Principa Practica is a provocative work in which author Arnold Johanson maintains that philosophers since Socrates have been asking the wrong questions, like "What is good?" and "What is right?" The reason for this, according to the author, is that moral philosophers have based their work on a logical framework more suitable to science than to ethics and politics. Striking out in a new direction, the author bases his work on the concept of requirement which he finds not only (...) has a rich logical structure but, if properly formulated, can be used to guide humanity in its struggle to find meaning in life, on one hand, and to find peace, happiness, and order, on the other. The fact that the work has an emphasis on logic may suggest that only those with a technical bent can read this work, but this is not so: much of this work—over two-thirds—is designed to be read by those without a technical background in mathematics and logic. (shrink)

As relações de poder em torno das questões de raça, classe e gênero dão lugar a uma combinação característica de opressões que atingem, de modo particular, as mulheres negras. A fim de refletir sobre o conceito de interseccionalidade na obra Quarto de Despejo: diário de uma favelada, abordaremos a questão do contexto colonial no qual se enraízam os alicerces que têm mantido praticamente intactas as estruturas sociais das desigualdades de condições em meio à diversidade de indivíduos. Visamos a destacar no (...) artigo como a autora Carolina Maria de Jesus dialoga com a perspectiva interseccional desenvolvida dentro do feminismo negro, expondo as diferentes opressões e resistências que a obra permite analisar.Palavras-chave: Interseccionalidade. Feminismo negro. Filosofia. Literatura.AbstractThe power relations around the questions of race, class e gender cause a characteristic combination of oppressions that hits, in a particular way, the black women. In order to reflect about the concept of intersectionality in the book Quarto de Despejo: diário de uma favela, we will approach the question of the colonial context in which the foundations that have maintained practically intact the social structures of inequalities of conditions among the diversity of individuals. We are looking to highlight in the article how the author Carolina Maria de Jesus dialogues with the intersectional perspective developed within black feminism, exposing the different oppressions and resistances that the book allows to analyze.Keywords: Intersectionality. Black feminism. Philosophy. Literature. (shrink)

Language has been shown to influence the ability to form categories. Nevertheless, in most prior work, the effects of language could have been bolstered by the fact that linguistic labels were introduced by the experimenter prior to the categorization task in ways that could have highlighted their relevance for the task. Here, we compared the potency of labels to that of other non‐linguistic cues on how people categorized novel, perceptually ambiguous natural kinds (e.g., flowers or birds). Importantly, we varied whether (...) these cues were explicitly presented as relevant to the categorization task. In Experiment 1, we compared labels, numbers, and symbols: One group of participants was told to pay attention to these cues because they would be helpful (Relevant condition), a second group was told that the cues were irrelevant and should be ignored (Irrelevant condition), and a third group was told nothing about the cues (Neutral condition). Even though task relevance affected overall reliance on cues during categorization, participants were more likely to use labels to determine category boundaries, compared to numbers or symbols. In Experiments 2 and 3, we replicated and fine‐tuned the advantage of labels in more stringent categorization tasks. These results offer novel evidence for the position that labels offer unique indications of category membership, compared to non‐linguistic cues. (shrink)

Tendo como ponto de referência o pensamento de Henri Bergson e, a partir dele, a relação de identidade entre liberdade e criação, ação livre e ação criadora, este trabalho tem como propósito levantar algumas questões relativas à função do método em relação a uma filosofia que encara a arte, o artista e a atividade artística como exemplos de que o conhecimento acerca do real e do verdadeiro é possível e, justamente em virtude disso, os toma como paradigmas da própria filosofia. (...) Em outros termos, interessa aqui dar alguns passos no sentido da investigação acerca do que quer e o que pode uma filosofia que guarda profundas afinidades com a arte e que, além disso, busca entendê-la em sua essência, compreendê-la em seus princípios e revelar a sua natureza. (shrink)

Resumo: Um dos principais temas postos pela filosofia bergsoniana, no âmbito da subjetividade, é o da distinção entre consciência interior e exterior, entre uma interioridade, um eu interior, profundo, e uma exterioridade, um eu superficial, periférico. Ainda que o lugar seja, em princípio, algo pertinente apenas a um dos dois polos do eu - a saber, aquele relativo à exterioridade, à extensão e ao espaço -, a discussão acerca da natureza própria da interioridade reconfigura a ideia de lugar, no pensamento (...) bergsoniano, pois, na medida em que é duração, também o eu interior se apresenta como uma região muito particular da experiência e da vida. A amplitude e os limites da existência, posta então como efetiva experiência do indivíduo em meio a esses dois lugares extremos, irredutíveis e de naturezas absolutamente distintas, e também, por isso mesmo, a relação entre temporalidade e intencionalidade, é o que pretendemos abordar neste ensaio.: One of the main issues posed by Bergson's philosophy in the field of subjectivity is the distinction between inner and outer consciousness; between an interiority, an inner deep self, and an exteriority, a superficial peripheral self. Even though place is in principle something pertinent only to one of the two poles of the self - namely, that relating to exteriority, extension and space - the discussion about the nature of interiority reconfigures the idea of place in Bergson's thought. This is because insofar as it is duration, the inner self also presents itself as a very particular region of experience and life. In this essay we address the extent and the limits of existence, posited as an effective experience of the individual in the midst of these two extreme, irreducible, and absolutely distinct places. In the same context, we also address the relation between temporality and intentionality. (shrink)

Children's overextensions of spatial language are often taken to reveal spatial biases. However, it is unclear whether extension patterns should be attributed to children's overly general spatial concepts or to a narrower notion of conceptual similarity allowing metaphor‐like extensions. We describe a previously unnoticed extension of spatial expressions and use a novel method to determine its origins. English‐ and Greek‐speaking 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds used containment expressions (e.g., English into, Greek mesa) for events where an object moved into another object but (...) extended such expressions to events where the object moved behind or under another object. The pattern emerged in adult speakers of both languages and also in speakers of 10 additional languages. We conclude that learners do not have an overly general concept of Containment. Nevertheless, children (and adults) perceive similarities across Containment and other types of spatial scenes, even when these similarities are obscured by the conventional forms of the language. (shrink)

Em sonsonância com a arte de seu tempo, o esforço de criação, sob a perspectiva bergsoniana, se constitui em meio a uma elaboração material, corporal, relacionada, por sua vez, a uma construção musical. A noção bergsoniana de tempo musical como produção criadora diz respeito, assim, a um meio particular de conhecimento: a intuição. Ela se desdobra, no caso da arte, em obra e, na filosofia, em metafísica.

Having as point of reference the works of Henri Bergson and, from these, the relationship of the identity between freedom and creation, free action and creative action, the purpose of this paper is to bring to light some questions about the function of method to a philosophy which faces the art, the artist and the artistic activity as examples of which the knowledge of the real and of the true are possible, and for this reason, take it as paradigms of (...) the own philosophy. In other words, it interest to give some steps to the direction of the investigations concerning what want and what can a philosophy which has a profound affinities with art and, beyond this, search to understand it in its essence, in its principles, and reveal its nature.Tendo como ponto de referência o pensamento de Henri Bergson e, a partir dele, a relação de identidade entre liberdade e criação, ação livre e ação criadora, este trabalho tem como propósito levantar algumas questões relativas à função do método em relação a uma filosofia que encara a arte, o artista e a atividade artística como exemplos de que o conhecimento acerca do real e do verdadeiro é possível e, justamente em virtude disso, os toma como paradigmas da própria filosofia. Em outros termos, interessa aqui dar alguns passos no sentido da investigação acerca do que quer e o que pode uma filosofia que guarda profundas afinidades com a arte e que, além disso, busca entendê-la em sua essência, compreendê-la em seus princípios e revelar a sua natureza. (shrink)

Healthcare workers experience moral injury (MI), a violation of their moral code due to circumstances beyond their control. MI threatens the healthcare workforce in all settings and leads to medical errors, depression/anxiety, and personal and occupational dysfunction, significantly affecting job satisfaction and retention. This article aims to differentiate concepts and define causes surrounding MI in healthcare. A narrative literature review was performed using SCOPUS, CINAHL, and PubMed for peer-reviewed journal articles published in English between 2017 and 2023. Search terms included (...) “moral injury” and “moral distress,” identifying 249 records. While individual risk factors predispose healthcare workers to MI, root causes stem from healthcare systems. Accumulation of moral stressors and potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) (from administrative burden, institutional betrayal, lack of autonomy, corporatization of healthcare, and inadequate resources) result in MI. Individuals with MI develop moral resilience or residue, leading to burnout, job abandonment, and post-traumatic stress. Healthcare institutions should focus on administrative and climate interventions to prevent and address MI. Management should ensure autonomy, provide tangible support, reduce administrative burden, advocate for diversity of clinical healthcare roles in positions of interdisciplinary leadership, and communicate effectively. Strategies also exist for individuals to increase moral resilience, reducing the impact of moral stressors and PMIEs. (shrink)

The Dynamic Psychology of Early Buddhism. Rune E. A. Johanson. Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 37. Distributed by Curzon Press, London. 236pp. £4.75.

This article examines birthday party decorations as a way of understanding the materiality and religious place-making of an expanding Baptist congregation in central Sweden in the early twentieth century. The fiftieth birthday party for Magnus Johanson, held at Salem Chapel in Falun, Dalarna county, in 1906, was decorated with birch branches, large Swedish flags and bunting and an elaborately laid table featuring coffee cups and refreshments. From an analysis of these material elements and a deeper investigation into the lives (...) of Johanson and his wife Kristina, it can be seen that evangelicals had a flexible approach to their ‘sacred’ spaces. Social activities and the act of decorating them created not only a sense of congregational fellowship and belonging but also the opportunity for congregations to display their connection to external cultural and political identities. Through the construction of chapel buildings and their subsequent decoration, male and female members were able to demonstrate a complementary creativity. Together they contributed to the cre-ation of Salem as a multi-purpose, comfortable and accepted place within Falun’s evolving religious landscape. (shrink)

The Problem of Perception offers two arguments against direct realism--one concerning illusion, and one concerning hallucination--that no current theory of ...

This companion is a cutting-edge primer to critical forms of the posthumanities and the feminist posthumanities, aimed at students and researchers who want to catch up with the recent theoretical developments in various fields in the humanities, such as new media studies, gender studies, cultural studies, science and technology studies, human animal studies, postcolonial critique, philosophy and environmental humanities. It contains a collection of nineteen new and original short chapters introducing influential concepts, ideas and approaches that have shaped and developed (...) new materialism, inhuman theory, critical posthumanism, feminist materialism, and posthuman philosophy. A resource for students and teachers, this comprehensive volume brings together established international scholars and emerging theorists, for timely and astute definitions of a moving target – posthuman humanities and feminist posthumanities. (shrink)

Inspired by Castañeda (1966, 1968), Perry (1979) and Lewis (1979) showed that a specific variety of singular thoughts, thoughts about oneself “as oneself” – de se thoughts, as Lewis called them – raise special issues, and they advanced rival accounts. Their suggestive examples raise the problem of de se thought – to wit, how to characterize it so as to give an accurate account of the data, tracing its relations to singular thoughts in general. After rehearsing the main tenets of (...) two contrasting accounts – a Lewisian one and a Perrian one – in the first section of this paper, in the second I will present a proposal of my own, which is a specific elaboration of the Perrian account. In the first section I will indicate some weaknesses of Perry’s presentation of his view; the proposal I will articulate in the second overcomes them. I will conclude with a brief discussion of reasons for preferring one or another account, in particular regarding the issue of the communication of de se thoughts. (shrink)

В книге говорится о творце, генерирующем творческие акты – непредсказуемые решения and (озарения and ), феномены, которыми обладает только человек-личность. Общественные институты, как и само общество в целом, не могут исключительно своими социальными усилиями генерировать творческий акт. Таким образом, без этого личностного, практически абсолютно автономного, творческого решения общество не может ни обойтись, ни чем-либо его заменить. Используя творческие акты, эти феномены, имманентные только человеку, общество консолидируется и развивается, и, таким образом, человек-творец становится двигателем истории человечества. В этом смысле категория личность (...) имеет не меньшую значимость, чем категория производительные силы или категория общество. Рассматривается концепция природы творчества по Вифляеву, с полным философским обоснованием. (shrink)

Following the trend of sharing, and associating being on-line with being 'on-life', many people are now demanding the ownership and control of their data across all processing phases, including the erasure of their presence on the web. In Europe, recent proposals for regulation include an explicit 'Right to be Forgotten'; this right stated in the European Commission Proposal for Regulation COM 2011/12 does not emerge without controversy. It is being criticised on several grounds, including clashing with other rights, such as (...) freedom of expression, as well as setting the terrain for censorship. Besides the purely legal aspects of the proposed provisions, the chapters of this volume discuss how those legal provisions correspond in practice to worldviews and how individual and collective memory must be governed. They look into the deeper consequences of such provisions to construction of identity, culture and community formation, and how such a right affects how, what and why individuals, groups and societies remember and forget. (shrink)

La admirable riqueza cultural y artística del Renacimiento esconde una desoladora miseria y aquella "edad de la abundancia" contrasta con una inmensa pobreza. Lejos de ser una broma o una pesadilla, la celebrada Utopía de Tomás Moro fue antes que nada un desafío insoslayable, pues proponía que ninguna sociedad merece tal nombre si tolera la miseria de un solo pobre. Rico y pobre explora la cuestión en ese libro de 1516 y en otros del escritor londinense para concluir con un (...) esbozo de su vida a la luz de la pobreza como virtud indispensable y libertadora. He aquí un hombre afortunado que no fue indiferente ante el infortunio de tantos y que vio en la humanitas la virtud por excelencia que lleva a una constante atención y cuidado del prójimo. Inspirado por un cambio de actitud en su época, así como por su fe cristiana y la mejor tradición estoica, mostró una robusta preocupación sobre el tema subrayando el valor social que debe tener toda riqueza, tanto a nivel estatal como individual, destacando la grave obligación cívica de los ricos y la necesidad que tienen todos, ricos y pobres, de empeñarse en la práctica de cierto desprendimiento y generosidad si no quieren mermar su propia humanidad y fallecer en su avaricia. La percepción de la miseria había cambiado de tal manera que su remedio ya no podía estar en una u otra limosna en plazas e iglesias, sino en la acción bien pensada y perentoria de todo gobierno que se tenga por justo. Sir Tomás Moro, privilegiado desde la cuna y seguro en su trabajo profesional, vio la pobreza de tantos como un desastre social, pero uno que, al mismo tiempo, debería llevar a todo ser humano a ver en el desprendimiento y generosidad una excelencia o virtud que alumbra la "otra" libertad, y tan íntima y valiosa que en su caso brilló aun en la prisión y ante el horror de una muerte injusta y atroz." -- Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Tom 1. Rannekhristianskiĭ gnosticheskiĭ tekst v rossiĭskoĭ kulʹture (21 i︠a︡nvari︠a︡ 2011 g.) -- Tom 2. Sudʹby religiozno-filosofskikh iskaniĭ Nikolai︠a︡ Novikova i ego kruga (15-17 okti︠a︡bri︠a︡ 2012 g.).

يقدم المؤلف لنا قانونا اجتماعيًا لعلماء النفس والاجتماع السياسي صاغه كالآتي: (إذا زاد عدد الأفراد الذين يمارسون تصرّفًا يعدّ خزيًا، وتساهل القانون في محاسبة مرتكبيه، وعجز الناس عن إيقافه أو وجدوا له تبريرًا، تحوّل إلى ظاهرة ولم يعد خزيًا كما كان). و من هذه العبارة التقديمية يمكن أن نؤكد أن هذا الكتاب لا يمكن إيفاءه حقه بنبذة موجزة، فهو سفر فكري ممتع، حيث يتناول المؤلف فيه بشكل تحليلي وعلمي مقنع أهم الموضوعات التي تشغل العقل العربي، ما بين شخصيات سياسية كصدام (...) وسليماني، وما بين فكرة الموت والانتحار، والبغاء والجريمة، والالحاد والإيمان، واللاوعي الجمعي العربي وما يحمله من أمراض وانحرافات، والتحرش والكبت، والفساد والسلطة، واللغة العربية والحضارة. (shrink)