The starting?point for this discussion is Rolf Gruner's ?On the Action of Social Groups? (Inquiry, Vol. 19 [1976]), in which it is argued that assemblies and institutions can be said to perform actions, while classes cannot. It is shown here that teams, which are groups distinct from both assemblies and institutions, can also be said to act. Some of the similarities and differences between teams and assemblies and institutions are noted; and, in particular, it is found that the relation between (...) the action of a team and the actions of its members differs from the corresponding relations in the cases of assemblies and institutions. (shrink)

Originally published in 1965. This is a textbook of modern deductive logic, designed for beginners but leading further into the heart of the subject than most other books of the kind. The fields covered are the Propositional Calculus, the more elementary parts of the Predicate Calculus, and Syllogistic Logic treated from a modern point of view. In each of the systems discussed the main emphases are on Decision Procedures and Axiomatisation, and the material is presented with as much formal rigour (...) as is compatible with clarity of exposition. The techniques used are not only described but given a theoretical justification. Proofs of Consistency, Completeness and Independence are set out in detail. The fundamental characteristics of the various systems studies, and their relations to each other are established by meta-logical proofs, which are used freely in all sections of the book. Exercises are appended to most of the chapters, and answers are provided. (shrink)

Most of the paper is devoted to examining and discussing a conceptual scheme devised by Jakob Mel?e for the description of human action. The main focus is on that part of the scheme which Mel?e has developed in detail in his ?Akt?ren og hans verden?, and which is a scheme for describing single practical operations by a single agent. These operations have the form ?x operates on y?. I identify as central in this scheme the four concepts of the operation's (...) tautologous object, the operation's tautologous subject, the agent and the agent's tautologous body. The common thematic concern of Mel?e's work and this paper is the question of the extent to which the agent's landscape (in a fairly broad sense of the term) is a determinant of the identity of his action. (shrink)