David de Dinant, dont les thèses ont été condamnées par le décret de 1210 de l’Université de Paris, est bien connu par les réfutations dont il a fait l’objet de la part d’Albert le Grand et Thomas d’Aquin. En se fondant sur ses Quaternuli, on se propose ici, non pas d’apporter des éléments biographiques nouveaux, mais de reconstituer les médiations qui ont conduit ce commentateur de la « philosophie naturelle » d’Aristote à défendre ses fameuses positions « panthéistes » et (...) « matérialistes », et à identifier Dieu à la matière et à la substance du tout. En marge des commentaires arabes, moyennant un contact direct avec les textes grecs du Stagirite, David propose une lecture toute problématique, mais parfaitement stimulante de l’articulation de la « philosophie naturelle » à la « philosophie première ». (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous proposons de lire la première des Méditations Métaphysiques de Descartes, non pas « selon l’ordre des raisons », mais du point de vue de sa vraisemblance clinique, comme le récit d’une expérience typique de désorganisation qui accompagne ordinairement l’éclosion des psychoses délirantes : depuis un sentiment d’étrangeté qui met en péril la croyance naïve dans la réalité du monde jusqu’au délire d’influence qui organise l’hypothèse du « malin génie ». Dans cette perspective, l’argument de la folie (...) n’est qu’un moment. Nous proposons de faire l’hypothèse que l’on peut mettre ce récit en regard de l’expérience singulière et traumatique de novembre 1619, consignée, selon A. Baillet, dans le recueil des Olympica. (shrink)

Comment penser l'être ou la nature indépendamment de la figure de l'ordre ou du monde? On pourrait caractériser par cette question le défi philosophique de Giordano Bruno. On sait qu'il conduit à une cosmologie infinitiste qui en constitue le versant le plus spectaculaire et le mieux connu. Le travail qui est ici présenté propose une autre voie, centrée autour de la pensée de l'« être un et infini » élaborée par Bruno dans le De la causa, qui constitue le noyau (...) théorique de sa philosophie. Partant d'une réflexion sur la puissance expressive des concepts philosophiques traditionnels (cause et principe, forme et matière, genre et différence) et rapportant les articulations de la pensée de l'être aux conditions de notre connaissance, et non à une structure propre de l'être, Bruno propose une interprétation « dialectique » du discours métaphysique qui fait procéder les formes d'éminence et d'analogie de l'activité figuratrice de la raison humaine. Si, selon une formule célèbre, le philosophe est un peintre et un poète, cela ne veut pas dire qu'il s'affranchisse des normes rationnelles du discours démonstratif pour se faire prophète, cela signifie que ces règles de la pensée ne constituent en aucun cas une grammaire de l'être : elles sont des instruments de figuration de l'être infini et univoque dont il s'agit de saisir tout à la fois la fécondité et les limites. Il s'agissait au départ de s'interroger sur les nouveaux enjeux de la philosophie de la Renaissance et sur ses pratiques discursives souvent si déroutantes. Ce travail tente ainsi de situer la pensée de Bruno par rapport à la critique humaniste des modi significandi médiévaux et de la conception architectonique de la philosophie, identifiable aussi bien dans le projet de réforme dialectique de Valla, dans le plurilinguisme philosophique de Pic de la Mirandole, que chez des auteurs aussi différents que Ficin ou Pomponazzi. (shrink)

Ce beau volume rassemble vingt-trois contributions à un colloque international sur le thème des « Lumières radicales », tenu à l’École normale supérieure Lettres et sciences humaines à Lyon en février 2004. L’objectif du colloque était de s’interroger sur le sens et la pertinence de cette catégorie historiographique qui s’est imposée dans l’histoire intellectuelle du xviie et du xviiie siècle depuis quelques décennies déjà, mais avec une force considérable depuis une dizaine d’années. Le volu..

Ce beau volume rassemble vingt-trois contributions à un colloque international sur le thème des « Lumières radicales », tenu à l’École normale supérieure Lettres et sciences humaines à Lyon en février 2004. L’objectif du colloque était de s’interroger sur le sens et la pertinence de cette catégorie historiographique qui s’est imposée dans l’histoire intellectuelle du xviie et du xviiie siècle depuis quelques décennies déjà, mais avec une force considérable depuis une dizaine d’années. Le volu...

Cultural capital and hegemonic masculinity are two concepts that have received intense attention. While both have received serious consideration, critique and analysis, the context or field-specificity of each is sometimes ignored. They have been used in a diversity of ways. Using ethnographic and interview data from a US male bodybuilding community, this study highlights one useful employment. Hegemonic masculinity takes different shapes in different fields of interaction, acting as a form of cultural capital: gender capital. Inherent in this discussion are (...) the cultural contradictions apparent among individuals striving for either physical or ideological embodiments of gender capital. Individuals can attempt to embody hegemonic idealizations, but bodies are not only inscribed with gender, inscriptions are read, and read differently by different social actors and in different settings. The capacity of gender capital to remain elusive is precisely what enables gender practices and projects like bodybuilding to retain passionate participation. (shrink)

Ce travail, conduit avec rigueur et méthode par un jeune savant de Vienne, se place sous le parrainage du Prof. Otto Kresten et enrichit la collection fondée par le Prof. Paul Speck. Il comble une lacune et sera un outil irremplaçable aussi bien pour les byzantinistes que pour les arabisants, comme le sont — et le restent malgré l'inévitable usure du temps — les publications de E. W. Brooks, de L. Caetani, de A. A. Vasiliev, de M. Canard, de E. (...) Honigmann et de quelques autres, qui ont réussi à rétablir les liens entre deux mondes jadis si proches, mais que les spécialités universitaires ont aujourd'hui éloignés l'un de l'autre. (shrink)

Viewing emotion from an evolutionary perspective, researchers have argued that simple responses to affective stimuli can be triggered without mediation of cognitive processes. Indeed, findings suggest that positively and negatively valenced stimuli trigger approach and avoidance movements automatically. However, affective stimulus–response compatibility phenomena share so many central characteristics with nonaffective stimulus–response compatibility phenomena that one may doubt whether the underlying mechanisms differ. We suggest an “affectively enriched” version of the theory of event coding (TEC) that is able to account for (...) both affective and nonaffective compatibility, and that can account for the observation that both types of compatibility seem to be modulated by goals and intentions. Predictions from the model are tested in an experiment where participants carried out approach and avoidance responses to either the valence or the orientation of emotionally charged pictures. Under affective instruction the positive-approach/negative-avoid mapping yielded faster responses than the positive-avoid/negative-approach mapping, but no such effect was observed under spatial instruction. Conversely, spatial compatibility effects were obtained under spatial, but not under affective instruction. We conclude that affective and nonaffective compatibility effects reflect the same mechanism. (shrink)

What is a thing? What is an object? Tristan Garcia decisively overturns 100 years of Heideggerian orthodoxy about the supposedly derivative nature of objects to put forward a new theory of ontology that gives us deep insights into the world and our place in it."e.

Significant disagreement remains in ethics about the duties we have towards wild animals. This paper aims to mediate those disagreements by exploring how they are supported by, or diverge from, the common-sense ethical principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy and justice popular in medical ethics. We argue that these principles do not clearly justify traditional conservation or a ‘hands-off ’ approach to wild-animal welfare; instead, they support natural negative duties to reduce the harms that we cause as well as natural positive (...) duties to promote the welfare of wild animals. (shrink)

Hydraulic fracturing ('fracking') has enabled the recovery of previously inaccessible resources and rendered new areas of the underground 'productive'. While a number of studies in the US and UK have examined public attitudes toward fracking and its various impacts, how people conceptualise the deep underground itself has received less attention. We argue that views on resources, risk and the deep underground raise important questions about how people perceive the desirability and viability of subterranean interventions. We conducted day-long deliberation workshops (two (...) in each country), facilitating discussions among diverse groups of people on prospective shale extraction in the US and UK. Themes that emerged in these conversations include seeing the Earth as a foundation; natural limits (a greater burden than the subsurface can withstand versus simply overuse of natural resources); and ideas about the fragility, instability and opacity of the deep underground. We find that concerns in both countries were not limited to specific, localised impacts but also addressed ecosystem links between surface and subsurface environments and broader questions about the use, identification and value of natural resources. (shrink)

What happened to the theories of Europe developed by the Enlightenment? Following a pluridisciplinary perspective, this book examines the way in which the projects conceived in the 18th century were reinvested both in the founding texts of the European Union and in contemporary political theory.

Kosmopolitismus wird oft als elitäre Geisteshaltung angesehen. Diese Studie geht allerdings von der These aus, dass er auch ein gesellschaftliches und politisches Engagement begründet hat. Es wird untersucht, wie Weltbürger grenzüberschreitend gemeinsame Positionierungen entwickelten und umsetzten. Im Fokus steht der Umgang mit dem kosmopolitischen Erbe der Aufklärung im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert zwischen Deutschland und Frankreich. 0Auf der Suche nach Transferphänomenen, Spannungen und Verflechtungen werden entscheidende Umbruchsphasen beleuchtet: die Debatten des Revolutionszeitalters, die Erneuerung des Internationalismus nach 1848/1849, das Wechselverhältnis (...) von Nationalismus und Universalismus um 1871, die Friedensbewegung vor 1914 und der Versuch, nach dem Krieg eine friedliche Weltordnung weltbürgerlich zu begründen. Die Aufarbeitung kosmopolitischer Einstellungen bietet Einsicht in einen deutsch-französischen Lernprozess, der die Durchsetzung einer geteilten Demokratieauffassung begünstigt hat. (shrink)

Criteria of historical assessment are applied to the Turin Shroud to determine which hypothesis relating to the image formation process is the most likely. To implement this, a ‘Minimal Facts’ approach is followed that takes into account only physicochemical and historical data receiving the widest consensus among contemporary scientists. The result indicates that the probability of the Shroud of Turin being the real shroud of Jesus of Nazareth is very high; historians and natural theologians should therefore pay it increased attention.

Les logiciels d’aide à la décision basés sur des techniques d’intelligence artificielle sont de plus en plus utilisés dans le domaine de la justice. Or ces techniques nécessitent souvent d’accéder à de grandes quantités d’informations personnelles afin de réaliser un apprentissage de qualité. En France, le cadre légal semble aujourd’hui favorable à l’ouverture des jugements, pourvu que la vie privée des personnes concernées soit respectée. Cependant, la protection des données personnelles destinées à être publiées reste difficile techniquement. Cet article a (...) pour objectif de décrire une attaque minimaliste qui a été réalisée en 2014 sur un jeu de données protégé par l’application d’un algorithme de pseudonymisation. L’originalité de cette attaque réside dans sa simplicité de fonctionnement – elle ne nécessite pas d’accès à un jeu de données auxiliaire – et dans sa cible – l’algorithme de pseudonymisation. Nous présentons la famille des algorithmes de pseudonymisation, décrivons et analysons l’attaque, et concluons sur la place de la pseudonymisation dans le Règlement Général sur la Protection des Données personnelles. (shrink)

Political philosophy was once dominated by discussion of the virtues of character and their importance to the good life and the good society. Contemporary political philosophers, however, following the towering influence of John Rawls, have primarily focused on a single virtue of institutions: justice, while largely avoiding controversial claims about the good life. As a result, political philosophy lacks a unified account of the virtues of institutions and the virtues of character. More importantly, we lack an understanding of the connection (...) between the just society and the good life. This book begins to mend this broken seam, which, on reflection, lies at the heart of our deepest political problems. The book’s central argument is that the virtues of character require institutions, while good institutions enable persons to live together virtuously. Political institutions are a necessary precondition for the moral agency exhibited by the virtues. But good institutions enable virtue to grow, while helping to constrain the excesses of vice. On this view, justice emerges primarily as a virtue of character, not institutions. The just person balances conformity to existing institutional norms with practically wise reforms. Ultimately, this book concludes that the just society and the good life are linked through the common good of virtuous activity within the shared institutions of a political community. (shrink)

The Shroud of Turin is one of the most studied and controversial artifacts. To better understand the reasons for this impossible consensus, we focus on a specific point in the ongoing historical debate: the alleged relationship between the Shroud of Turin and the Pray Codex, the first illuminated manuscript in Hungarian named after the eighteenth-century Jesuit György Pray (1723–1801). Scholars have often compared the characteristics of a miniature in the Pray Codex, commonly dated circa 1192–1195, with the features of the (...) Turin Shroud. The comparison of the Pray Codex with the Shroud of Turin makes the position that the Turin Shroud has absolutely no direct or indirect link with the Pray Codex untenable. It can be said with confidence that the miniaturist of the Pray Codex probably had a direct or indirect link with the Shroud of Turin. (shrink)

I argue that the unthought philosophical bias in favor of seriousness and sense rather than nonsense and joking blocks the path to reality. Because of this bias we obsess over significant signs and forget to consider what signs are signs of; we lose sight of the forest because there are so many interesting trees. Through a thoroughgoing interrogation of signs or appearances, we can reveal what it is that all signs present or represent: the underlying real joke. Once the “sensible (...) bias” of philosophy is overcome and the sense of nonsense restored, we can reveal the object of ontology—the Kantian noumenon—and, therefore, understand the necessary order of signification or representation. In this way, I argue, we can come to be equally amused by all appearances, recognizing that their deceptive character is necessitated by the playful nature of the real thing which, qua joke, provokes amusement. (shrink)

Journal of Social Philosophy, EarlyView.

Gillian Russell has recently proposed counterexamples to such elementary argument forms as Conjunction Introduction and Identity. These purported counterexamples involve expressions that are sensitive to linguistic context—for example, a sentence which is true when it appears alone but false when embedded in a larger sentence. If they are genuine counterexamples, it looks as though logical nihilism—the view that there are no valid argument forms—might be true. In this paper, I argue that the purported counterexamples are not genuine, on the grounds (...) that they equivocate. Having defused the threat of logical nihilism, I argue that the kind of linguistic context sensitivity at work in Russell’s purported counterexamples, if taken seriously, far from leading to logical nihilism, reveals new, previously undreamt-of valid forms. By way of proof of concept I present a simple logic, Solo-Only Propositional Logic, designed to capture some of them. Along the way, some interesting subtleties about the fallacy of equivocation are revealed. (shrink)

This paper argues that attribution of the words iube ergo adire to Milphidippa at Plautus, ‘miles gloriosus’ 1268 is wrong, and that they ought to be spoken by Pyrgopolinices.

The question of man -- Time and the will -- Receptivity and spatiality -- Distance and concealment -- Art and difference -- The 'speaking' of language -- Human nature and sensus communis -- Inspiration and genius -- Thought and expression -- A history of truth and truthfulness -- Being and the hidden God.

Heidegger argues that for being x to count as ‘alive’ it must satisfy three metaphysical conditions. It must be capable of engaging in active behaviour with a form of intentional directedness that offers to us a “sphere of transposition” into which we can intelligibly “transpose ourselves.” Heidegger’s discussion of these conditions, as they apply to the being of animals, is well-known. But, if his argument is sound, they ought also to apply to the being of plants. Heidegger, unfortunately, does not (...) supply this part of his ontology of life in any systematic detail. However, my thesis is that it is possible to interpret the nature and activities of plants, along the lines of –, and thus to make good on Heidegger’s omission. The key to this reconstruction is a reconceptualization of plant movements as constituted by a form of representationally blind, motor-intentionality. (shrink)

What is the relationship between justice as an individual virtue and justice as an institutional virtue? The latter has been exhaustively explored by political philosophers, whereas the former remains underexplored in the literature on virtue ethics. This article defends the view that individual justice is logically prior to institutional justice, and argues that this view requires a conception of individual justice I call ‘justice as lawfulness’. The resulting view consists of three claims. First, just institutions are composed of the relations (...) between just persons. Second, the just person has a disposition to act in accordance with the legal and social norms (collectively, thenomoi) of the existing political tradition. Third, departures from thenomoirequire that the just person act with practical wisdom to reform thenomoiaccording to an implicit standard of justice in the political tradition. (shrink)

Georges Palante, figure oubliée de la sociologie naissante, fut le théoricien d'une révolte intransigeante de l'individu face aux mécanismes oppressifs déployés par la société. Lecteur de Nietzsche et de Schopenhauer, ennemi déclaré des durkheimiens, socialiste non marxiste, farouche défenseur de l'individu, Georges Palante est un penseur iconoclaste qui n'a eu de cesse de développer une éthique individualiste et libertaire en vue du plein épanouissement des facultés et des potentialités individuelles. Cependant, par un étrange paradoxe, l'éthique palantienne prend sa source dans (...) une philosophie pessimiste qui offre à la révolte un caractère tragique et indompté : elle doit avoir lieu et ce, malgré la certitude de sa défaite. C'est précisément ce paradoxe que cet ouvrage entend questionner tout en offrant une introduction à l'oeuvre de Georges Palante. Interroger la possibilité d'une révolte pessimiste, c'est interroger ce moment de l'insoumission et de la désobéissance propre à la condition humaine. Palante ouvre la voie qui inscrit la révolte et le mouvement du refus dans la constitution même de l'homme. Avec Albert Camus, Palante pourrait affirmer : "Qu'est-ce qu'un homme révolté? Un homme qui dit non. Mais s'il refuse, il ne renonce pas : c'est aussi un homme qui dit oui dès son premier mouvement.". (shrink)

Traditional whistleblowing theories have purported that whistleblowers engage in a rational process in determining whether or not to blow the whistle on misconduct. However, stressors inherent to whistleblowing often impede rational thinking and act as a barrier to effective whistleblowing. The negative impact of these stressors on whistleblowing may be made worse depending on who engages in the misconduct: a peer or advisor. In the present study, participants are presented with an ethical scenario where either a peer or advisor engages (...) in misconduct, and positive and the negative consequences of whistleblowing are either directed to the wrongdoer, department, or university. Participant responses to case questions were evaluated for whistleblowing intentions, moral intensity, metacognitive reasoning strategies, and positive and negative, active and passive emotions. Findings indicate that participants were less likely to report the observed misconduct of an advisor compared to a peer. Furthermore, the findings also suggest that when an advisor is the source of misconduct, greater negative affect results. Post-hoc analyses were also conducted examining the differences between those who did and did not intend to blow the whistle under the circumstances of either having to report an advisor or peer. The implications of these findings for understanding the complexities involved in whistleblowing are discussed. (shrink)

This paper introduces two languages and associated logics designed to afford perspicuous representations of a range of natural language arguments involving adverbs and the like: first-order logic with basic adverbs (FOL-BA) and first-order logic with scoped adverbs (FOL-SA). The guiding logical idea is that an adverb can come between a term and the rest of the statement it is a part of, resulting in a logically stronger statement. I explain various interesting challenges that arise in the attempt to implement the (...) guiding idea, and provide solutions for some but not all of them. I conclude by outlining some directions for further research. (shrink)

This collection of translations is interesting, useful, and enjoyable. It introduces a philosophy little known in either English or the Western world. Russian Cosmism was a progressive movement in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Russia. It was an intellectual counter to the rational Futurism that would eventually take hold as the guiding functionalist art and scientific ideology of the Soviet Union. Cosmism sought to understand the totality of human civilization with the universe as the basic unit of analysis. Sunspots, cosmic (...) rays, and interstellar interactions with planet Earth could and did have an impact on human societies and political, economic, social, and artistic structures. It may seem... (shrink)

Heidegger’s ‘serious idealism’ aims at capturing the realist impulses of our natural consciousness whilst avoiding a collapse into metaphysical realism. This idealism is best conceived as a form of transcendental empiricism. But we need to distinguish two varieties of transcendental empiricism, corresponding to Heidegger’s early and later work. The latter, transcendental empiricism2, is superior. Here, Heidegger’s ontology of gift gives full, conceptual shape to the two-way dependency between man and world characteristic of transcendental empiricism as a whole. In exemplary forms (...) of inspired experience, marked by the 'animation' of our conceptually-structured natural powers, things call on us in a speech that is their very own. This moves us decisively beyond not only early Heidegger’s transcendental empiricism1 but also the picture of experience presented in McDowell’s Mind and World. (shrink)

outlines two fields of research: and , which in their entanglement form the starting point of an actor-media theory (AMT). Since the triple role of media – as , and – is currently being studied in a series of analyses, this paper suggests to introduce the procedural concept of the auxiliary medium to AMT. By the auxiliary in- and adscription of media and tools it should become clear that one cannot determine in advance where to find in the complex of (...) an action, and that the media's part in the concatenation of action initiatives is not fixed. In any case, a of media is necessary. German Durch die ANT sind zwei Forschungsfelder umrissen: Medien der Agentschaft und Agenturen der Medien , die in ihrer Verschränkung den Ansatzpunkt einer Akteur-Medien-Theorie (AMT) bilden. Da derzeit in einer Reihe von Analysen die Dreifachrolle der Medien als intermediary , mediator und device untersucht wird, schlägt der Aufsatz vor, den verfahrenstechnischen Begriff des Hilfsmediums für die AMT anzuwenden. Durch die hilfsmediale Ein-/Zuschreibung von Medien und Werkzeugen soll deutlich werden, dass man nicht vorab festlegen kann, wo man die Medien in einer Handlungsverknüpfung findet, und dass der Anteil der Medien an der Verkettung von Handlungsinitiativen nicht fixiert ist. Gleichwohl ist ein modicum der Medien notwendig. (shrink)

Durch die ANT sind zwei Forschungsfelder umrissen: Medien der Agentschaft und Agenturen der Medien, die in ihrer Verschränkung den Ansatzpunkt einer Akteur-Medien-Theorie (AMT) bilden. Da derzeit in einer Reihe von Analysen die Dreifachrolle der Medien als intermediary, mediator und device untersucht wird, schlägt der Aufsatz vor, den verfahrenstechnischen Begriff des Hilfsmediums für die AMT anzuwenden. Durch die hilfsmediale Ein-/Zuschreibung von Medien und Werkzeugen soll deutlich werden, dass man nicht vorab festlegen kann, wo man die Medien in einer Handlungsverknüpfung findet, und (...) dass der Anteil der Medien an der Verkettung von Handlungsinitiativen nicht fixiert ist. Gleichwohl ist ein modicum der Medien notwendig. outlines two fields of research: and, which in their entanglement form the starting point of an actor-media theory (AMT). Since the triple role of media – as, and – is currently being studied in a series of analyses, this paper suggests to introduce the procedural concept of the auxiliary medium to AMT. By the auxiliary in- and adscription of media and tools it should become clear that one cannot determine in advance where to find in the complex of an action, and that the media's part in the concatenation of action initiatives is not fixed. In any case, a of media is necessary. (shrink)

A great need for systematic evaluation of ethics training programs exists. Those tasked with developing an ethics training program may be quick to dismiss the value of training evaluation in continuous process improvement. In the present effort, we use a case study approach to delineate how to leverage formative and summative evaluation measures to create a high-quality ethics education program. With regard to formative evaluation, information bearing on trainee reactions, qualitative data from the comments of trainees, in addition to empirical (...) findings, can ensure that the training program operates smoothly. Regarding summative evaluation, measures examining trainee cognition, behavior, and organization-level results provide information about how much trainees have changed as a result of taking the ethics training. The implications of effective training program evaluation are discussed. (shrink)