Cilj rada: izložiti i analizirati pedagoške strategije i komunikacijski pristup definicijama bioetike, zajednički dio bioetičkih sadržaja koji se održavaju na sveučilišnim studijima Stomatologije i Organizacije, planiranja i upravljanja u zdravstvu, te Stručnom studiju medicinske radiologije na Medicinskom fakultetu u Rijeci. Metode: metoda analize sadržaja korištena je za istraživanje i prezentiranje enciklopedijskih i nekih autorskih definicija bioetike, s posebnim naglaskom na definicije bioetike autora – bioetičara iz Hrvatske; metoda uzorka 1. uključivala je kurikulum Medicinske etike, Bioetike i Etike zdravstvene skrbi te (...) istraživala stajališta 45 studenata studija na kojima se održavaju bioetički kolegiji. Uzorak je specifično stratificiran jer je: a) uključivao studente čiji se kurikulum odvija u turnusima – intenzivnim predavanjima u trajanju od dva tjedna, te one čija su se predavanja održavala svaki tjedan tijekom jednog semestra; b) različite godine studija , 2. skala procjene korištena je za istraživanje i prikupljanje stajališta studenata o sadržaju kurikuluma, metodama izvođenja i postignutoj razini komunikacije između studenata te komunikacije s profesorom. Očekivani rezultati: izložena metoda rada i rezultati dobiveni skalom procjene bi trebali pokazati prihvatljivost i uspješnost prikazanih pedagoško-metodoloških načina rada, ukazati na slabosti i nedostatke te konačno zaključiti o razmjeru u kojem izloženi koncept i pristupi aktualizaciji definicija bioetike doprinose realizaciji dijaloga i komunikacije u kojoj studenti istovremeno doživljavaju kurikulum kao nužan, koristan i zanimljiv te takav da potiče na razmišljanje, razmjenu ideja i nuđenje mogućih rješenja. Skala procjene bi trebala istaknuti različite stavove nastave. (shrink)

Ziel der Arbeit: Die Autorin präsentiert und analysiert pädagogische Strategien sowie einen bei der Bioethikdefinierung zum Tragen kommenden Kommunikationsansatz, ferner die gemeinsamen bioethischen Inhalte, die innerhalb verschiedener Studiengänge an der Medizinischen Fakultät in Rijeka gelehrt werden . Methode: Die Methode der inhaltlichen Analyse wurde eingesetzt, um bestimmte enzyklopädische Bioethikdefinitionen sowie die Definitionen einzelner weiterer Autoren, insbesondere bioethischer Autoren aus Kroatien, darzulegen und zu untersuchen; die Exemplarische Methode wurde angewandt 1) auf die Curricula der Medizinischen Ethik, der Bioethik sowie der Ethik (...) der Gesundheitsfürsorge und schloss eine Umfrage unter 45 Studenten mit ein, die im Rahmen ihres Studiums bioethische Kollegs besuchten. Die Gruppe der Umfrageteilnehmer wies eine besondere Stratifizierung auf: a) Manche Studenten besuchten die Fakultät in Turnussen, die jeweils zweiwöchig mit intensiven Lehrveranstaltungen abgehalten wurden, andere wiederum hatten allwöchentliche Vorlesungen innerhalb eines Semesters; b) an der Umfrage nahmen Studenten verschiedener Jahrgänge teil . 2) Die Bewertungsskala wurde eingesetzt, um zu ermitteln, wie von den Studenten die Lehrinhalte, Unterrichtsmethoden und die Kommunikation zu Kommillitonen und Professoren eingeschätzt werden. (shrink)

Dieser Artikel spezifiziert die Stellung, die der Hippokratische Eid im bioethischen Edukationsprogramm an den medizinischen Fakultäten einnimmt. Die vorgestellte Konzeptualisierung des Inhalts und die beschriebene Methodologie eines solchen Edukationsprogramms zeigen, dass das von historischen Fakten dominierte Curriculum durch die Vorkenntnisse der Studenten aktualisiert und durch ihre aktive Teilnahme am Zusammentragen neuer und relevanter Informationen problematisiert wird; daraufhin werden die neu erworbenen Kenntnisse umgesetzt, um eine Lösung für ein konkretes bioethisches Problem zu finden. Die aufgezeigten Möglichkeiten für Aktivitäten von Studenten und (...) Professoren sollen die Kooperation zwischen ihnen betonen, ferner die Kommunikation, bei der beide Seiten verschiedene Aufgaben zur Umsetzung des Curriculums übernehmen. (shrink)

Work purpose: to present and analyze pedagogical strategies and the communicational approach to definitions of bioethics, a mutual part of the bioethics contents being realized on the university studies of Dentistry, Organization, Planning and Management in Healthcare, and professional studies of Medical Radiology at the Medical School in Rijeka. Methods: the method of content analysis was used to research and present encyclopaedic and some authorial definitions of bioethics, with special emphasis on definitions of bioethics by authors – bioethicists from Croatia; (...) the method of pattern 1: included the curriculum of Medical Ethics and Bioethics and the Ethics of Healthcare, and researched standpoints of forty-five students educated in studies where bioethics courses are being realized. The pattern is specifically stratified because it: a) included students whose curriculum is being realized in shifts – intensive lectures in a duration of two weeks, and those whose lectures are being realized each week during one semester; b) different year of education . 2. The scale of assessment was used to research and obtain standpoints of students on the contents of the curriculum, methods of its performance, and the achieved level of communication among students and communication with the professor. Expected results: the presented method of work and results obtained by the scale of assessment should display the acceptability and successfulness of the presented pedagogicalmethodological means of work and point out to weaknesses and deficiencies, and finally conclude the extent to which the presented concept, and approaches to the actualization of the definitions of bioethics contribute to the realization of dialogue and communication in which students simultaneously experience the curriculum as necessary, useful, interesting, and one that may motivate them to think, exchange ideas and offer possible solutions. The scale of assessment should point out to different standpoints of students depending on the length of their study and commitment to a method of class realization. (shrink)

Ovaj članak specificira mjesto Hipokratove zakletve u programu bioetičkog obrazovanja na profesionalnim fakultetima gdje se obrazuju budući medicinski i zdravstveni radnici. Predstavljena konceptualizacija sadržaja i opisana metodologija rada pokazuje kako se sadržaji curriculuma, kojima dominiraju povijesne činjenice, aktualiziraju uporabom znanja što su ih studenti usvojili ranije, te problematiziraju aktivnim uključenjem studenata u prikupljanju nove informacije relevantne za sadržaj, a onda koriste usvojeno znanje kako bi riješili konkretni bioetički predmet ili problem. Ponuđena aktivnost studenata i nastavnika ima svrhu pokazati suradnički odnos (...) između njih, te komunikaciju u kojoj studenti i nastavnici međusobno preuzimaju zadatke u realizaciji sadržaja curriculuma. (shrink)

Objectif de l’étude : exposer et analyser les stratégies pédagogiques et l’approche communicationnelle des définitions de la bioéthique, un contenu bioéthique commun aux études universitaires de Stomatologie, aux études universitaires d’Organisation, de planification et d’administration des soins de santé, ainsi qu’aux études professionnelles de radiologie médicale à la Faculté de médecine de Rijeka. Méthodes : la méthode d’analyse de contenu a été utilisée pour examiner et présenter les définitions encyclopédiques de la bioéthique et quelques définitions d’auteur, avec l’accent sur les (...) définitions de la bioéthique données par les auteurs experts en bioéthique croates ; la méthode de panel incluait 1. le curriculum de L’Éthique médicale, de Bioéthique et de L’Éthique des soins de santé, et examinait les points de vue de 45 étudiants qui suivaient les matières relatives à la bioéthique. Le panel a été stratifié car il prenait en compte : a) les étudiants dont le curriculum se déroule par alternance, avec des cours intensifs durant deux semaines, puis les étudiants dont les cours avaient lieu chaque semaine au cours du semestre ; b) les différents niveaux d’études ; 2. une grille d’évaluation utilisée pour l’examen et la collecte des points de vue des étudiants à l’égard du contenu du curriculum, des méthodes de mise en oeuvre et du niveau de communication – entre étudiants ainsi qu’avec le professeur – accompli. Résultats attendus : la méthode de travail exposée et les résultats obtenus par le biais de la grille d’évaluation devraient montrer la recevabilité et l’aboutissement des moyens pédago-méthodologiques cités, indiquer leurs faiblesses et leurs insuffisances, puis conclure dans quelle mesure le concept et les approches de l’actualisation des définitions de la bioéthique présentés contribuent au dialogue et à la communication, ce qui permet en même temps de vivre le curriculum comme nécessaire, utile, intéressant et incitant à la réflexion, à l’échange d’idées et de propositions. La grille d’évaluation devrait mettre en relief les différents points de vue des étudiants en fonction de la durée de leurs études et de leur adhésion à une méthode de cours. (shrink)

Cet article spécifie la place du serment d’Hippocrate dans le programme bioéthique des établissements professionnels de formation du personnel médical. La conceptualisation du contenu présenté et la méthodologie décrite montrent comment les contenus du curriculum, dominés par des faits historiques, s’actualisent grâce à l’application des connaissances que les étudiants ont acquis précédemment, puis se problématisent grâce à la participation active des étudiants à la collecte de nouvelles informations relatives au contenu avant d’utiliser le savoir acquis pour résoudre concrètement un sujet (...) ou un problème bioéthique. La participation active des étudiants et des enseignants a pour but de montrer leur relation de collaboration ainsi qu’une communication dans laquelle les étudiants et les enseignants se partagent des tâches dans le cadre de la réalisation du curriculum. (shrink)

This article specifies the place of the Hippocratic Oath in the programme of bioethical education on graduate schools where future medical and healthcare workers are being educated. The presented conceptualization of contents and described methodology of work show how the curriculum contents, dominated by historical facts, are being actualized by the use of knowledge students have acquired earlier, and problematized by an active inclusion of students in collecting new information relevant for the content, and then using the acquired knowledge to (...) solve a concrete bioethical issue or problem. The offered activity of students and teacher has the purpose to demonstrate a collaborative relationship between students and teacher and a communication in which students and teacher mutually takeover tasks for the realisation of the curriculum content. (shrink)

There are currently two legally established criteria for death: the irreversible cessation of circulation and respiration and the irreversible cessation of neurologic function. Recently, there have been technological developments that could undermine the irreversibility requirement. In this paper, I focus both on whether death should be identified as an irreversible state and on the proper scope of irreversibility in the biological definition of death. In this paper, I tackle the distinction between the commonsense definition of death and the biological definition (...) of death to show that even the commonsense concept of death is specified by biological facts. Resting on this argument, I argue that any definition of death is a posteriori. Thus, irreversibility is part of any definition of death because the actual phenomenon of death is irreversible. In addition, I show that the proper domain of irreversibility in a definition of death is circumscribed by physical possibilities and that irreversibility in the definition of death refers to current possibilities for the reversal of relevant biological processes. I conclude that, despite recent technological advancements, death is still irreversible. (shrink)

Although there is substantial literature examining the flow of foreign investments into various regions of the world, there is still a lack of research about joint ventures and foreign investment activities in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). One objective of this paper is to remedy this neglect and extend previous empirical work by focusing on foreign investments in the MENA region. The second objective is to focus on non-traditional determinants that have tended to be overlooked or underestimated in (...) previous research. The increasing globalization has led to a reconfiguration of the ways in which multinationals pursue various types of foreign investments,and changed the motives for and the determinants of FDI. This has prompted some to suggest that non traditional determinants have become more important. In view of that, the paper will focus on factors such as governance, legal environment, and economic freedom and examine their impact on foreign investment activities in the MENA region. (shrink)

Recenze seznamuje s knihou Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction, jejímž autorem je Timothy John Bayne. Recenze je zaměřena na obsah jednotlivých kapitol a celkové zhodnocení knihy. Cílem je seznámit čtenáře s klíčovými tématy, jimž se Bayne v knize věnuje, a s jeho argumentací. Klíčová slova: filosofie mysli, Timothy John Bayne, Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction.

The web is being loaded daily with a huge volume of data, mainly unstructured textual data, which increases the need for information extraction and NLP systems significantly. Named-entity recognition task is a key step towards efficiently understanding text data and saving time and effort. Being a widely used language globally, English is taking over most of the research conducted in this field, especially in the biomedical domain. Unlike other languages, Arabic suffers from lack of resources. This work presents a BERT-based (...) model to identify biomedical named entities in the Arabic text data that investigates the effectiveness of pretraining a monolingual BERT model with a small-scale biomedical dataset on enhancing the model understanding of Arabic biomedical text. The model performance was compared with two state-of-the-art models, and it outperformed both models with 85% F1-score. (shrink)

The use of brain technology that contributes to psychological changes has spurred a debate about personal identity. Some argue that neurotechnology does not undermine personal continuity (Levy, 2011) while others argue that it does (Kreitmair, 2019; Schechtman, 2010). To make these assessments, commentators fail to identify psychological changes that cause personal discontinuity. In this paper, I present a view that identifies personal continuity with the maintenance of a self-concept. I argue that a concept of self requires the ability to self-ascribe (...) physical and psychological features and that the diachronic self emerges with self-ascriptions of features that require endurance over time. I maintain that an adequate concept of self does not depend on the maintenance of any particular combination of self-ascriptions and that it can be maintained despite even significant changes in psychological or physical traits. Finally, I apply the self-concept view to identify changes that can result in discontinuity of self. (shrink)

Health care providers are expected both to relieve pain and to provide anticipatory guidance regarding how much a procedure is going to hurt. Fulfilling those expectations is complicated by the cognitive modulation of pain perception. Warning people to expect pain or setting expectations for pain relief not only influences their subjective experience, but it also alters how nociceptive stimuli are processed throughout the sensory and discriminative pathways in the brain. In light of this, I reconsider the characterization of placebo analgesia (...) as pharmacologically inert and the use of it as deceptive. I show that placebo analgesia exploits the same physical mechanisms as proven analgesics and argue that it should be utilized to relieve pain. Additionally, I describe factors to help identify situations in which clinicians have the obligation to disclose the potential for pain coupled with ways of mitigating the risk of high-intensity pain by setting positive expectations. (shrink)

More than 5 billion people in the world own a smartphone. More than half of these have been used to collect and process health-related data. As such, the existing volume of potentially exploitable health data is unprecedentedly large and growing rapidly. Mobile health applications (apps) on smartphones are some of the worst offenders and are increasingly being used for gathering and exchanging significant amounts of personal health data from the public. This data is often utilized for health research purposes and (...) for algorithm training. While there are advantages to utilizing this data for expanding health knowledge, there are associated risks for the users of these apps, such as privacy concerns and the protection of their data. Consequently, gaining a deeper comprehension of how apps collect and crowdsource data is crucial. To explore how apps are crowdsourcing data and to identify potential ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI), we conducted an examination of the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store in North America and Europe to identify apps that could potentially gather health data through crowdsourcing. Subsequently, we analyzed their privacy policies, terms of use, and other related documentation to gain insights into the utilization of users’ data and the possibility of repurposing it for research or algorithm training purposes. More specifically, we reviewed privacy policies to identify clauses pertaining to the following key categories: research, data sharing, privacy/confidentiality, commercialization, and return of findings. Based on the results of these app search, we developed an App Atlas that presents apps which crowdsource data for research or algorithm training. We identified 46 apps available in the European and Canadian markets that either openly crowdsource health data for research or algorithm training or retain the legal or technical capability to do so. This app search showed an overall lack of consistency and transparency in privacy policies that poses challenges to user comprehensibility, trust, and informed consent. A significant proportion of applications presented contradictions or exhibited considerable ambiguity. For instance, the vast majority of privacy policies in the App Atlas contain ambiguous or contradictory language regarding the sharing of users’ data with third parties. This raises a number of ethico-legal concerns which will require further academic and policy attention to ensure a balance between protecting individual interests and maximizing the scientific utility of crowdsourced data. This article represents a key first step in better understanding these concerns and bringing attention to this important issue. (shrink)

This chapter will address the axiological objection to cognitive enhancement, which is that the use of cognitive enhancers reduces the value of cognitive achievement. In a recent defense of cognitive enhancement, Carter and Pritchard (2019) utilize the extended mind hypothesis to argue that cognitive enhancers do not compromise knowledge acquisition. In this chapter, it will be demonstrated that the reliance on the extended mind hypothesis leaves some cognitive enhancers vulnerable to the axiological objection. To expand the scope of the argument, (...) it will be shown that criteria for cognitive integration are applicable even to enhancers that cause changes to cognition internal to the human organism. This chapter will begin with a description of several cognitive enhancers and with the identification of the type of cognitive process they purportedly improve. It will then be demonstrated that even when those improvements are internal, they need not affect cognitive character and do not compromise cognitive agency. (shrink)

To cause pain, it is not enough to deliver a dose of noxious stimulation. Pain requires the interaction of sensory processing, emotion, and cognition. In this paper, I focus on the role of cognition in the felt intensity of pain. I provide evidence for the cognitive modulation of pain. In particular, I show that attention and expectation can influence the experience of pain intensity. I also consider the mechanisms that underlie the cognitive effects on pain. I show that all the (...) proposed mechanisms of pain modulation affirm the view that cognition impacts the sensory and discriminative aspects of pain. I conclude that pain perception is a cognitively penetrated phenomenon. (shrink)

This paper argues that the self, as both the centre of our identity and the focus of our spiritual life, has not been given enough consideration with regard to the ethics of managers and leaders. Informed by models of self-realisation and the Jungian process of individuation, our discussion suggests that the way we perceive and interpret our self affects our moral behaviour. In particular, integrity of the self fully participates in enhancing servant leadership and consistent ethical practice. We illustrate the (...) argument with comments from various managers on the statement: ‘Being true to your self’. (shrink)

Neuroethics is an emerging interdisciplinary field with unsettled boundaries. Many of the ethical issues within the purview of neuroethics could be described as resulting from the clash between the scientific perspective on concepts such as free will, personal identity, consciousness, etc., and the putatively commonsense conceptions of those terms. The assumption that undergirds the framing of the conflict between these two approaches is that advances in neuroscience, psychiatry, and psychology can be used to explain phenomena covered by commonsense concepts and (...) in some cases undermine them entirely. This book is focused on the examination of the particular relationship between developments in neuroscience and commonsense moral concepts. Common sense, I argue, has been misinterpreted as a static, either foundational or degenerative, basis of our morality, when it is an ever shifting repository of theories from many domains. Within this discussion, I focus on the application of neuroscience to human beings, i.e., the ethics of neuroscience. But I also cover issues within the purview of the neuroscience of ethics, and attempt to address the infiltration of neuroscientific knowledge into everyday parlance and the impact of that on our commonsense morality and psychology. (shrink)

On the fundamentals of Hindu philosophy and doctrines.

Neoliberal restructuring and the feminization of export-led industries are often associated with the disempowerment of women in the workplace. Surprisingly, this disempowerment was not the case with a public textile company in Mahalla, an industrial city north of Cairo. Between 2006 and 2008, workers organized wildcat strikes involving around 24,000 workers. In contrast to the strike waves of the 1980s, women were integral to organizing the strikes and assumed leadership roles in them. This article argues that even as Egypt adopted (...) structural adjustments in the 1990s that led to the decline of the historically leading sectors of textiles and yarn, exports of clothing increased. By the 2000s, the clothing sector was completely feminized and women in Mahalla were positioned in the most productive departments. This change empowered women by elevating their role and induced skeptical male colleagues to support women’s activism in the company and to build cross-gender solidarity. (shrink)

The Myners Review of the pension fund industry has started a debate on pension fund governance and the fund industry itself. This paper provides a review of pension fund trusteeship in the UK, its role, operating models and impact. It argues that deficiencies in the systems uncovered by the Myners Review stem from a tension between conflicting philosophies - that of trusteeship built on stakeholder principles but operating in shareholder markets.

Loss of personal identity in dementia can raise a number of ethical considerations, including the applicability of advance directives and the validity of patient preferences that seem incongruous with a previous history of values. In this chapter, we first endorse the self-concept view as the most appropriate approach to personal continuity in healthcare. We briefly describe two different types of dementia, Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bv-FTD). We identify elements considered important for the continuation of a self-concept, including (...) continuation of memories, consistency in personality traits and personal preferences, and continued endorsement of certain moral tenets. We show that, depending on which element is considered most important for personal identity, continuity of a self-concept for individuals with distinct types of dementia will be affected and assessed differently. Utilizing a variety of empirical evidence, we argue that persistence of memory, personality traits, and preferences are not the most important for the maintenance of personal identity. Instead, as studies aimed to capture the folk-psychological view of personal continuity demonstrate, judgements about continuity depend primarily on the persistent commitment to widely shared moral beliefs. Because of that, we argue that individuals with bv-FTD are more likely to lose their sense of self than individuals whose dementia primarily affects memory, such as Alzheimer’s disease. We end the chapter by showing how the importance of moral beliefs for continuity of self can be used to provide guidance to health-care professionals when considering changes in preference by individuals with dementia. (shrink)

In 1959 two French neurologists, Pierre Mollaret and Maurice Goullon, coined the term coma dépassé to designate a state beyond coma. In this state, patients are not only permanently unconscious; they lack the endogenous drive to breathe, as well as brainstem reflexes, indicating that most of their brain has ceased to function. Although legally recognized in many countries as a criterion for death, brain death has not been universally accepted by bioethicists, by the medical community, or by the public. I (...) this paper, I defend brain death as a biological concept. I challenge two assumptions in the brain death literature that have shaped the debate and have stood in the way of an argument for brain death as biological. First, I challenge the dualism established in the debate between the body and the brain. Second, I contest the emphasis on consciousness, which prevents the inclusion of psychological phenomena into a biological criterion of death. I propose that the term organism should apply both to the functioning of the body and the brain. I argue that the cessation of the organism as a whole should take into account three elements of integrated function. Those three elements are: 1) the loss of integrated bodily function; 2) the loss of psychophysical integration required for processing of external stimuli and those required for behavior; and, 3) the loss of integrated psychological function, such as memory, learning, attention, and so forth. The loss of those three elements of integrated function is death. (shrink)