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Summary Indian Philosophy encompasses the systems of thought and reflection that developed on the Indian subcontinent. They include philosophical systems generally classified as orthodox (astika, from the Sanskrit asti "there is") such as Nyāya ("Rule" or "Method"), Vaiśeṣika ("Particular"), Saṃkhya ("Enumeration" or "Number"), Yoga ("Union"), Mīmāṃsā ("Reflection" or "Critical Investigation") and Vedanta ("conclusion of the Veda"). They are classified as orthodox because they rely on the authority of the Vedas (an ancient collection of hymns of religio-philosophical nature). In contrast, the heterodox (nāstika) systems of thought reject the authority of the Vedas and the superiority of Brahmins in matters of philosophical reflection. Besides Buddhism, the other heterodox schools include the Jainas ("Followers of Conquerors", from the Sanskrit verb ji "to conquer"), the ascetic Ājīvikas, and the Cārvākas materialists. Given the diversity of views, theories, and doctrines espoused by philosophers on the Indian subcontinent, there is no unifying thread or single characteristic that would be common to all. Although all the orthodox systems profess some allegiance to the Vedas, they range widely in their interpretations of Vedic statements and pursue their speculative ventures unhindered by tradition (the acceptance of the Vedas is often just a convenient device for a philosopher to gain acceptance in orthodox circles). Among the key concepts of Indian Philosophy are those of karma ("action," which addresses the moral efficiency of human actions), atman ("self," which stands for the sense of an absolute or transcendental spirit or self) and its countervailing notion of anatman ("not-self") in Buddhism, mokṣa ("liberation," conceived as the highest ideal of moral and spiritual cultivation), and the similarly formed ideal of nirvāṇa ("cessation") in Buddhism. A great deal of philosophical speculation in India is concerned with establishing reliable sources of knowing (pramāṇas) such that metaphysical concerns about the nature of reality are seldom pursued in isolation from logical and epistemological concerns about the nature of knowledge and its sources. Indian philosophy is comparable in the range and scope of its metaphysical, epistemological, and ethical concerns with Western philosophy, although philosophers in India have also pursued problems that their Western counterparts never did. Examples include such matters as the source (utpatti) and apprehension (jñapti) of reliable cognitions (prāmāṇya). Likewise, there are problems central to Western philosophy (e.g., whether knowledge arises from experience or from reason) that philosophers in India did not pursue, and important distinctions (such as that between analytic and synthetic judgments) they did not make.  
Key works Refer to the subcategories
Introductions The vast and broad scope of Indian philosophy defies an easy introduction. However, a broad surveys of key concepts, figures, and areas of Indian philosophy can be found in Potter 1970.
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  1. Śrīmacchaṅkarācāryaviracitaṃ Brahmasūtraśāṅkarabhāṣyam. Śaṅkarācārya - 1929 - Banārasa Siṭī: Caukhambā Saṃskr̥ta Sīriza Āphisa. Edited by Ḍhuṇḍhirāja Śāstri, Pūrṇānanda, Govindānanda & Bādarāyaṇa.
    V. 1, Catuḥsūtryantapūrṇānandīyavyākhyāsaṃhitayā Śrīgovindānandapraṇītayā Ratnaprabhayā samanvitam; v. 2, Śrīgovindānandapraṇītayā Ratnaprabhayā samanvitam.
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  2. Ānandāmr̥tavarshiṇī. Ānandagiri - 1935 - Edited by Yugalānanda Vihārī.
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  3. Māṇḍūkyarahasyavivr̥tiḥ: Śrīgauḍapādīyamāṇḍūkyakārikāvyākhyānarūpā.Satchidanandendra Saraswati - 1958 - Hol̲enarasīpuram: Adhyātmaprakāśakāryālayaḥ. Edited by Gauḍapāda Ācārya.
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  4. Vedāntabālabodhinī: Śrī Śrībhagavatpādācāryakr̥taprātaḥ smaraṇastotravyākhyā.Satchidanandendra Saraswati - 1959 - Hoḷenarasīpuram: Adhyātmaprakāśakāryālayaḥ. Edited by Śaṅkarācārya.
    The booklet now published contains an original commentary on the Pratahsmarana Stotra or Morning meditation hymn by Sri Bhagavatpada, generally identified with the famous Shankaracharya" -- publishers' note. Verse work expounding the basic tenets of Advaita.
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  5. Vēdāntavijñānaṃ. Jñānānandasarasvati - 1959 - V. 1, 1970]: Jñānānandāśr̲ama Pr̲asiddhīkaraṇaṃ.
    Interpretation of Vedanta, Hindu philosophy.
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  6. Śrīmāṇikaprabhu, Māṇikanagara yāñcẽ caritra.Da Ma Khera - 1960
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  7. Padārthīyadivyacakṣuḥ.Umāpati Upādhyāya - 1961 - Darbhanga: Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning. Edited by Dhīrānanda Miśra & Janārdana Miśra.
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  8. Cicchaktiprabhāva = In defence of independence of Mother India.Anandapur Srinivasa Murthy - 1963
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  9. Śivādvaita darśana.Ja Ca Ni - 1963 - Beṅgaḷūru: Śrī Śaila Jagadguru Niḍumāmiḍi Pustaka Bhaṇḍāra.
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  10. The Tattva-kaumudī: $b Vācaspati Miśra's commentary on the Sāṁkhya-kārikā / $c translated into English by Ganganath Jha, with introduction and critical notes by Har Dutt Sharma ; revised and re-edited by M.M. Patkar. Vācaspatimiśra - 1965 - Poona: Oriental Book Agency. Edited by Ganganatha Jha, Haradatta Śarmā & Madhukar Mangesh Patkar.
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  11. Hastāmalaka ra ātmanishṭha.Kshitish Chandra Chakravarti - 1968 - Nārāyaṇagaḍha,: Śāradā Devī.
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  12. I primi concetti buddisti - nella lingua di oggi.Roberto Thomas Arruda - 2024 - São Paulo: Terra à Vista - distribuzione gratuita.
    Una conoscenza adeguata del Buddismo è essenziale per l’educazione e la cultura di chiunque non voglia essere un altro membro alienato di un’eredità che cammina senza pensarci nel mezzo di una rivoluzione tecnologica. Secondo i modelli e i valori della nostra cultura occidentale, siamo più abituati a guardare verso l’esterno che verso noi stessi. Altre culture possono aiutarci ad ampliare e approfondire la nostra visione della realtà e della vita. Se qualcuno ti chiede del Buddismo, rispondi che è un'antica dottrina (...)
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  13. Maharṣikanāda-viracilam Vaiśeṣika-darśanam. Kaṇāda - 1969 - Edited by Śrīnārāyaṇa Miśra.
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  14. Lokāyata darśana.Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya - 1969
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  15. Nyāyakusumāñjaliḥ. Udayanācārya - 1962 - [Darbhanga]: Mithilā Vidyāpīṭha. Edited by Mahāprabhulāla Gosvāmī & Śaṅkaramiśra.
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  16. Mātr̥pustaka.KāNana Debī[From Old Catalog] - 1972
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  17. Nyāyamañjarīgranthibhaṅgaḥ.Cakradhara BhaṭṬa[From Old Catalog] - 1972 - Ahamadābāda: Lālabhāī Dalapatabhāī Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti Vidhāmaṇdira. Edited by Nagīna Jī Śāha.
    Commentary on the Nyāyamañjarī of Jayanta Bhaṭṭa, fl. 850-910, exegesis of Gautama's Nyayasutra, basic statement of the classic Hindu Nyaya philosophy; critical edition.
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  18. Navyanyāya-bhāsāpradīpa: Brief notes on the modern Nyāya system of philosophy and its technical terms. Maheśacandranyāyaratna - 1973 - Calcutta: Sanskrit College. Edited by Kalipada[From Old Catalog] TarkāChāRya.
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  19. Prācīnanyāẏa o prācīnamīmāṃsā darśana sammata prāmāṇyabāda.Jogendranath Bagchi - 1974 - Kalikātā: Saṃskṛta Pustaka Bhandāra.
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  20. Siddhivaitathyam. Prapannācārya - 1975 - Gurukula Kāṅgaḍī: Prāptisthānam, Pūrṇacanda Dungelaḥ. Edited by Madhusūdana Sarasvatī.
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  21. Yatindra Siddhānta Sangraha: summary of the teaching of Bhagavat Ramanuja of Karur Swamy. Tirumalācārya - 1976 - Srirangam: Srimad Andavan Ashram. Edited by Vedānta Rāmanuja Mahādesikan.
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  22. Śrīmajjaiminipraṇīte Mīmāṃsādarśane...: Mīmāṃsākakaṇṭhīrava-Kumārilabhaṭṭapraṇīta-Tantravārtikasahitaśābarabhāṣyopetaḥ. Jaimini - 1970 - Puṇya: Ānandāśrama. Edited by Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar, Gaṇeśaśāstrī Ambādāsa Jośī, Śabarasvāmi & Kumārila Bhaṭṭa.
    Aphoristic basic work, with commentary of Sabarasvami and supercommentary of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa, of the Mīmāṃsā school of Hindu philosophy on ritualistic interpretation of the Vedas.
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  23. Advaita sādhanāra sampada.Ātmānanda Brahmacārī - 1976 - Edited by Sukla[From Old Catalog] de & śAmbhu[From Old Catalog] Rakshita.
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  24. Dvātriṃśad dvātriṃśikāḥ.Siddhasena Divākara - 1977 - Edited by Vijayalāvaṇyasūri & Vijayasuśīlasūri.
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  25. Jñānānandasarasvati enna adhyatmavijñānakōśaṃ.Rāmavarmman Ēr̲āṭi & Si Pi - 1977 - Ramavarman Erady ; Kottakkal : copies can be had from Santha Raja. Edited by Jnanananda Saraswati.
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  26. Sarveṣāṃ darśanānāṃ Advaite tātparyam =.Ramachandra Sastrigal & S. V. - 1977 - Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
    On the impact of Advaita Vedanta on the other schools of classical Indian philosophy.
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  27. Upanyāsasaṅgrahaḥ.Raghavendra Swamirayacharya Panchamukhi - 1977
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  28. Bhāratīya darśana ke pramānya-cintana kā tulanātmaka adhyayana.Chhabinath Mishra - 1977 - Naī Dillī: Oriyaṇṭala Pabliśarsa eṇda Disṭribyūṭarsa.
    On the epistemological considerations in Indian philosophy; a comparative study.
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  29. Śrimādavācārpraṇitaḥ Sarvadarśanasaṅgrahaḥ. Mādhava - 1977 - Edited by Madhusūdana Sarasvatī.
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  30. Nyāyadarśanam: abhinavapaddhatiparishkṛta-vidyodayabhāshyasahitam. Gautama - 1977 - Gāziyābāda: Svāmī Vijñānānanda Sarasvatī. Edited by Udayavira Shastri.
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  31. Candrikāmaṇḍanam. Satyadhyānatīrtha - 1984 - Chiratanur, A.P.: S.M.S.O. Sabha. Edited by Mādhavācārya Śrī Kaṭṭī.
    In support of Tātparyacandrikā of Vyāsatīrtha, 1460-1539, supercommentary on Tattvaprakāśikā of Jayatīrtha, d. 1268, commentary of the 1st and 2nd chapters in Bādarāyaṇa's Brahmasūtra, presenting the Dvaita point of view in Hindu philosophy.
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  32. Upadēśasāhaśrī. Śaṅkarācārya - 1984 - Kālaṭi: Śr̲īrāmakr̥ṣṇa Advaitāśr̲amaṃ. Edited by E. R. Sreekrishna Sarma & A. Śaṅkaraśarmma.
    Verse work on the philosophy of self; includes interpretation in Malayalam.
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  33. Prabodhasudhākara =. Śaṅkarācārya - 1984 - Madras: Samata Books. Edited by Samvid.
    Classical verse work on the Advaita philosophy and meditation.
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  34. Sarvadarśana-vimarśaḥ: sahasrādhikakārikānibaddhaḥ samanvayena saṅkṣepataḥ sarvadarśana siddhāntasamālocanavimarśātmako granthaḥ.Śivajī Upādhyāya - 1986 - Vārāṇasī: Vārāṇaseyasaṃskr̥tasaṃsthānam.
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  35. Brahmavijñāna.Madhusūdana Ojhā - 1987 - Jayapura: Vitaraka Sāhityagāra. Edited by Pradyumnakumāra Śarmmā.
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  36. Ṣaḍdarśanaṭīkākr̥dvācaspatimiśraviracita-Nyāyavārtikatātparyaṭīkāyāḥ. Vācaspatimiśra - 1989 - Vārāṇasī, Bhārata: Caukhambhā Saṃskr̥ta Saṃsthāna. Edited by Rājeśvara Śāstrī Drāviḍa.
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  37. The Making of Contemporary Indian Philosophy: Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya ed. by Daniel Raveh and Elise Coquereau-Saouma. [REVIEW]Muzaffar Ali - 2024 - Philosophy East and West 74 (1):1-4.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Making of Contemporary Indian Philosophy: Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya ed. by Daniel Raveh and Elise Coquereau-SaoumaMuzaffar Ali (bio)The Making of Contemporary Indian Philosophy: Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya. Edited by Daniel Raveh and Elise Coquereau-Saouma. London: Routledge, 2023. Pp. xiii+ 263. Hardcover £120, isbn 978-0-367-70981-5. Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya (KCB) is more than the seminal essay, "Svaraj in Ideas," through which academicians, politicians, postcolonial/decolonial thinkers and too often philosophers usually identify and fossilize him. (...)
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  38. Consequentialist Moral Theories.Michael Hemmingsen - 2024 - In Ethical Theory in Global Perspective. Albany: SUNY Press. pp. 95-108.
    A survey of consequentialist ethical theory across traditions.
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  39. Dong fang zhu ming zhe xue jia ping zhuan.Baihui Wu (ed.) - 2000 - Jinan: Shandong ren min chu ban she.
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  40. An Epistemology of Swami Vivekananda: A Comparative Approach.Katyayani S. - 2023 - Philosophy International Journal 6 (2):1-7.
    Indian philosophy being profoundly rich from socio-political, economical, and spiritual perspective has a lot to offer. A lot many philosophies of different Indian thinkers have been probed into for the purpose of character and national building such as that of Kautilya, Gandhi, Nehru, M.N. Roy and likewise. However, there exists a plethora of thinkers whose philosophies have been not studied systematically or have been overlooked. It is owing to this research gap, that the paper is prepared with special attention to (...)
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  41. Philosophical incantations (Itihāsa and Epode).The power of narrative reason in the Mahābhārata.Raquel Ferrández Formoso - 2023 - Asian Philosophy 34 (1):1-15.
    Both the itihāsa-s of the Mahābhārata and the Platonic philosophical ‘epode’ are often used to persuade in conditions where emotion threatens to incapacitate the person for argumentative discourse. Narrative reason has its own conditions of success and failure, opening up a discursive arena in which all kinds of utterances are welcome. Emphasizing the psychagogic function of the ‘once-upon-a-time’ reason, it is worth asking who the real protagonist of the story is and whether the story has a duty or a dharma (...)
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  42. Malayāḷasvāmi racanalu, sāmājika caitanyaṃ: Usmāniyā Viśvidyālayamu vāricē ḍākṭarēṭu pondina siddhāntagranthaṃ.Kasireḍḍi Veṅkaṭapatireḍḍi - 2003 - Ērpēḍu, Cittūru Jillā: Pratuluvalayu vāru, Śrī Vyāsāsramaṃ.
    Study on social consciousness in the works of Malayāḷasvāmi, 1865-1962, philosopher of Vedanta.
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  43. Intiya tattuva tarican̲am.Kē Varatarājan̲ - 2003 - Cen̲n̲ai: Pārati Puttakālayam.
    Articles on Indian philosophy; a Marxist's viewpoint.
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  44. Tatvabinduḥ. Vācaspatimiśra - 2003 - Ambeḍakaranagaram: Rājakīyasnātakottaramahāvidyālaye. Edited by Vr̥jakiśora Tripāṭhī & Parameśvara.
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  45. Pañcadaśī tattvonmīlana.Ramākānta Śukla - 2003 - Dillī: Nyū Bhāratīya Buka Kārporeśana.
    Study of Pañcadaśi of Mādhava, d. 1386, compendium on Advaita philosophy.
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  46. Sāmānyaniruktisaugandhyam: Sāmānyaniruktestattvacintāmaṇi-Dīdhiti-Jāgadīśī-tadīyakālīśaṅkarī-tadīyavāmācaraṇ abhaṭṭācāryaviracitakroḍapatra-Gādādharī-tadīyakālīśaṅkarībhiḥ samadhyuṣitam.Rājārāma Śukla - 2003 - Vārāṇasyām: Sampūrṇānanda Saṃskr̥ta Viśvavidyālaya.
    Interpretation of Hetvābhāsasāmānyanirukti of Gaṅgeśa, 13th cent., treatise on Nyaya philosophy; based on other classical commentaries.
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  47. Saptapadārthī: Jinavardhanasūrikr̥tavyākhyā sahitā. Śivāditya - 2003 - Amadāvāda: Lālabhāī Dalapatabhāī Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti Vidyāmandira. Edited by J. S. Jetly & Jinavardhanasūri.
    On the fundamentals of Vaiśeṣika and Nyaya school in Hindu philosophy with Saptapadārthīṭīkā commentary.
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  48. Bhāṭṭarahasyamarmaprakāśaḥ: vibhaktyarthanirūpaṇamātram.Satyapāla Siṃha - 2003 - Dillī: Śivālika Prakāśana.
    Study of the declension (vibhakti) in Bhāṭṭarahasya of Khaṇḍadeva, 1575-1665, work on Mimamsa philosophy.
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  49. Laghuvedāntadarśana: jñāna, karma, evaṃ bhakti kī pāvana triveṇī.Śambhunārāyaṇa Siṃha - 2003 - Vāraṇāsī: Santa Śrīśambhunārāyaṇa Phāuṇḍeśana.
    On the fundamentals of Vedanta philosophy and Hindu spiritual life.
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  50. Pāribhāṣika śabdakōśa: Śrīśaṅkara prasthānatraya bhāṣyagaḷalli.Satchidanandendra Saraswati - 2003 - Hoḷenarasīpura: Adhyātmaprakāśa Kāryālaya.
    Dictionary of words from Sankaracarya's commentaries on the Upanishads, Brahmasūtra of Bādarāyaṇa, and the Bhagavadgita, Hindu epics, and from Naiskarmyasiddhi by Suresvaracarya, Hindu classics.
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