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Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy > Hellenistic and Later Ancient Philosophy > Academic Skeptics > Cicero
Cicero
Edited by Sean McConnell (University of Otago)
About this topic
| Summary | Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE) was a Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher. As well as speeches, letters, and rhetorical treatises, Cicero wrote numerous philosophical works. There are two schools of thought on the novelty and value of Cicero’s philosophical works: (1) he is essentially just repackaging Greek material in Latin, offering renditions of existing ideas that are invaluable for saving much of the lost tradition of Hellenistic philosophy; (2) he is doing something more than that, developing distinctive philosophical contributions of his own. Most recent studies stress the innovative elements of Cicero’s philosophical thinking. Cicero's philosophical writings have been very influential in the history and development of European intellectual traditions. |
| Introductions | Woolf 2014 and Woolf 2022 are excellent and accessible introductions to Cicero’s philosophical thought for the general reader. MacKendrick 1989 offers useful plot summaries of each work. Atkins & Bénatouïl 2021 provides a comprehensive survey of all major areas of Cicero's philosophical thought and practice. Schofield 2021 offers a detailed account of Cicero's political philosophy in particular. |
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- Carneades (5)
- Academic Skeptics, Misc (14)
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- The Partial Coherence of Cicero’s De officiis.Thornton Lockwood - manuscriptMartha Nussbaum has provided a sustained critique of Cicero’s De officiis (or On Duties), concerning what she claims is Cicero’s incoherent distinction between duties of justice, which are strict, cosmopolitan, and impartial, and duties of material aid, which are elastic, weighted towards those who are near and dear, and partial. No doubt, from Nussbaum’s cosmopolitan perspective, Cicero’s distinction between justice and beneficence seems problematic and lies at the root of modern moral failures to conceptualize adequately our obligations in situations of (...)
- Cicero's Philosophy of Just War.Thornton Lockwood - manuscriptCicero’s ethical and political writings present a detailed and sophisticated philosophy of just war, namely an account of when armed conflict is morally right or wrong. Several of the philosophical moves or arguments that he makes, such as a critique of “Roman realism” or his incorporation of the ius fetiale—a form of archaic international law—are remarkable similar to those of the contemporary just war philosopher Michael Walzer, even if Walzer is describing inter-state war and Cicero is describing imperial war. But (...)
- Cicero's demarcation of science: A report of shared criteria.Damian Fernandez Beanato - forthcoming - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A.
- Grotius Contra Carneades: Natural Law and the Problem of Self-Interest.Scott Casleton - forthcoming - Journal of the History of Philosophy.In the Prolegomena to De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Hugo Grotius expounds his theory of natural law by way of reply to a skeptical challenge from the Greek Academic Carneades. Though this dialectical context is undeniably important for understanding Grotian natural law, commentators disagree about the substance of Carneades’s challenge. This paper aims to give a definitive reading of Carneades’s skeptical argument, and, by reconstructing Grotius’s reply, to settle some longstanding debates about Grotius’s conception of natural law. I argue that (...)
- Kant’s Rejection of Stoic Eudaimonism.Michael Vazquez - forthcoming - In Melissa Merritt (ed.), Kant and Stoic Ethics. Cambridge University Press.This chapter situates Kant’s rejection of Stoic eudaimonism within his overarching anti-eudaimonist agenda. I begin by emphasizing the importance of the Stoic tradition for Kant’s critical reception of ancient ethical theory. I then reconstruct the central commitments of ancient Stoic eudaimonism and of Christian Garve’s quasi-Stoic eudaimonism. Turning to Kant’s anti-Stoic argument in the Dialectic of the Second Critique, I argue that the primary target of Kant’s error of subreption (vitium subreptionis) is the Stoic Seneca, specifically his account of joy (...)
- Cicero in the German Enlightenment.Hahmann Andree & Michael Vazquez - 2024 - In Andree Hahmann & Michael Vazquez (eds.), Cicero as Philosopher: New Perspectives on His Philosophy and Its Legacy. De Gruyter. pp. 391-408.This chapter explores Cicero’s reception in the German Enlightenment, a topic that has garnered less scholarly attention compared to his influence in the Anglosphere. Focusing on Johann Joachim Spalding and Christian Garve as case studies, we highlight Cicero’s profound and often underappreciated impact on German intellectual thought, particularly in shaping ideas about the human vocation (Bestimmung des Menschen)—a legacy that extends even to the towering figure of the German Enlightenment, Immanuel Kant.
- Cicero : statesman and teacher of statesmen.Timothy W. Caspar - 2024 - In Michael Anton, Glenn Ellmers & Charles R. Kesler (eds.), Leisure with dignity: essays in celebration of Charles R. Kesler. New York: Encounter Books.Remove from this listExport citation
Bookmark - Ad impellendum satis, ad edocendum parum. Note sul presunto elogio di Varrone ovvero sull'elogio menippeo in Ac. 1,9.Diomira Gattafoni - 2024 - Ciceroniana on Line 8 (1):245-276.This paper proposes an alternative reading of the praise addressed by Cicero to Varro in Ac.1 9, interpreting the passage not litteratim but in a Menippean key. The author seems to take this dedication to Varro as a literary and philosophical challenge — a reading for which there are other clues in the dedicatory letter and in the Letters to Atticus. The initial reticence of Varro’s character resembles that attributed by Szlezák to Socrates in the Euthydemus: before being Cicero encourages (...)
- CICERO'S INTELLECTUAL MANIFESTO - (J.E.G.) Zetzel The Lost Republic. Cicero's De oratore and De re publica. Pp. xii + 367. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. Cased, £64, US$99. ISBN: 978-0-19-762609-2. [REVIEW]Margaret R. Graver - 2024 - The Classical Review 74 (1):99-101.
- Cicero on Natural and Artificial Divination.Andree Hahmann - 2024 - Ancient Philosophy 44 (1):225-246.Cicero distinguishes between two forms of divination: natural and artificial divination. Most contemporary scholars assume that Cicero presents a Stoic division and some even draw far-reaching conclusions about the scientific status of divination based on this distinction. However, his justification for the division is apparently contradictory and neither fits with Stoic nor Peripatetic claims that are found elsewhere. This paper examines the exact meaning of the division and sheds light on its Stoic and Peripatetic origin. In this way, we will (...)
- Cicero as Philosopher: New Perspectives on His Philosophy and Its Legacy.Andree Hahmann & Michael Vazquez (eds.) - 2024 - De Gruyter.Few philosophers present themselves with as much complexity as Marcus Tullius Cicero. At once a philosopher, statesman, orator, and lawyer, Cicero consciously fashioned his own image for posterity and wrote philosophical texts as invitations for his readers to think for themselves. His philosophy has continued to unfold over the centuries, repeatedly inspiring new and independent philosophical positions. Since J.G.F. Powell’s pivotal contribution in 1995, we have witnessed countless translations and scholarly treatments of Cicero’s philosophy that emphasize his creativity and influence. (...)
- GUIDANCE ON CICERO'S DE OFFICIIS- (R.) Woolf (ed.) Cicero's De Officiis. A Critical Guide. Pp. xii + 256. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Cased, £85, US$110. ISBN: 978-1-316-51801-4. [REVIEW]Michele Kennerly - 2024 - The Classical Review 74 (2):464-466.
- RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CICERO - (N.) Gilbert, (M.) Graver, (S.) McConnell (edd.) Power and Persuasion in Cicero's Philosophy. Pp. x + 268. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Cased, £85, US$110. ISBN: 978-1-009-17033-8. [REVIEW]Giuseppe La Bua - 2024 - The Classical Review 74 (2):462-464.
- A Spirituality for Cosmopolis.Timothy Muldoon - 2024 - Religions 15 (12):1466.This essay will draw from the classical Greek notions of cosmopolis and cosmopolitanism—world citizenship—as a heuristic for contemplating the question of contemporary participation in a wholly good global society. The first part of this paper will explore how the ancient notion of cosmopolis offers contemporary thinkers a compelling hermeneutic for considering cultural growth over history. Then, in part two, it will focus on spirituality, returning to the ancient Greek world through the lens of Pierre Hadot’s work on philosophy as spiritual (...)
- “Una sola alma”: la amistad en la filosofía antigua.David Torrijos-Castrillejo - 2024 - In Eva Ordóñez Olmedo & David Torrijos-Castrillejo (eds.), Amistad: filosofía y teología de una vivencia. Berlin: Peter Lang. pp. 29-51.Friendship is a notion that runs through the thought of different ancient philosophers and has the peculiar characteristic of being held in high esteem almost unanimously by all. Although there are earlier precedents, for Socrates friendship takes on great importance and his disciple Plato provides deep reflections on the subject, linking friendship with transcendence. However, the pages of Aristotle's 'Nicomachean Ethics' on this subject are undoubtedly the most influential for posterity. For him, friendship has many variants, although he privileges over (...)
- Cicero’s Academici Libri and Lucullus: A Commentary with Introduction and Translations. By Tobias Reinhardt.Scott F. Aikin - 2023 - Ancient Philosophy 43 (2):570-574.
- POETIC QUOTATIONS IN CICERO - (H.) Čulík-Baird Cicero and the Early Latin Poets. Pp. xiv + 306. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. Cased, £75, US$99.99. ISBN: 978-1-316-51608-9. [REVIEW]David Butterfield - 2023 - The Classical Review 73 (2):508-510.
- Cicero and Wang Chong and their Critique of Divination.Mark Kevin S. Cabural - 2023 - Philosophia: International Journal of Philosophy (Philippine e-journal) 24 (1):1-18.This article aims to present Cicero and Wang Chong as theorists of divination. While it has already been determined that they advanced both defenses and criticisms, I specifically intend to focus on their significant criticisms of divination, which emerged as corrective for the practice by supporting or disapproving and extending or limiting its underlying principles. I also emphasize that these thinkers have different objectives and emphases in their criticisms. Cicero’s objective is to maintain the fundamental teachings of their forefathers, prompting (...)
- CICERO'S DE NATURA DEORUM REVISITED - (C.) Diez, (C.) Schubert (edd.) Zwischen Skepsis und Staatskult. Neue Perspektiven auf Ciceros De natura deorum. (Palingenesia 134.) Pp. 277, figs. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2022. Cased, €60. ISBN: 978-3-515-13326-5. [REVIEW]María Emilia Cairo - 2023 - The Classical Review 73 (2):506-508.
- Boni Gone Bad: Cicero’s Critique of Epicureanism in De Finibus 1 and 2.Michelle T. Clarke - 2023 - Polis 40 (1):25-43.This paper argues that Cicero’s critique of Epicureanism in De finibus is motivated by a concern about its degrading effect on the moral sensibility of Rome’s best men. In place of earlier objections to Epicureanism, which centered on its inability to explain or recommend the virtuous conduct of Roman maiores, De finibus focuses on its inability to do so properly and, more prospectively, to assist boni in the work of maintaining the dignity and respectability of Roman civic life. Responding to (...)
- Republicanism in Desperate Times: Cicero’s Critique of Cato’s Stoicism.Mark E. Yellin - 2023 - Polis 40 (1):61-74.This essay examines two articles by Rex Stem about Cicero and Cato: ‘The First Eloquent Stoic and Cato the Younger’ and ‘Cicero as Orator and Political Philosopher: The Value of the Pro Murena for Ciceronian Political Thought’. It places these articles in dialogue and draws upon them to present an overarching argument about Cicero’s critique of Cato’s Stoicism. It also assesses their respective defenses of Roman republicanism, offering counterarguments to Cicero’s critique of Cato and underlining the ways in which the (...)
- Power and persuasion in Cicero's philosophy.Nathan Gilbert, Margaret Graver & Sean McConnell (eds.) - 2023 - New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.This interdisciplinary volume will be essential reading for students and scholars working on Greco-Roman philosophy, Roman rhetoric, and the history and literary culture of the Roman Republic. It showcases innovative methodological approaches to Cicero the philosopher and defines new directions for the immediate future of the field.
- CICERO, NATURAL LAW AND REPUBLICANISM - (M.C.) Hawley Natural Law Republicanism. Cicero's Liberal Legacy. Pp. xii + 252, fig. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. Cased, £47.99, US$74. ISBN: 978-0-19-758233-6. [REVIEW]Elena Irrera - 2023 - The Classical Review 73 (1):128-130.
- Cicero and the Problem of Triage: Why There Is No Moral Algorithm in Distributing Scarce Resources.Bernhard Koch - 2023 - In Sheena M. Eagan & Daniel Messelken (eds.), Resource Scarcity in Austere Environments: An Ethical Examination of Triage and Medical Rules of Eligibility. Springer Verlag. pp. 173-188.This chapter recalls an ancient model of applied ethics that distinguishes between four different moral roles and can thereby help clarify the structure of the institutional setup, as well as individual action under conditions of resource scarcity. Even if material questions remain open, there is an independent gain in the structural analysis, from which especially the importance of judgment (phronesis) emerges strengthened. In this sense, it also represents a defense of the practice of ethical reflection through case discussions.
- CICERO'S PERSONALITIES AS AN ORATOR - (J.) Kenty Cicero's Political Personae. Pp. x + 274, fig. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Cased, £75, US$99.99 (Paper, £24.99, US$32.99). ISBN: 978-1-108-83946-4 (978-1-108-81319-8 pbk). [REVIEW]Isabel K. Köster - 2023 - The Classical Review 73 (2):502-504.
- CICERO'S PHILOSOPHY - (J.W.) Atkins, (T.) Bénatouïl (edd.) The Cambridge Companion to Cicero's Philosophy. Pp. xviii + 335. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. Paper, £24.99, US$34.99 (Cased, £74.99, US$99.99). ISBN: 978-1-108-40403-7 (978-1-108-41666-5 hbk). [REVIEW]Giuseppina Magnaldi - 2023 - The Classical Review 73 (1):123-126.
- Ciceronov de fato: o helenističkim kondicionalima i slobodi volje.Vladimir Marko - 2023 - Novi Sad: Futura publikacije.Cicero's De fato: On Hellenistic Conditionals and Free Will. The Serbo-Croatian translation of Cicero's De fato, with comments and detailed analysis of some arguments and problems of the text. -/- (s/h): Tekst Ciceronovog spisa "de fato", prevod, komentari i u dodacima, detaljnija analiza pojedinih argumenata i problema sadržanih u tekstu.
- Review of C.-D. Hein (2019) Cicero als philosophischer Schriftseller: Kommentar zu ausgewählten Briefen aus den Jahren 45-44 (Universitätsverlag Winter)’. [REVIEW]Sean McConnell - 2023 - Gnomon: Kritische Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Klassiche Altertrumswissenschaft 95:179–180.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Review of L. Paulson (2022) Cicero and the People’s Will: Philosophy and Power at the End of the Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press). [REVIEW]Sean McConnell - 2023 - Bryn Mawr Classical Review.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Cicero and the Cynics.Sean McConnell - 2023 - In Raphael Woolf (ed.), Cicero's De officiis: a critical guide. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–200.In his discussion of decorum Cicero supposes that most people would agree to the general principle that in our speech, bodily deportment, and actions we should avoid giving offense to others. This is because we possess a sense of shame or verecundia. The particular details are very culture-specific: customs and conventions largely set the parameters of verecundia, and we do well to follow them. Cicero also admits that philosophical figures often flaunt established customs and conventions: he points to Socrates, who (...)Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Old Men in Cicero's Political Philosophy.Sean McConnell - 2023 - In Nathan Gilbert, Margaret Graver & Sean McConnell (eds.), Power and persuasion in Cicero's philosophy. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 218-240.In his philosophical works Cicero addresses a number of questions concerning the role of old men in politics, most obviously in his dialogue De senectute of 44 BCE. How best should the old participate in politics and the wider community—what, if anything, do the old have to offer that is special or unique? How should the generations fit together in the body politic, and should age be a factor in the structural organisation of states? Should the old rule? This chapter (...)$112.03 used (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- The problem of Aristippus at Cicero, De officiis 1.148.Sean McConnell - 2023 - Mnemosyne 76:121–135.The manuscripts of De officiis all record something strange at 1.148: Cicero says that the philosophers Socrates and Aristippus had exceptional licence to flout social custom and convention owing to their ‘great and divine good qualities’ (magna et divina bona). There are no worries about Socrates, but the example of Aristippus seems preposterous. This paper makes the following argument: (1) elsewhere Cicero defines divina bona in such a way to exclude hedonists; this should rule out crediting Aristippus with magna et (...)
- VOLUNTAS IN CICERO - (L.) Paulson Cicero and the People's Will. Philosophy and Power at the End of the Roman Republic. Pp. xvi + 269. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Cased, £75, US$99.99. ISBN: 978-1-316-51411-5. [REVIEW]Elizabeth McKnight - 2023 - The Classical Review 73 (2):504-506.
- Cicero: De officiis.Jörn Müller & Philipp Brüllmann (eds.) - 2023 - De Gruyter.Ciceros De officiis, geschrieben 44 v. Chr., gehört zu den anerkannten Klassikern der Philosophie, ist aber in seinen philosophischen Dimensionen und Gehalten bisher nicht hinreichend für ein breiter interessiertes Fachpublikum im deutschsprachigen Raum erschlossen. Die Schrift behandelt zentrale Themen der antiken Moralphilosophie und ist eine der wichtigsten Quellen zur stoischen Ethik. Die Konzepte des Tugendhaften (honestum) und des Nützlichen (utile) werden sowohl begrifflich als auch kasuistisch untersucht und ihr Verhältnis genauer bestimmt. So entwickelt Cicero eine differenzierte Pflichtenethik, die im Rahmen (...)
- (1 other version)Tranquility as the highest good : Gassendi between Epicurus and Cicero.Donald Rutherford - 2023 - In Delphine Bellis, Daniel Garber & Carla Rita Palmerino (eds.), Pierre Gassendi: humanism, science, and the birth of modern philosophy. New York, NY: Routledge.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Cicero’s Philosophical Leadership, an Academic Consideration.Charlotte C. S. Thomas - 2023 - Polis 40 (1):9-24.In Pro Murena, Cicero argues that Cato’s rigid philosophical comportment to politics reflects a mistaken understanding both of philosophy and of politics. By implication, he suggests that there is an approach to philosophy that is compatible with political leadership. Specifically, he argues that a thoroughgoing commitment to the philosophy of the Platonic Academy (i.e., Academic Philosophy) is entirely compatible with a thoroughgoing commitment to political leadership in the late Roman Republic. This essay looks at the most famous treatment of philosophical (...)
- Tobias Reinhardt, Cicero's Academici Libri and Lucullus: a commentary with introduction and translations. [REVIEW]Michael Vazquez - 2023 - Bryn Mawr Classical Review 11 (21).
- Ciceros römische Philosophie: Werk und Wirkung eines akademischen Philosophen in Rom.Meinolf Vielberg - 2023 - De Gruyter.In den letzten Jahren entstand ein neues Cicerobild, das Cicero als akademischen Philosophen wieder ernst nimmt. Davon ausgehend wird in Studien zu seinem Werk und seiner Wirkung gezeigt, wie der römische Philosoph in seinen Dialogen eine innovative Art skeptischen Philosophierens entwickelt. Cicero transferiert die griechische Philosophie nicht nur in die römische Lebenswelt, sondern transformiert sie durch die probabilistische Methode seines Philosophierens auch in philosophisch relevanter Weise. Mit dieser Transformation versetzt Cicero seine Leser in die Lage, eigenständig nach Lösungen der in (...)
- CICERO'S LETTERS IN CONTEXT - (T.) Späth (ed.) Gesellschaft im Brief. Ciceros Korrespondenz und die Sozialgeschichte. (Collegium Beatus Rhenanus 9.) Pp. 430, ill. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2021. Paper, €72. ISBN: 978-3-515-13095-0. [REVIEW]Katharina Volk - 2023 - The Classical Review 73 (1):121-123.
- Cicero and the Mirage of the Tirocinium Fori.Peter White - 2023 - American Journal of Philology 144 (2):221-250.Assumptions about the tirocinium fori are based on claims by Joachim Marquardt that it was a form of training for young elite Romans at about the age of 16, that it lasted for one year, and that it consisted of mentorship by a distinguished elder. Though there is little evidence to support these claims, the theory of a tirocinium fori continues to influence discussions of oratory in the age of Cicero, where it gives a false picture of the process by (...)
- 4 Cicero, Panaitios und die Stoa: Pflichten, Impulse und das Ehrenhafte in De officiis 1.7–17.Jula Wildberger - 2023 - In Jörn Müller & Philipp Brüllmann (eds.), Cicero: De officiis. De Gruyter. pp. 51-70.
- Schofield, Malcolm, Cicero: Political Philosophy. Oxford / New York:: Oxford University Press 2021, xiv + 285 pp. [REVIEW]Raphael Woolf - 2023 - Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 105 (2):349-351.
- CICERO'S PHILOSOPHY AND SCHOLARSHIP - (S.) Maso Cicero's Philosophy. (Trends in Classics – Key Perspectives on Classical Research 3.) Pp. xiv + 178. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2022. Paper, £22.50, €24.95, US$28.99. ISBN: 978-3-11-065839-2. [REVIEW]Raphael Woolf - 2023 - The Classical Review 73 (1):126-128.
- Cicero's De officiis: a critical guide.Raphael Woolf (ed.) - 2023 - Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Cicero, Caesar, and the End of Cicero’s Imperium.Jonathan P. Zarecki - 2023 - Polis 40 (3):493-513.This article argues that Cicero laid down his imperium in Brundisium in September 47 after Caesar had, in a meeting between the two men, granted Cicero permission to retain his imperium and title of imperator for as long as Cicero wished to do so. Instead of accepting Caesar’s offer, Cicero instead immediately repudiated it, laid down his imperium in the city of Brundisium, and went immediately to Tusculum to begin a second period of political retirement. Caesar’s offer and his return (...)
- Brief Lives: Cicero (106-43 BC).Hilarius Bogbinder - 2022 - Philosophy Now 153:44-46.
- How to Grieve: An Ancient Guide to the Lost Art of Consolation.Marcus Tullius Cicero - 2022 - Princeton University Press.An engaging new translation of a timeless masterpiece about coping with the death of a loved one In 45 BCE, the Roman statesman Cicero fell to pieces when his beloved daughter, Tullia, died from complications of childbirth. But from the depths of despair, Cicero fought his way back. In an effort to cope with his loss, he wrote a consolation speech—not for others, as had always been done, but for himself. And it worked. Cicero’s Consolation was something new in literature, (...)
- Cicero - Academica (Academicus primus, Fragmenta et testimonia academicorum librorum, Lucullus).Marcus Tullius Cicero - 2022 - Oxford: Oxford University Press. Edited by Tobias Reinhardt.This is the first new critical edition of this text since 1908, and the first to appear in the Oxford Classical Texts series. The edition is informed by a comprehensive analysis of the entire tradition of Lucullus and Academicus Primus, and by a thorough rethinking of the text documented in the accompanying commentary volume. Lucullus and Academicus Primus are a key body of evidence for the development of Academic scepticism, one of the two varieties of scepticism in antiquity. The texts (...)
- The sphere of Saturn (Cicero, De re publica, 6.17).Álvaro Cancela Cilleruelo - 2022 - Hermes 150 (3):369.This paper argues that at Cicero, De re publica 6.17 the manuscript text unum globum should be kept instead of the conjecture summum globum. This conjecture is unanimously attributed to Fr. Boll (1910), but it was proposed already in 1790 by G. W. Maier. The use of unus in this context, in which the set of harmonic spheres of our cosmos is described, can be explained as an alternative to primus when referring to the first element of a sequence; further (...)
- Cicero's Treatment of Sulla in the Pro Roscio Amerino.Gregory Coates - 2022 - Classical Quarterly 72 (2):595-610.This article addresses the view that Cicero'sPro Roscio Amerinocontains ‘criticism’ of Sulla (the ‘anti-Sulla’ thesis). It argues that there is no evidence of criticism, that Cicero had no incentive to criticize Sulla, and that his attack is aimed solely against Chrysogonus. In particular, the article draws attention to the methodological implications of the ‘anti-Sulla’ thesis, arguing that it is unsound to second-guess Cicero's meaning, to project ‘sarcasm’ onto his words, or to suggestpost euentumrewrites; these views, it is argued, owe more (...)
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