This paper presents how the classical architectural forms – Greek-roman forms – are preserved in early Christian churches built in the Palestinian area between the fourth and the sixth centuries AD. We follow the concept that architecture defines a non-verbal communication form, a language possible to be decoded. Will be discussed questions regarding long-term preservation or change of this buildings in a historical structure evaluating their formal and ideological aspects.

The first history of American medical ethics published in more than a half century, Before Bioethics tracks the evolution of American medical ethics from colonial midwives and physicians' oaths to current bioethical controversies over abortion, AIDS, animal rights, and physician-assisted suicide.

This study examines whether character strengths predict resilience (operationalized as stable or higher mental health and subjective well-being despite an adverse event) over a period of approximately one month during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Spain. Using a longitudinal design, participants (N = 348 adults) completed online measures of sociodemographic data, information regarding their situation in relation to the COVID-19, character strengths, general mental health, life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect. All variables were measured at Time 1 and (...) Time 2, except for sociodemographic and most COVID-related information (Time 1 only). Time 1 data collection was conducted between March 21, 2020 and April 2, 2020, i.e., approximately the second week of lockdown in Spain. Time 2 data collection was conducted between April 24, 2020 and May 18, 2020, after the Spanish government announced ita intention to progressively release the lockdown. A principal component analysis of character strengths was conducted. Five character strength factors were extracted: fortitude, goodness, intellectual, interpersonal, and restraint. Factor structures at Times 1 and 2 were highly consistent. All character strength factors at Time 1 correlated positively with life satisfaction and positive affect, and negatively with negative affect and mental health at T2 (higher scores in the mental health measure indicate poorer mental health). Fortitude strengths showed the highest correlations. We conducted a series of regression analyses with strength factors at Time 1 as predictors, and mental health, life satisfaction, and positive and negative affect as dependent variables, controlling for their baseline levels. To test the directionality of the relationship between strengths and the dependent variables, all analyses were reversed. All character strength factors predicted an increase in mental health. They also predicted positive affect, with the exception of strengths of restraint. Fortitude, intellectual and interpersonal strengths predicted an increase in life satisfaction. Finally, fortitude strengths, interpersonal strengths, and strengths of restraint, predicted a decrease in negative affect. None of the reversed analyses yielded significant effects. Limitations, implications, and possible character strengths-based interventions aimed at promoting mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed. (shrink)

Frederick Griffith was an English bacteriologist at the Pathological Laboratory of the Ministry of Health in London who believed that progress in the epidemiology and control of infectious diseases would come only with more precise knowledge of the identity of the causative microorganisms. Over the years, Griffith developed and expanded a serological technique for identifying pathogenic microorganisms, which allowed the tracing of the sources of infectious disease outbreaks: slide agglutination. Yet Griffith is not remembered for his contributions to the biology (...) and epidemiology of infectious diseases so much as for discovering the phenomenon known as ‘transformation’. Griffith’s discovery, for many, was a pure case of serendipity whose biological relevance had also largely escaped him. In this paper, I argue that the key to understanding the significance of bacterial transformation – and the scientific legacy of Fred Griffith – rests not only on it initiating a cascade of events leading to molecular genetics but also on its implications for epidemiology based on the biology of host–parasite interactions. Looking at Griffith’s entire career, instead of focusing only on the transformation study, we can better appreciate the place of the latter within Griffith’s overall contributions. Presented in this way, Griffith’s experiment on bacterial transformation also ceases to appear as an anomaly, which in turn leads us to rethink some of the most prevalent historical conceptions about his work. (shrink)

This volume provides a much needed, historically accurate narrative of the development of theories of space up to the beginning of the eighteenth century. It studies conceptions of space that were implicitly or explicitly entailed by ancient, medieval and early modern representations of the cosmos. The authors reassess Alexandre Koyré’s groundbreaking work From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe and they trace the permanence of arguments to be found throughout the Middle Ages and beyond. By adopting a long timescale, (...) this book sheds new light on the continuity between various cosmological representations and their impact on the ontology and epistemology of space. Readers may explore the work of a variety of authors including Aristotle, Epicurus, Henry of Ghent, John Duns Scotus, John Wyclif, Peter Auriol, Nicholas Bonet, Francisco Suárez, Francesco Patrizi, Giordano Bruno, Libert Froidmont, Marin Mersenne, Pierre Gassendi, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Samuel Clarke. We see how reflections on space, imagination and the cosmos were the product of a plurality of philosophical traditions that found themselves confronted with, and enriched by, various scientific and theological challenges which induced multiple conceptual adaptations and innovations. This volume is a useful resource for historians of philosophy, those with an interest in the history of science, and particularly those seeking to understand the historical background of the philosophy of space. (shrink)

An invaluable complement to the standards works in early modern philosophy, this anthology introduces an important selection from the largely unknown writings of women philosophers of the early modern period. Readings comment on major works of the period and are easily integrated into courses in the history of modern philosophy. Included are letters to prominent philosophers, philosophical tracts arguing a particular view, and comments on controversies of the day. Each section is prefaced by a headnote giving a biographical (...) account of its author and setting the piece in historical context. Atherton's introduction provides a solid framework for assessing these works and their place in modern philosophy. -- from back cover. (shrink)

The interreligious dialogue is not a new theme in the history of Christianity, the possibility of its realization being analyzed from the early centuries. Nowadays, the way that other religions are viewed has changed essentially, the religious, political, economic and social realities, being completely different than in the beginning. However, a correct handling of interreligious dialogue cannot disregard the past, more than that, the ideas from the works of the Holy Fathers, church writers, theologians and old thinkers remain valid and (...) are used as themes in the current discussions of the interreligious dialog. Among them, an important place takes Cantemir, the Prince of Moldavia, who lived for a long time in Constantinople. His works, which deals with the history of the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic doctrine, have their basis in the personal experience and in the depth knowledge of the main Islamic sources that helped him to give to posterity the representative works for the knowledge of the Muslim religion and relations between Christianity and Islam during the development and decay of the Ottoman Empire. The way he presents the relation between Christianity and Islam, approaches him to the other Christian writers of his time which are addressing the same topic, highlighting the sadness of an era in which the great Christian empire fell under Ottoman rule and also the hopes of the Orthodox worldwide Christians to release the Christianity, having central the idea of approaching the apocalyptic time when Christianity will triumph. (shrink)

This paper locates a source of contingency for Leibniz in the fact that God can do otherwise, absolutely speaking. This interpretative line has been previously thought to be a dead-end because it appears inconsistent with Leibniz’s own conception of God, as the ens perfectissimum, or the most perfect being (Adams, 1994). This paper points out that the best argument on offer which seeks to demonstrate this inconsistency fails. The paper then argues that the supposition that God does otherwise implies for (...) Leibniz (at least) that God would not be praiseworthy, which is an absurd implication—or a violation of the principle of sufficient reason (PSR)—but that this is not, strictly speaking, an inconsistency—or a violation of the principle of contradiction (POC). While praiseworthiness is a perfection—and is compossible with God’s other perfections—and so God must instantiate it, this paper argues that, given the nature of praiseworthiness for Leibniz, it in fact makes sense to say that praiseworthiness is merely a contingent perfection of God. (shrink)

While symbolic colour use has always played a conspicuous role in science research and education, the use of colour in historic diagrams remains a lacuna in the history of science. Investigating the colour use in diagrams often means uncovering a whole cosmology that is not otherwise explicit in the diagram itself. The periodic table is a salient and iconic example of non-mimetic colour use in science. Andreas von Antropoff's (1924) rectangular table of recurrent rainbow colours is famous, as are Alcindo (...) Flores Cabral's (1949) application of colour in his round snail form, using the RGB scheme, and Mazurs's (1967) pine tree system, consisting of warm and cold colours that he attributed to specific groups of elements—an attribution that we can relate back to humoralism and alchemy. From the first periodic tables in the 19th century, individual researchers have used different colour regimes. While standardization may play an obvious role in chemistry and its diagrams, all the more impressive is the anarchistic use of colour in the various diagrams which continue to be created. This article focuses on periodic tables in chemical journals and text books, and explores and compares the development of colour codes found in the few existing polychrome diagrams from the 1920s to the 1970s. (shrink)

Jerome A. Popp examines the role of Dewey-based pragmatism in the past, present, and future of philosophy of education.

In this introduction, we explain our choice to approach the topic of space from a cosmological perspective, that is, by studying the conceptions of space that were implicitly or explicitly entailed by ancient, medieval and early modern representations of the cosmos, and the role that imagination played in those conceptions. We compare our approach with those of Alexandre Koyré and Edward Grant, and we present the two important issues this book intends to shed light on, namely the continuity and discontinuity (...) between ancient, medieval, and early modern conceptions of space and the cosmos; and the role that metaphysical, cosmological, and theological considerations played in the elaboration of new theories of space in the course of history. This chapter also presents the main, recurring themes of this book: the relation between place and space; the notion of imaginary spaces; the role played by thought experiments in discussions concerning the nature of space and the structure of the cosmos; the impact of the condemnation of 1277 on subsequent theories of space; and the relation between God’s immensity and the infinity of space. (shrink)

By moving beyond traditional aesthetic categories (beauty, the sublime, the religious), Eco-Aesthetics takes an inter-disciplinary approach bridging the arts, humanities and social sciences and explores what aesthetics might mean in the 21st century. It is one in a series of new, radical aesthetics promoting debate, confronting convention and formulating alternative ways of thinking about art practice. There is no doubt that the social and environmental spheres are interconnected but can art and artists really make a difference to the global environmental (...) crisis? Can art practice meaningfully contribute to the development of sustainable lifestyles? Malcolm Miles explores the strands of eco-art, eco-aesthetics and contemporary aesthetic theories, offering timely critiques of consumerism and globalisation and, ultimately, offers a possible formulation of an engaged eco-aesthetic for the early 21st century. (shrink)

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se reconoce la significación de la estimulación prenatal de la comunicación y la necesidad de brindar una orientación familiar oportuna y certera tanto a la embarazada como a sus familiares y su objetivo está encaminadoa contribuir a la capacitación del personal de salud dirigida a la orientación a la familia para la estimulación prenatal de la comunicación. En él se tiene en cuenta la influencia de los médicos y enfermeras, en dicha labor, además, se encuentran (...) reflexiones, comentarios, acciones y técnicas, con el propósito de elevar la calidad de la orientación para que la familia potencie la estimulación de la comunicación desde la gestación. ABSTRACT In this paper, it is recognized the significance of prenatal communication stimulation and the need to give timely and appropriate family guidance to pregnant women and their families in order to contribute to health staff training towards family guidance on prenatal communication stimulation. It is taken into account the influence of doctors and nurses on this work. Thoughts, comments, actions and techniques can be found in order to improve guidance quality so that families encourage communication stimulation from gestation. (shrink)

This article examines the occurrence of the phrase dharmaparyāyo hastagato, “having the enumeration of the teaching in one’s hand,” in a select number of texts classified as Mahāyāna sūtras and theorizes its occurrence in relation to the use of the book in the religious cultures of middle period Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism. In recent scholarly discourse, the “cult of the book” in Mahāyāna Buddhist formations has been hypothesized to occur in relation to shrines or not even to have occurred at (...) all. This article suggests an alternative hypothesis. The paper first analyzes the syntax and composition of the terms dharmaparyāya and the participle hastagata as well as their occurrences within Indian Buddhist literature in Indic languages and in Tibetan and Chinese translations. The paper then identifies the occurrence of the phrase dharmaparyāyo hastagato in a select number of Mahāyāna sūtras and relates this phrase to an observable gradual process of bibliofication, a process where texts increasingly reference themselves as protective objects, that is detectable in the layers of accretion found within the comparative analysis of extant manuscripts. Based on this analysis, the paper concludes that the “cult of the book,” rather than being a stable or local cult phenomena, was comprised of highly mobile and translocal textual communities who carried their object of veneration with them. (shrink)

This study accounts for disparate portrayals of divine destroyer Śiva in the normative Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata as opposed to Kālidāsa’s amatory Kumārasaṃbhava and Raghuvaṃśa by contrasting the primary and secondary Sanskrit epic authors’ respective reliances on the Mānavadharmaśāstra and the Kāmasūtra. By arguing, per Richard Johnson’s postpoststructuralism, that these mythological and philosophical differences deliberately reflect those poets’ specific sociohistorical contexts, this inquiry accounts more accurately for Śiva’s classical-epic depictions than do Stella Kramrisch’s and Wendy Doniger [O’Flaherty]’s investigations informed by Claude (...) Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism and Don Handelman and David Shulman’s researches influenced by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s poststructuralism. The present work, in revising such prevailing Indological notions as Romila Thapar’s traditional construal of the “classical,” Donald R. Davis Jr.’s anthropocentric definition of puruṣārtha (human aim), and Sheldon Pollock’s unvarying characterization of śāstras (treatises), models a historically aware approach that appreciates the interrelationship of mythological philosophy and philosophical mythology. (shrink)

This article responds to a critical research challenge in Medieval philosophy scholarship regarding the internal periodisation of the register. By arguing the case for ‘post-scholasticism’ as an internal period indicator (1349–1464, the era between the deaths of William of Ockham and Nicholas of Cusa), defined as ‘the transformation of high scholasticism on the basis of a selective departure thereof’, the article specifies a predisposition in the majority of introductions to and commentaries in Medieval philosophy to proceed straight from 1349 (...) to 1464, understating 115 years of pertinent Medieval philosophical discourse. It is argued that in the modern account of Medieval philosophy, this understatement is manifested in either a predating of Renaissance philosophy to close the gap between 1349 and 1464 as far as possible or in proceeding straight from 1349 to Renaissance philosophy. The article presents five unique philosophical themes from this delicate period, indicating that ‘post-scholasticism’ was indeed a productive period in late Medieval philosophy, which should not be bypassed as an inconsequential entrance to Renaissance philosophy. The period 1349–1464 should accordingly be appreciated for its idiosyncratic contributions to the history of ideas in the late-14th and early-15th centuries, with reference to the political intensification of the via moderna, the pivotal separation of philosophy and theology and the resulting independence of the natural sciences, in res critique of institutions, transforming pragmatics and the rise of philosophical materialism. Contribution: This article contributes to methodological development in Medieval philosophy by responding to a critical research challenge regarding the internal periodisation of the later Middle Ages. Arguing the case for ‘post-scholasticism’ as an internal period indicator (1349 to 1464 in Medieval philosophy, the article presents unique philosophical themes from the period, indicating that it was a productive stage in late Medieval philosophy which should not be bypassed as an inconsequential entrance to Renaissance philosophy. (shrink)

Nietzsche scholars have long been divided over whether Nietzsche is an aristocratic or a democratic thinker. Nietzche's Culture of Humanity overcomes this debate by proving both sides wrong. Jeffrey Church argues that in his early period writings, Nietzsche envisioned a cultural meritocracy that drew on the classical German tradition of Kant and Herder. The young Nietzsche's 'culture of humanity' synthesized the high and low, the genius and the people, the nation and humanity. Nietzsche's early ideal of culture can shed (...) light on his mature period thought, since, Church argues, Nietzsche does not abandon this fundamental commitment to a cultural meritocracy. Nietzche's Culture of Humanity argues that Nietzsche's novel defense of culture can overcome some persisting problems in contemporary liberal theories of culture. As such, this book should interest Nietzsche scholars, political theorists and philosophers interested in modern thought, as well as contemporary thinkers concerned with the politics of culture. (shrink)

Label mounted on title page: Distributed in U.S.A. by Humanities Press, New York. First ed., 1899, published under title: A short history of freethought. Bibliography: p. 995-1006.

The volume provides an overview of the origins of early medieval aristocratic literature. Although there are regional, linguistic and formal differences, one can observe a number of similarities. Oral literature disseminates a range of themes that are shared by narratives in most parts of the continent. The authors address these similarities in Roman, Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and Germanic literature and use different methodologies to explain them.

영화의 탄생 이후 극장은 100여 년 넘는 시간동안 다양한 위기로부터 관객들이 극장에 발걸음이 끊이지 않도록 지켜왔다. 그러나 2020년, 코로나 바이러스로 인하여 전 세계 극 장의 대위기는 다시 찾아왔고, 누구나 손쉽게 접근 가능한 OTT(Over The Top)의 산업이 이 시기를 틈타 확장되면서 극장이라는 공간의 존폐까지 위협하고 있다. 극장이라는 공간 은 새로운 플랫폼으로 인하여 ‘절체절명의 위기’로부터 어떻게 극복할 수 있을 것인지, OTT 시대에 극장 발길을 멈춘 관객들을 어떻게 유입 시킬 수 있는지 극장관계자들은 고민 에 빠졌고, 이 것에 대한 대안과 방안을 극장가는 또 다시 (...) 모색하게 된다. 이러한 점에서 OTT 시대의 극장문화 의미와 그로인하여 극장이라는 공간이 어떻게 확장 가능한지 살펴 보았다. 이를 위해 OTT 등장으로 전통적 극장상영에 대한 인식변화는 어떠한지, 극장의 위기를 새로운 기술을 적용하여 관객 유입을 모색하면서 확장 가능한 지점은 무엇이 있는 지, 그리고 극장 스크린으로 만나는 공연문화콘텐츠의 확장 가능성의 사례는 무엇이 있는 지, 디지털 기술의 성장과 경계파괴에 대한 인식에 따라 공간 콘텐츠의 확장성이 있는지를 살펴보면서, OTT와 극장의 공생관계를 어떻게 만들어가야 하는지, 극장 위기에 따라 대처 하는 극장콘텐츠의 방향과, 경쟁력 있는 극장기술을 통해 새로운 공존의 시대로 계속 이어 갈 수 있는지, 극장의 미래를 점검할 필요가 있다. (shrink)

조선후기 일군의 학자들은 도가철학을 인식의 틀로 활용하여 서양과학을 수용하고 이해하였다. 사실 도가의 기철학은 동양의 전통 과학과 천문학이 형성ㆍ발전하는 과정에서 사상적 원류로 기능하여 왔으며, 서양과학 수용과정에서 서양과학에 상응하는 학문으로 인식되었다. 대표적으로 조선후기 이익의 우주론과 서명응의 선천역학, 홍대용의 과학적 세계관은 도가의 기철학을 인식 기반으로 자연 세계에 대한 인식 전환을 시도한 사례들이다. 그리고 자연에 대한 이들의 인식 전환은 현실질서의 변화에 대한 요구로 이어졌다. 특히 성리학적 도덕원리와 도가의 기철학이 절충된 형태인 이익의 우주론에서 서양의 천문과학은 기철학의 주요 개념에 대응하여 설명되어졌다. 이와 같은 이익의 우주론은 과학의 (...) 영역뿐만 아니라 사회, 정치의 측면에도 영향을 미쳤다. 즉 그는 중화의 위상을 보편적인 것으로 인정하면서도, 조선의 상대주의적 주체성을 주장하였다. 그리고 정치에서는 객관적 황로정치의 도입을 주장하는 법치주의적 정치사상을 논의하였다. 도가철학은 서양과학을 이해하는 해석의 틀로서만 기능한 것이 아니라 실학에도 중대한 영향을 미쳤다. 도가 기철학은 탈이념적이고 실증적인 사유에, 인식 상대주의는 탈중화주의와 주체성의 자각에 기여하였다. 홍대용과 북학파의 실학은 이러한 도가철학의 영향을 가장 많이 받은 것이다. (shrink)

“성인은 무엇인가”라는 물음에 대해 유가들은 주저하지 않고 구체적인 성인의 이름과 활약상을 드는 것으로 성인이 가진 내포적 함의와 특징 등의 개념적 분석들을 대신해 버린다. 전통 유가들은 기본적으로 성인이란 철학적 관념을 하나의 자명한 현실적 사실 즉 그들이 행한 실천의 내용 혹은 업적이라는 관점 또는 방향에서 다루고 있지, 결코 그것이 가진 개념적인 정의를 주된 논의의 대상으로 삼아 분석하거나 논증하고 있지는 않는다. 이런 식의 대답을 하게 되는 중요한 이유는 유가뿐만 아니라 중국 고대 철학자들의 입장에서 성인이 가지고 있는 가장 중요한 의미 혹은 역할은 바로 어지럽고 (...) 힘든 세상을 구원하는 ‘聖人救世論’에 집중되어 있기 때문이다. 이른바 ‘성인구세론’은 성인이 가진 중요한 역할인 동시에 성인 출현의 기원이기도 하다. 동시에 성인숭배론이 출현하게 되는 기원이기도 하다. 이런 점에서 성인에 대한 논의를 복희, 요, 순, 문, 무, 공자 등의 구체적인 성인들을 말하는 것에서 시작하는 점은 그 자체로 충분히 이해가 되는 측면이 있다. 여기에서 성인을 만드는 造聖이라는 聖化 혹은 聖人化라는 문제와 직접적으로 연결된다. 본 논문은 성인이 가지고 있는 기본적 성격을 규명하는 방법 혹은 관점으로 선진시기 유가들의 ‘성인숭배’의 기원을 ‘성인구세론’이라는 관점에서 분석하려고 한다. 성인 관념의 출현은 다름 아닌 신의 숭배[崇神]에서 성인의 숭배[崇聖]로의 전환을 의미하는데, 이 문제를 논의하기 위해서는 중국 상고시대의 종교적 내용의 변화라는 문제와 관련하여 생각할 필요가 있을 것으로 보인다. 상고시기부터 존재하였던 聖의 의미가 신의 명령을 듣는다는 측면에 치중하였던 것에서 인간의 개인적인 능력을 강조하는 聖 개념으로의 전환이 일어나게 되고 이에 따라 성인구세론과 성인화 운동이 동반되게 된다. (shrink)

이 글에서는 閔以升 사상 가운데 주로 1)지와 지각의 문제, 즉 心性의 구분에 관한 논의문제, 이와 관련하여 펼쳐진 2)정제두와의 양지·지각의 동이성 문제에 관한 논의 등으로 나누어 살펴본다. 민이승은 양명학자 정제두와 양명학의 시비문제를 둘러싸고 논쟁을 전개하고 있는데, 그 내용은 양명학의 중심개념인 양지와 지각의 동이문제이다. 또한 민이승은 양지와 지각 논쟁의 연장선상에서 김창협과 智와 知覺의 동이문제를 둘러싸고 논쟁한다. 민이승은 정제두와의 양명학 논쟁에서 양명학의 ‘심즉리’설과 ‘지행합일’설에 대해 부정하고 있으며, 양명학의 중심개념인 양지는 천리와는 구분된 지각으로 파악하고 있다. 정제두와 양지와 지각의 관계에 대해 논쟁하고 있는 민이승은 당시 (...) 학계에서 진행되고 있었던 지와 지각의 관계에 관심을 가지게 된다. 이 결과, 민이승은 김창협과 지와 지각의 동이문제에 대해 한차례 논쟁을 벌이게 된다. 민이승과 김창협 사이에 전개된 지와 지각의 관계에 대한 논의는 지와 지각의 관계를 不相雜의 측면에서 보느냐 아니면 不相離의 측면에서 보느냐 하는 차이점에 있다. 김창협은 지와 지각이 서로 섞일 수 없다는 불상잡의 입장을 강조하는 데 비해, 민이승은 지와 지각의 관계를 불상리의 입장에서 양자의 연관성에 주목하고 있다. ‘양지와 지각의 동이문제’, ‘지와 지각의 동이문제’라는 논쟁 주제를 중심으로 양자의 입장 차이를 살펴보고, 이러한 논쟁이 사상사적으로 어떠한 의의가 있는가 살펴보기로 한다. (shrink)

『심리학교과서』는 이용익(李容翊)이 설립한 출판사 보성관(普成館)에서 1907년 7월 30일에 발행한 교육용 교과서이다. 『심리학교과서』는 한국 최초의 심리학 교과서이다. 보성관은 애국계몽의 일환으로 교육용 교과서 이외에 다수 책들을 번역하며 계몽 활동을 펼친 출판사이자 사상운동의 거점이었다. 『심리학교과서』에 대한 기존의 연구는 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. 본 논문은 『심리학교과서』를 일본이 서양 문명을 수용하고 번역하는 맥락과 그것을 수용하고 번역하는 식민지 조선의 맥락을 동시에 고려하면서 고찰할 것이다. 먼저 일본에서 심리학을 수용하는 과정에 전통 유학의 사유가 상호 접촉하여 심리학을 논의하는 틀이 형성되는 과정을 살펴보고 『심리학교과서』에는 그 틀이 어떻게 반영되었는지를 논의할 것이다. 그리고 (...) 『심리학교과서』에는 어떤 사회정치적 맥락이 담겨 있는지에 대해 계몽과 자유의 문제를 논의할 것이다. (shrink)

This paper introduces the Generalized Argumentation Theory which takes argumentation as a locally rational socio-cultural interaction governed by social norms and carried out through discourse between the members of a socio-cultural community in order to reason things out. Then we bring in the basic structure of generalized argumentation and the localized procedure of Generalized Argumentation Theory for studying the argumentative rules. On the basis of above introduction, we use the localized procedure to analyze a case of political argumentation by reciting (...) poems in ancient China. By doing so, it’s indicated that political argumentation by reciting poems, in essence, takes cultural principle of Li of the Spring and Autumn Period as argumentative rules and uses poems to express ideas, in virtue of which arguments are accepted as locally rational by the politicians at that time. At last, the Little Red Book quotation fight, a similar political activity, is discussed briefly to show the significance that ancient Chinese political argumentation has on contemporary argumentation. (shrink)

The pandemic has impacted various industries, including the sports industry. However, corporate social responsibility can mitigate the adverse effects of the crisis and promote the sports industry. To analyze the effect of CSR, the study examined the impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on injury prevention expectation, injury risk perception, and health up-gradation with the mediation of sports safety measures. There are 259 sportsmen of local sports bodies provided the data through a self-administered survey. Data analysis was conducted through Smart-PLS (...) and SEM techniques. The outcome of the analysis showed that perceived corporate social responsibility leads to injury prevention expectation, injury risk perception, and health up-gradation. Also, the study found that sports safety measure mediates the relationship between perceived corporate social responsibility and injury prevention expectation, between perceived corporate social responsibility and injury risk perception, and between perceived corporate social responsibility and health up-gradation among sportsmen of local sports bodies. The theoretical implications were presented related to the significance of CSR and sports safety measure and their impact on sportsmen injury prevention expectation, health, and risk perception. The practical implications were related to the management of local sports bodies and how they can induce CSR initiatives and programs. Some limitations related to sample size, incorporating other variables, examining the model in other contexts, and using different study designs, have also been mentioned in the study. (shrink)