, Hernández de la Fuente & A. David (eds.) - 2024 - Barcelona: Arpa.
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