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Summary The Stoic school of philosophy was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium c. 300 BCE. He was succeeded as head by Cleanthes and then Chrysippus, who is widely held to be the most important of the early Athenian Stoics. Later Hellenistic Stoics of note included Panaetius and Posidonius. The most important Stoics during the Roman period were Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius; also noteworthy are Musonius Rufus, Hierocles, and Cleomedes. The Stoics divided their philosophy into three parts: logic, physics, and ethics.
Key works All of the works of the early Stoics are lost. Our earliest extended accounts of Stoic philosophy are in the philosophical works of Cicero from the first century BCE. Another important source is the extended account in Book 7 of Diogenes Laertius' Lives and Opinions of the Philosophers. The fragments for the early Athenian Stoics are gathered together in von Arnim 1903-24. A good selection is translated in Inwood & Gerson 2008, which is based on their earlier selection in Inwood 1988. Another highly recommended selection is Long & Sedley 1987. The fragments for Posidonius are edited in Edelstein & Kidd 1972. The surviving works of the Roman Stoics Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius are widely available in a number of different editions and translations.
Introductions For a general introduction to Stoicism see Sellars 2006. The edited volume Inwood 2003 offers a fuller overview. Inwood 2005 brings out the philosophical importance of Seneca. For an introduction to Epictetus the best place to start is Long 2002. Marcus Aurelius is examined in Hadot et al 1998.
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  1. Ancient Philosophical Resources For Understanding and Dealing With Anger.Gregory Sadler - forthcoming - Philosophical Practice:3182-3192.
    Ancient philosophical schools developed and discussed perspectives and practices on the emotion of anger useful in contemporary philosophical practice with clients, groups, and organizations. This paper argues the case for incorporating these insights from four main philosophical schools (Platonist, Aristotelian, Epicurean, and Stoic) sets out eight practices drawn from these schools, and discusses how these insights can be used by philosophical practitioners with clients.
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  2. Soliloquios o reflexiones morales.Marcus Aurelius - 1963 - Montevideo,: Edited by Jacinto Díaz de Miranda.
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  3. The Stoics on how vice and error make life worth living.Ada Bronowski - 2023 - In Therese Fuhrer & Janja Soldo (eds.), Fallibility and Fallibilism in Ancient Philosophy and Literature. De Gruyter. pp. 37-66.
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  4. Who’s afraid of Seneca? Conflict and pathos in the romantic-idealistic theory of tragedy.Giovanna Pinna - 2021 - Estetica 116 (Art and Knowledge in Classical G):151-168.
    This paper reconsiders the Idealistic aesthetics of tragedy from an unconventional point of view. It investigates the relationship between theory and dramatic canon by focusing on those works and authors that are excluded from the canon by the theoretical discourse. My aim is to show that Idealist philosophers and Romantic critics concur in constructing a unitary model of the tragic conflict that is partly defined through its contraposition to the ‘Senecan’ conception of tragedy as a representation of suffering and as (...)
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  5. Matthew Duncombe, Ancient Relativity. Plato, Aristotle, Stoics, and Sceptics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020, 293 p. [REVIEW]Nicolas Zaks - 2021 - Revue de Philosophie Ancienne 1:99-109.
  6. Were Neanderthals Rational? A Stoic Approach.Kai Whiting, Leonidas Konstantakos, Gregory Sadler & Christopher Gill - 2018 - Humanities 7 (39).
    This paper adopts the philosophical approach of Stoicism as the basis for re-examining the cognitive and ethical relationship between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. Stoicism sets out a clear criterion for the special moral status of human beings, namely rationality. We explore to what extent Neanderthals were sufficiently rational to be considered “human”. Recent findings in the fields of palaeoanthropology and palaeogenetics show that Neanderthals possessed high-level cognitive abilities and produced viable offspring with anatomically modern humans. Our discussion offers insights for (...)
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  7. "Conversations with myself": an interpretation.Marcus Aurelius - 1984 - [St. Louis, Missouri?: G.E. Kassabaum. Edited by George Edward Kassabaum.
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  8. The Stoic tradition from antiquity to the early Middle Ages.Marcia L. Colish - 1985 - Leiden: E.J. Brill.
    Stoicism in classical Latin literature--2. Stoicism in Christian Latin thought through the sixth century.
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  9. Virtue Ethics and the Morality System.Matthieu Queloz & Marcel van Ackeren - 2023 - Topoi:1-12.
    Virtue ethics is frequently billed as a remedy to the problems of deontological and consequentialist ethics that Bernard Williams identified in his critique of “the morality system.” But how far can virtue ethics be relied upon to avoid these problems? What does Williams’s critique of the morality system mean for virtue ethics? To answer this question, we offer a more principled characterisation of the defining features of the morality system in terms of its organising ambition—to shelter life against luck. This (...)
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  10. The will and its freedom : Epictetus and Simplicius an what is up to us.Christian Wildberg - 2014 - In P. Destrée (ed.), What is Up to Us? Studies on Agency and Responsibility in ancient Philosophy. Academia Verlag.
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  11. Middle Platonists on fate and human autonomy : a confrontation with the Stoics.Mauro Bonazzi - 2014 - In P. Destrée (ed.), What is Up to Us? Studies on Agency and Responsibility in ancient Philosophy. Academia Verlag.
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  12. Epictetus and the causal conception of moral responsibility and what is eph'hêmin.Ricardo Salles - 2014 - In P. Destrée (ed.), What is Up to Us? Studies on Agency and Responsibility in ancient Philosophy. Academia Verlag.
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  13. Sentences et fragments. Epictetus - 2014 - Paris: Éditions Manucius. Edited by Olivier D' Jeranian.
    Un recueil de citations et de courts textes du philosophe, complément de son Manuel exprimant les idées du stoïcisme impérial, notamment à travers les concepts de désir et de bonheur.
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  14. Sin esperanza y sin miedo: cínicos, estoicos, epicúreos.Leonor Silvestri - 2021 - Buenos Aires: Queen Ludd.
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  15. Il determinismo degli stoici: alle origini di un'idea.Manuel Mazzetti - 2021 - Roma: Carocci editore.
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  16. Eighteenth-century Stoic poetics: Shaftesbury, Akenside, and the discipline of the imagination.Alexandra Bacalu - 2023 - Boston: Brill.
    Eighteenth-Century Stoic Poetics: Shaftesbury, Akenside, and the Discipline of the Imagination offers a fresh perspective on the eighteenth-century poetics of Lord Shaftesbury and Mark Akenside. This book traces the two authors' debt to Roman Stoic spiritual exercises and early modern conceptions of the care of the self, which informs their view of the poetic imagination as a bundle of techniques designed to manage impressions, cultivate right images in the mind and rectify judgement. Alexandra Bacalu traces the roots of this articulation (...)
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  17. Selections from the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.Marcus Aurelius - 1899 - New York,: The Century co.. Edited by Benjamin Eli Smith.
    This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in (...)
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  18. L. Annæus Seneca.Lucius Annaeus Seneca - 1900 - New York and London,: G. P. Putnam's sons. Edited by William Bell Langsdorf.
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  19. Helpful thoughts from the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.Marcus Aurelius - 1902 - Chicago,: A. C. McClurg & company. Edited by Walter Lee Brown.
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  20. ... Wisdom of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius.Marcus Aurelius - 1903 - Boston,: Priv. print. by N.H. Dole. Edited by Jeremy Collier & Nathan Haskell Dole.
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  21. Roman Stoicism; being lectures on the history of the Stoic philosophy.Edward Vernon Arnold - 1911 - Cambridge,: The University Press.
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  22. Theodizee bei Seneca.Hermann Steiner - 1914 - Erlangen,: Druck der Universitätsbuchdr. von E.T. Jacob.
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  23. Raʻyonot Markus Avrelius.Marcus Aurelius - 1922 - Warszawa: Edited by Armand Kaminka.
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  24. Epictetus: the Discourses as reported by Arrian, the Manual.. Epictetus - 1926 - New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
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  25. Das todesproblem in der stoischen philosophie.Ernst Benz - 1929 - Stuttgart,: W. Kohlhammer.
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  26. The Original Notion of Cause.Michael Frede - 1987 - In Essays in Ancient Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.. pp. 125-150.
  27. I frammenti degli stoici antichi ordinati.Nicola Festa - 1932 - Bari,: G. Laterza & figli.
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  28. Grundbegriffe der stoischen Ethik.Otto Rieth - 1933 - Berlin,: Weidmann.
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  29. Seneca im gegensatz zu Paulus.Theodor Schreiner - 1936 - Tübingen,: Buchdruckerei E. Göbel.
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  30. The lamp of Epictetus. Epictetus - 1938 - London,: Methuen & co.. Edited by Arrian & Edward Jacomb.
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  31. L'etica stoica da Zenone a Crisippo.Guido Mancini - 1940 - Padova,: CEDAM, Casa edit. dott. A. Milani.
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  32. Keizer Marcus Aurelius Antoninus aan zichzelf.Marcus Aurelius - 1942 - Antwerpen,: N. v. De Nederlandsche boekhandel. Edited by Costanza.
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  33. Marc-Aurèle: sa vie, son œuvre: avec un exposé de sa philosophie.André Cresson - 1942 - Paris: Presses universitaires de France. Edited by Marcus Aurelius & Gustave Antoine Armand Loisel.
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  34. Filozof Seneca a Pavol apoštol.Miloslav Okál - 1943 - V Bratislave,: Filozofická fakulta.
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  35. Anthony Long, Epictetus : a Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life.Jean-Baptiste Gourinat - 2003 - Philosophie Antique 3:222-226.
    Par son seul titre, l’ouvrage d’Anthony Long affirme déjà sa singu­larité. C’est en effet une de ses thèses centrales que, parallèlement à son allégeance stoïcienne, la philosophie d’Épictète se conforme, plus que toute la tradition stoïcienne antérieure, à un modèle socratique : « il y a toujours une tendance forte à considérer Épictète simplement comme un stoïcien orthodoxe. Je préfère le voir comme un penseur et un éducateur plus indépendant, stoïcien quant à son orientation générale, mais...
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  36. Soliloquios de Marco Aurelio.Marcus Aurelius - 1944 - México,: Secretaría de educación pública. Edited by García Bacca & Juan David.
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  37. Die Stoa.Paul Barth - 1946 - Stuttgart,: F. Frommann. Edited by Albert Goedeckemeyer.
    This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...)
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  38. El equilibrio pasional en la doctrina estoica y en la de san Agustín.Salvador Cuesta - 1947 - Madrid,: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Filosófico "Luis Vives". Edited by Augustine.
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  39. Epiket, Teles und Musonius.Wilhelm Capelle - 1948 - Zürich,: Artemis-Verlag. Edited by Epictetus, Teles & C. Musonius Rufus.
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  40. Stoa und Stoiker: die Gründer, Panaitios, Poseidonios.M. Pohlenz, Panaetius[From Old Catalog] & Posidonius (eds.) - 1949 - Zürich,: Artemis-Verlag.
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  41. La logique et l'épistémologie des stoïciens.Antoinette Virieux-Reymond - 1950 - Lausanne,: Librairie de l'Université.
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  42. Studi sul neostoicismo: Seneca, Plinio il Giovane, Epitteto, Marco Aurelio.Vittorio D'Agostino - 1950 - Torino: Edizioni Ruata.
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  43. Die alte Stoa und ihr Naturbegriff.Heinrich Simon - 1955 - Berlin,: Aufbau-Verlag. Edited by Simon, Marie & [From Old Catalog].
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  44. Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.Marcus Aurelius - 1956 - New York: Limited Editions Club. Edited by Meric Casaubon, Hans Alexander Müller & Peter Beilenson.
    Meditations offers timeless guidance for troubled times. Renowned for his principled leadership, Aurelius kept private notes detailing his philosophy on life and leadership. Meditations is a collection of those private notes, filled with insights on responding well to hardship both in thought and in action. His writings are a cornerstone of the Stoic philosophy, embraced by leaders throughout history and across the world for its emphasis on collaboration, rationality, and striving for the good of all people. George Long's elegant 1862 (...)
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  45. Rozmyślania.Marcus Aurelius - 1958 - Warszawa]: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe.
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  46. Thomas Lodge's translation of Seneca's De beneficiis compared with Arthur Golding's version.Knud Sorensen - 1960 - [Copenhagen]: Gyldendal.
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  47. Paul and Seneca.Jan Nicolaas Sevenster - 1961 - Leiden,: Brill.
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  48. Épictète et la spiritualité stoĭcienne.Gabriel Germain - 1964 - [Paris]: Éditions du Seuil. Edited by Epictetus.
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  49. Seneca’s Letters to Lucilius: Hypocrisy as a Way of Life.Madeleine Jones - 2014 - In Jula Wildberger & Marcia L. Colish (eds.), Seneca Philosophus. De Gruyter. pp. 393-430.
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  50. In Praise of Tubero’s Pottery: A Note on Seneca, Ep. 95.72–73 and 98.13.Francesca Romana Berno - 2014 - In Jula Wildberger & Marcia L. Colish (eds.), Seneca Philosophus. De Gruyter. pp. 369-392.
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