MARTIN HEIDEGGER’S FUNDAMENTAL ONTOLOGY – REALITY ENCLOSED IN DASEIN Martin Heidegger’s fundamental ontology was supposed to divert philosophy towards the absolutely fundamental issue, which in the history of philosophy, unfortunately, as the author claimed, had been neglected. It was an attempt to designate the real foundation, which western metaphysics – while forgetting about being – had never touched. Thus, Heidegger focused on being. He asked about its sense, the way in which it can be described and explained. The answer was (...) to be found in the analysis of some special being – the human being. Only man, who exists in such a way (Heidegger uses the concept of Dasein) that by his very nature refers to being, is “open” to being. This article shows Heidegger’s explanation based on the analysis of man’s being, connecting the existence of reality with human existence, in its essence making the world thoroughly dependent on man, enclosing the world in Dasein. The world ceases to be the whole reality consisting of particular essences existing independently of man. It becomes “the condition”, the way of being. In the first part, the author presents how the fundamental ontology, while placing being at the centre of the discourse and using the phenomenological method, directs the attention to man. When asking about being, it asks about Dasein, about the way of man’s being. Then, the paper presents the existential analytics, the hermeneutics of Dasein, which is crucial from the point of view of Heidegger’s philosophy. The author explains what Heidegger’s existentials are and what it means that man exists as “being-in-the world”, that he exists in a way of “care”. Finally, it is shown that such an understanding of human being, the way in which he cares about the world and understands the world, i.e. designs it, results in enclosing the world in Dasein. The very sense of reality becomes thus the sense of human existence. Keywords: FUNDAMENTAL ONTOLOGY, MARTIN HEIDEGGER, REALITY, DASEIN. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This paper offers an interpretation of Deleuze’s concept of difference. Deleuze has sought to think difference without its traditional subordination to identity, trying to think difference for itself. In this regard, Deleuze concludes that difference is being itself in the famous thesis of the univocity of being. What would be the status of this claim? What elements make possible such a sounding ontological statement? In this paper, we shall answer these questions by interpretating the concept of difference as a (...) speculative one, arguing that difference is only thinkable, but not cognoscible. In order to do so, we analyze Deleuze’s critical engagement with Kant to demonstrate that there is a post-critical ontology in Deleuze’s thinking. (shrink)

Este livro é um 'ancestral' em pré-print do meu livro de 2006, Introdução à Teoria da Predicação em Aristóteles (ISBN 978-85-268-0716-1), publicado pela Editora da Unicamp (ver https://www.academia.edu/6912408/Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_teoria_da_predica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Arist %C3%B3teles). O ancestral foi felizmente muito citado, mesmo depois da aparição do livro definitivo em 2006. -/- This is an ancestor (in pré-print) of my 2006 Book, 'Introdução à Teoria da Predicação em Aristóteles' (ISBN 978-85-268-0716-1), published by Editora da Unicamp (see https://www.academia.edu/6912408/Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_teoria_da_predica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Arist %C3%B3teles). The ancestor was cited by many, even after the definitive book (...) appeared in 2006. (shrink)

El presente trabajo identifica en la obra de Wilfrid Sellars dos tesis relevantes para el debate contemporáneo en ontología social. La primera dice que podemos entender la realidad social como estando compuesta parcialmente por estructuras causales o coercitivas. La segunda, que la realidad social se le presenta a los agentes como estando constituida por estructuras coercitivas. El trabajo defiende estas tesis interpretativas recurriendo a los escritos de filosofía práctica de Sellars, y especialmente a su explicación del funcionamiento de los (...) imperativos hipotéticos y categóricos. A su vez, contrasta esta interpretación de corte causal con las concepciones —de índole normativa— predominantes tanto en la ontología social contemporánea como entre los seguidores de Sellars. (shrink)

[ES] En recientes décadas se ha observado un renovado interés por algunos de los temas clásicos de la ontología, desde áreas de conocimiento externas a la filosofía, sin embargo, este renacimiento ontológico ha «estimulado» una multiplicidad y diversidad de teorías y concepciones «ontológicas» que ha dado como consecuencia una proliferación de «ontologías» y de interminables batallas para determinar qué tipo de «entidades» estudian sus respectivos «dominios», que a su vez se consideran autónomos e independientes entre sí, inclusive de la (...) propia ontología. En este sentido, el propósito de este trabajo es caracterizar y representar de manera adecuada estas «ontologías», dentro del marco general del debate acerca de la naturaleza de la ontología. Es así que, en la primera sección haré un diagnostico de la ontología contemporánea; en la segunda proporcionaré algunas definiciones y caracterizaciones de las principales concepciones, en especial de las denominadas «ontologías aplicadas»; y en la tercera analizaré sí estas concepciones pueden ser consideradas diversos tipos de ontología o simplemente son diversos niveles de ontología. El marco de la discusión no se centrará en confrontar todas estas nociones, sino en describirlas y analizarlas para ofrecer un enfoque sobre el estado actual de la ontología y sus problemas. [EN] In recent decades there has been a renewed interest in some of the classic themes of ontology, from areas of knowledge external to philosophy; however, this ontological revival has «stimulated» a multiplicity and diversity of «ontological» theories and concepts that has resulted in a proliferation of «ontologies» and endless battles to determine what kind of «entities» study their respective «domains», which in turn are considered autonomous and independent, even of ontology itself. In this sense, the purpose of this work is to adequately characterize and represent these «ontologies», within the general framework of the debate about the nature of ontology. Thus, in the first section I will make a diagnosis of contemporary ontology; in the second I will provide some definitions and characterizations of the main concepts, especially the so-called «applied ontologies»; and in the third I will analyze whether these concepts can be considered different types of ontology or simply are different levels of ontology. The framework of the discussion will not center on confronting all these notions, but to describe and analyze them to provide a focus on the current state of ontology and its problems. (shrink)

This paper deals with the relationships between theoretical and clinic instances deriving from Lacan’s conception of the real and of reality . It’s main argument is that the disparity between the latter notions is the spring of the insurmountable tensions between ethics and epistemology , one that a philosophical regard shows to be constitutive of the psychoanalytical practice. Lacan’s program of a negative ontology allows us to establish connections between different trends in psychoanalytical thought and practice as well as in (...) general between psychoanalysis and philosophy. (shrink)

[ES] Los trabajos recientes de Stephen Schiffer en el desarrollo de una explicación pleonástica de proposiciones producen resultados importantes que cambian el significado tanto de la ontología de primer orden como de la meta-ontología. El objetivo del presente trabajo es dejar en claro cuáles son estas consecuencias y por qué son tan importantes. Según mi punto de vista, la mayor amenaza para los partidarios de la metafísica proviene de un punto de vista que yo he llamado en otro (...) trabajo el acercamiento «fácil» a la ontología: los argumentos de Schiffer a favor de proposiciones «pleonásticas», propiedades, estados, eventos y personajes ficticios; los argumentos neo-fregeanos a favor de la existencia de números; y mis propios argumentos a favor de objetos sociales, culturales, y personajes ficticios, y objetos ordinarios como mesas y sillas. El trabajo expande estas tres diferentes formas de ontología fácil, mostrando sus interrelaciones y argumenta que estos acercamientos nos dan un realismo ciento por ciento directo, sobre las entidades en cuestión. A un nivel meta-ontológico, sin embargo, el trabajo sugiere que el debate ontológico serio es confundido porque sus preguntas ontológicas tienen respuestas tan directas. Este acercamiento podría ser la amenaza más importante para la metafísica seria, pero también es extremadamente prometedor como una manera de disolver misterios y clarificar la epistemología de la metafísica. [EN] Stephen Schiffer’s recent work in developing a pleonastic account of propositions leads to major, game-changing results in both first-order ontology and meta-ontology. This paper aims to clarify what these consequences are and why they are so important. In my view, the biggest threat to the metaphysical party comes from a view I have elsewhere called the «easy» approach to ontology: Schiffer’s arguments for «pleonastic» propositions, properties, fictional characters, states and events; the neo-Fregean’s arguments for the existence of numbers; and my own arguments for fictional characters, social and cultural objects, and ordinary objects such as tables and chairs. The paper draws out these three different forms of easy ontology, showing their interrelations, and argues that these approaches really give us a straightforward, out and out realism about the entities in question. On the meta-ontological level however, it suggests that serious ontological debate in metaphysics is confused because its ontological questions have so straightforward answers. This approach may be the most important threat to serious metaphysics but it is also extremely promising as a way of dissolving mysteries and clarifying the epistemology of metaphysics. (shrink)

O presente estudo parte da compreensão de que a sexualidade é uma dimensão de grande importância na constituição educacional da personalidade e na emancipação humana, e visa levantar possibilidades de compreendê-la a partir do pensamento ontológico de György Lukács. Para tal, apresenta e articula os conceitos de ontologia, ser social e trabalho, discute o lugar da subjetividade no ser social, e propõe uma reflexão sobre a sexualidade como dimensão que, mesmo originária de uma pré-disposição biológica, se reveste de sentido social (...) e se faz central no processo de constituição da sociedade. This study is based on the understanding that sexuality is a very important dimension in the educational constitution of personality and in human emancipation, and intends to raise possibilities of comprehending it from the point of view of György Lukács´ onthological thinking. It therefore introduces and articulates the concepts of ontology, social being and work, discusses the room for subjectivity in the social being, and proposes a reflection about sexuality as a socially meaningful dimension, which is central for the constitution of society, even though originating from a biological predisposition. (shrink)

RESUMO O presente estudo, ainda em caráter exploratório, pretende verificar as possibilidades de uma ontologia no pensamento de Michel Foucault. Parte-se do pressuposto de que, embora Foucault não tenha abordado diretamente o tema da ontologia, encontram-se, em seus escritos, referenciais que permitem colocá-la como questão. Entende-se, também, que o tema da ontologia está relacionado, por um lado, com o tema do homem e do sujeito e, por outro, com a ética. Geralmente a ética em Foucault é discutida a partir dos (...) últimos escritos, conhecidos como genealogia da ética . A ontologia é discutida a partir de seus textos da década de 1980, sobre Aufklärung de Kant. Ontologia e ética são, portanto, conceitos já explorados em seu pensamento. A ética é conceituada por Foucault como o uso crítico da liberdade, no interior das tramas do saber-poder. A noção de ontologia está referida ao ser histórico do homem e ao tema do sujeito, em sua relação com a verdade. Conforme Foucault, trata-se de uma ontologia de nosso ser histórico. Mas ainda falta aclarar, no pensamento do autor, o que, exatamente, se mostra no ser histórico, ou seja, o que é que se torna história, fazendo-se sujeito, no sentido da ontologia. A resposta se encontra na questão sobre o homem, antes dele ser objetivado enquanto figura da modernidade. (shrink)

Estas reflexiones son sólo una "interpretación" que pretende aproximarse al renacimiento del interés por la religión en el clima cultural en que vivimos. Se trata de 'recuperar' la relación con lo sagrado en esta época caracterizada por el pensamiento post-metafísico, buscando nuevas vías de acceso para la experiencia religiosa. Secularización, fin de la metafísica, ontología débil, hermenéutica del presente... la circularidad del discurso busca, en una aproximación al pensamiento de G. Vattimo, crear las condiciones que, desde la filosofía, puedan (...) just ficar la existencia de la experiencia religiosa en nuestra cultura y el descubrimiento de la huella de ese que se dice que vuelve. (shrink)

Este artículo se opone a la tesis recientemente sostenida por John Searle según la cual no existen los derechos humanos positivos. Argumentamos que la existencia de dichos derechos no es contradictoria, como pretende Searle, con las nociones de "derecho" y"derechos humanos" definidas en su ontología social. Por consiguiente, es posible aceptar la ontología social de Searle y afirmar al mismo tiempo que los derechos humanos positivos existen. En segundo lugar, ofrecemos razones para cuestionar la supuesta prioridad lógica de (...) una ontología social al modo en que Searle la entiende (esto es, como una empresa puramente analítica) sobre los desarrollos más específicos de la filosofía moral, social y política. Al contrario, sugerimos que, por lo que se refiere a la realidad social, los compromisos ontológicos dependen de los presupuestos sustantivos que se adopten en relación con la naturaleza y los fines de la sociedad misma, o bien no pasarán de ser un formalismo vacío sin relevancia heurística alguna. [This paper challenges the point recently made by John Searle that there are no positive human rights. We contend that the existence of positive human rights is not inconsistent, as Searle argues, with the notions of "right" and "human rights" as defined in his social ontology. Therefore, one could adhere to Searle's social ontology and assert the existence of positive human rights at the same time. Subsequently, the paper gives reason to question the alleged logical priority of social ontology in Searle's sense (i.e., as a purely analytic endeavour) over the particular developments of moral, social, and political philosophy. We suggest, on the contrary, that concerning social reality ontological commitments are dependent on substantive assumptions about the nature and aims of society itself, or else they amount to an empty formalism with no heuristic relevance.]. (shrink)

This article aims to clarify the sharp contrast between the “short path” of Heideggerian ontology and the “long path” adopted by Ricoeur as a representation of the many necessary mediations in the constitution of his philosophical anthropology. Heidegger breaks into contemporary thought with the publication of his treatise “Being and Time” (1927) as a kind of direct settlement in the field of ontology. In contrast, Ricoeur is seen - and sees himself - as a thinker of conceptual mediations in his (...) long itinerary, since adherence to Husserlian phenomenology and subsequent hermeneutic inflection, passing through confrontations with Freudian psychoanalysis, structuralism and analytical philosophy, to the creation of the book “Oneself as Another” (1990). However, the two philosophers built their works on the common horizon of hermeneutics; therefore, are there possible points of convergence between them? And how could we interpret the relevance of this possible interlocution? These questions cannot be answered without a thorough comparative reading. This text does not intend to answer them, but only to suggest elements for further investigations. (shrink)

This article analyzes the connections among ontology, political thought and politics. Firstly, the author analyzes the normative aspect of the concept of civil society, with special attention to Cohen and Aratoʼs theory, and second, he studies the ontologycal style from Jean-Luc Nancy, Giorgio Agamben and Antonio Negri about the social and political aspects of the human reality, and he values theirs consistency and appropriateness.

Este texto procura apontar na ontologia das leis naturais de George Berkeley elementos teóricos afeitos à Semiótica e ao Pragmatismo clássico de Charles S. Peirce, tendo por base a possível identidade de propósitos entre os idealismos subjetivo berkeleyano e o de teor objetivo peirciano, ambos comungando a refutação de um dualismo mente-matéria de extração cartesiana. Por outro lado, reflete-se, também, sobre o papel da experiência nestes autores, em que a percepção em Berkeley, fundamental para sua epistemologia encontraria sua condição homóloga (...) em Peirce, a saber, a necessária cognoscibilidade de todo objeto fenomênico. (shrink)

The aim of the article is to present the senses ant contexts in which the concept of nothingness (and also "non-existence", "emptiness", a "vacuum” and "timelessness") appears in the world presented in Bolesław Leśmian’s poems. The above-mentioned terms are the constructive elements of his poetic reality. The lyric "I" of Leśmian’s numerous poems is the poet, placing the world of his poetry on the borderland between existence and non-existence. Paradoxically, one might say that the poet has created a world which (...) does not exist, though it is characterized by some specific qualities. Thus, there is no clear borderline between existence and nothingness. In the world presented by Bolesław Leśmian, absolute nothingness appears to be impossible. One can, however, identify a kind of transcendental nothingness, which is not the complete annihilation of everything, but only, as the poet put it, "a state of consciousness different from the consciousnes of existence". There is also a category of immanent nothingness, which can be perceived either as a lack in existence (this sort of nothingness is typical of the protagonist from Pieśni kalekujące [The Crippling Songs] or as the annihilation of individual existence. The second type of nothingness is frequently identified with non-existence. The concepts discussed here have been reified and materialized by the poet. They have become the agent or subject of action. Sometimes they are presented as the categories of space. Then their synonyms are "emptiness", a "vacuum" and a "chasm" existing in timelessness. Nothingness is a category which, in the poems by Leśmian, defines not only the ontological status of all kinds of existence but also the drama of the existential situation of characters living in the poetic world presented in the poems. (shrink)

Este artigo aborda as principais teorias sobre a natureza metafísica das obras de arte, cobrindo as propostas eliminativistas, monistas e pluralistas. Entre estas últimas, é dado destaque ao trabalho sobre a ontologia das artes performativas, e em particular, da música. Termina-se com uma referência à recente viragem da discussão para o campo da meta-ontologia e a polémica sobre a plausibilidade do revisionismo ontológico no caso de artefactos ou objectos sociais.

Presentiamo qui la traduzione di un lungo saggio sull’ontologia e i sistemi informativi. Abbiamo tradotto la parte più generale con le distinzioni base tra ontologia, metafisica e scienza. L’autore, fornendo un suo punto di vista peculiare sull’ontologia, descrive le diverse questioni e distinzioni connesse all’impresa ontologica, considerando sia il punto di vista dei filosofi che degli informatici.

In this paper, I interview Francesca De Vecchi (Full Professor of Theoretical Philosophy in Vita-Salute San Raffaele University) about her qualitative ontology and its social and normative implications. If at the foundation of our lifeworld there are significantly qualitative experiences, phenomenology can investigate the most important contemporary issues, such as gender disparity, socio-virtuality depersonalizations and political urgencies.

O presente artigo explora a filosofia de Merleau-Ponty, particularmente a ontologia do sensível e da percepção em busca de novos caminhos para a educação. Apresentando uma problemática geral sobre a questão da infância, o texto procura alternativas para pensar um processo educacional que seja mais adequado à natureza, tanto da infância quanto da própria educação no sentido que ela adquire para os filósofos. Partindo da dicotomia tradicional do ocidente, entre corpo e espírito, matéria e forma, existência e essência, e considerando (...) as teorias contemporâneas e a fenomenologia, não unicamente a de Merleau-Ponty, o texto percorre diversas veredas teóricas, propícias a uma compreensão mais aguçada da relação entre nossa presença ao mundo e as nossas capacidades intelectuais. Como mostra a ontologia merleau-pontiana, não há separação que possa servir de base a teorias pedagógicas que busquem atingir a autonomia do pensamento e a capacidade de compreensão do outro. Assim, as questões levantadas são de ordem ética ao mesmo tempo que ontológica. As crianças, pela vivencia na escola, adquirem mais que conhecimentos objetivos sobre o mundo. Elas aprendem também a viver juntas, e a maneira como compreendemos o mundo influencia a maneira como elas vão compreender suas relações sociais, pessoais, profissionais. Uma teoria que abranja de forma mais completa a existência e a essência, por suposto, poderia nos ajudar a encontrar apoios mais sólidos para as nossas práticas educacionais. (shrink)

El artículo se propone definir y desarrollar los conceptos básicos para la construcción de una ontología política en la obra de Ernesto Laclau y Chantal Mouffe. Se parte del concepto de discurso como el horizonte ontológico más amplio que permite enmarcar el objeto específico, el cual es la política como articulación hegemónica, dentro de las tradiciones y disciplinas diversas que se ocupan de él. Dado que el concepto de discurso procede de las ciencias formales, se procura distinguir su significado (...) en el contexto de la filosofía y las ciencias sociales. También se explicita su relación con la tradición marxista que pone el acento en la praxis social. El concepto de discurso hace posible comprender cómo se determinan los objetos dentro de una totalidad significativa y, al mismo tiempo, cómo se constituyen los sujetos o agentes sociales. A continuación se procede a diferenciar las totalidades estructurales cerradas de las sociedades, cuyo cierre o sutura es imposible. Con ellos los autores se diferencian tanto de los estructuralistas como de los hegelianos. El concepto clave que hace posible comprender las sociedades modernas capitalistas es la dislocación. Finalmente, se procura determinar aquello que impide la constitución plena de los sistemas sociales, que los autores llaman “antagonismo”. Este concepto debe ser diferenciado de los conceptos de oposición física y de contradicción lógica. El antagonismo señala el límite de la sociedad. (shrink)

Que contribuição a filosofia de Fichte pode dar à ontologia? Fichte posicionou-se claramente contra a ontologia enquanto descrição dos entes, isto é, contra a ontologia descritiva. A doutrina da ciência desenvolve pois uma ontologia prescritiva que pode ser entendida como um tipo de “ontologia performativa”.

En los últimos años Ian Hacking se ha dedicado a trabajar principalmente acerca de las ciencias humanas. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar algunas de las nociones acuñadas por el filósofo canadiense -fundamentalmente las de ontología histórica y nominalismo dinámico- para dicho ámbito. A par..

En las últimas décadas, dos líneas de pensamiento han querido hacerse cargo de la necesidad de pensar “lo común” desde coordenadas ontológicas. Una, representada principalmente por Jean-Luc Nancy y Alain Badiou, retoma los análisis de Heidegger sobre el Mitsein; la otra parte de los análisis que Toni Negri hace de la noción de “multitud” de Spinoza. Estas dos “ontologías de lo común” han dado pie a sendas estéticas que persiguen una finalidad política. Este trabajo estudia estas tendencias con el fin (...) de determinar qué tipo de noción de “lo común” manejan. La tesis esgrimida es la de que la interpretación que hacen de aquellas ontologías es errónea y que la “comunidad” presente en ellas está más próxima al sensus communis kantiano. (shrink)

Presentism is described as the theory according to which there is an objective time flow and that there is neither past nor future. Roman Ingarden’s ontology of time does not seem to be presentist then, since it supposedly rejects the second component of that doctrine. In this article, I show that this view misconstrues the spirit of Ingarden’s account, and I defend a certain ontology of time (inspired by Ingarden’s works) against several objections (e.g. the ‘how fast does time flow’ (...) question). Since becoming of a process (in the sense of its mode of existence) is just this process’s time, I consider in turn several possible responses to the charge of an infinite regress leveled against Ingarden’s ontology of process. If his original position is set aside, two extreme proposals will remain: the rebuttal of the objectual aspect of a process and giving up the categorial difference between objects enduring through time and processes (i.e. accepting perdurantism). While not discussing in detail the former one, I point out that the adequacy of perdurantism is an open question: in particular, reasons appealing to problems of material constitution, given by perdurantists, are unsatisfactory. (shrink)

RESUMEN En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar la ontología de distintas corrientes socráticas con un enfoque por Zonas de tensión dialógica. Antístenes y los megáricos Euclides y Estilpón despliegan modelos de negatividad que rechazan la afirmación de principios ontológicos capaces de sustentar lo real y su expresión en el lenguaje. Estas propuestas teóricas no solo ofrecen una perspectiva alternativa a la platónico-aristotélica, sino que influyen de manera decisiva, por medio de la interacción e influencia recíproca, en la construcción de (...) las variantes afirmativas de la época clásica. De este modo, la inclusión de las líneas socráticas permite poner en cuestión el diagnóstico heideggeriano que ve en la filosofía griega la sede del paradigma de la "metafísica de la presencia". La recuperación de las filosofías socráticas, habitualmente invisibilizadas bajo las figuras de Platón y Jenofonte, ofrece una oportunidad para redimensionar la Antigüedad clásica en función de propuestas ontológicas divergentes. ABSTRACT In this article we intend to analyze the ontology of different Socratic lines of thought, through an approach of Zones of dialogic tension. Antisthenes and the megarics Euclid and Stilpo develop ontologically negative conceptions that reject the affirmation of ontological principles capable of sustaining reality and its linguistic expression. This theoretical stance not only offers an alternative to the platonic-aristotelic approach towards ontology, but affects, by means of interaction and reciprocal influence, the constitution of those affirmative variants in classical Greek thought. Thereby, the inclusion of Socratic lines of thought allows us to question the heideggerian diagnosis of ancient Greek philosophy, inscribed solely in the paradigm of "metaphysics of presence". The recovery of the Socratic philosophers, usually obscured by the figures of Plato and Xenophon, offers an opportunity to redimension the period of classical antiquity through the study of its diverse ontological conceptions. (shrink)

Neste artigo pretendo discutir o tema do conhecimento como um problema filosófico no pensamento de Ludwig Feuerbach, tomando por fundamento as formulações desenvolvidas pelo pensador no escrito Princípios da filosofia do futuro. Nele comparece o interesse de Feuerbach por estabelecer a importância de uma filosofia cuja base é a realidade concreta e o reconhecimento da sensibilidade, a que nomeia “nova filosofia”. Por discutir a importância da concretude material para tematização do conhecimento, Feuerbach pressupõe a admissão de certa concepção ontológica, de (...) modo que foi preciso passar por uma breve demarcação da ontologia materialista da qual a nova filosofia parte. (shrink)

La presencia de interpretaciones realistas por un lado, e interpretaciones llamadas «ortodoxas» con tendencia positivista y antirrealista, por el otro, es una especie de esquizofrenia que ha acompañado a la teoría cuántica desde sus orígenes. En este trabajo veremos que esto sigue vigente analizando dos interpretaciones actuales de la mecánica cuántica cuyos compromisos ontológicos son radicalmente distintos. Primero expondré algunos argumentos a favor de una ontología de propiedades, compatible con el formalismo cuántico, y posteriormente ofreceré una respuesta que podría (...) elaborarse desde la Electrodinámica Estocástica Lineal, una teoría física que intenta rescatar el realismo y la causalidad en la mecánica cuántica. Desde mi punto de vista, si bien ambas propuestas tienen virtudes, comparten una dificultad pues son incompatibles con los sistemas cuánticos que tienen elementos no diagonales en su matriz de densidad. (shrink)

The article considers a claim that scientific theories can serve as models for philosophical conceptions. It is argued that a scientific theory is modelling a metaphysical conception iff the ontology connected with the metaphysical conception is included in the ontology connected with the scientific theory. However, metaphysical and scientific ontologies may be compared only after the application of interpretative procedures that constitute 'philosophical hermeneutics'. To justify this claim, it is argued that: (1) there are ontologies connected with metaphysical conceptions, (2) (...) there are ontologies connected with scientific theories, (3) there exist logical relations between ontologies connected with metaphysical conceptions and those connected with scientific theories, (4) these ontologies are usually incomplete and need specification by using interpretative procedures. The points (1) and (2) are justified by showing that ontological statements, i.e. statements which describe categories of objects and relations between them but disregard the extensions of terms naming the objects' categories, can be inferred from typical metaphysical and scientific statements. Accordingly, it is claimed that ontological statements connected with metaphysical conceptions and scientific theories are free from the semantic differences that prevent typical metaphysical and scientific statements from standing in logical relations to each other (assumption 3). Subsequently, a set of pragmatic decisions is described, needed to specify metaphysical and scientific ontologies up to the level that allows comparisons between them (assumption 4). Finally, the article presents the notion of modelling as a relation between scientific theories and metaphysical conceptions. (shrink)

This paper outlines the ontology of problems in Deleuze’s magnum opus, Difference and Repetition. By ontology of problems I refer to the conceptualization of problems as a fundamentally ontological—not epistemological—subject. This problematic-being is the object of Ideas, which are at the core of Deleuzian ontology, as shown in the actualization of the virtual and its four aspects: differentiation [différentiation], individuation, dramatization, and differentiation [différenciation]. For this reason, a deeper comprehension of the ontology of problems serves as the most adequate prelude (...) for a sound approach to all of Deleuzian ontology. In addition, this article highlights the philosophical and scientific sources upon which Deleuze draws in order to build his ontology of problems. Of special note are his references to several metaphysicians of differential calculus and prominent mathematicians of the 19th and 20th centuries. (shrink)

Dentro del marco de la teoría de los ensamblajes formulada por Manuel De Landa, en este artículo se desarrollan los siguientes puntos: el esclarecimiento del concepto de ensamblaje, la explicación de su carácter histórico y la problematización de esta teoría a partir de su relación con la epistemología, la ética y la ontología. En la conclusión, se clarifica el concepto de materia presupuesto en esta filosofía. Además, se muestra brevemente cómo esta ontología plana se vincula con la filosofía (...) política y, de nuevo, con la epistemología. Problematizar la teoría de los ensamblajes, cuya fuente filosófica se encuentra en la obra de Gilles Deleuze y Félix Guattari, permite reconocer los alcances de una ontología que postula la existencia de un mundo compuesto de multiplicidades históricas y heterogéneas. (shrink)

O presente estudo tem por objetivo contribuir para o projeto de reatualização da Filosofia do Direito hegeliana inaugurado por Axel Honneth, mas de um modo indireto: meu interesse aqui não é investigar tópicos específicos da Filosofia do Direito, nem mesmo examinar a teoria do reconhecimento como proposta por Honneth, mas iniciar uma caminhada no sentido de tornar explícitos os pressupostos ontológicos carregados por tal projeto de reatualização.

The Henry’s exigency of one absolute manifest of the fundament takes him from his first big work L’essence de la manifestation (1963) to subordinate the ontology to the phenomenology. A phenomenology that has to abandon the Greek phainomenon –inevitable limited and determined by the environment i..

From taxation as a common element of the economic and fiscal crises in the COVID-19 pandemic, the work addresses the function of the tax in the Fiscal State and presents considerations from the theory of values that may indicate the solution of the established conflict. At the end, a brief judgment that faces the problem is presented, pointing out the use of the elements worked in the text, concluding that in the clash between the economic crisis suffered by some enterprises (...) and the incidence of taxation, this is hierarchically superior under the assumption that or the way in which the State raises resources to face the public health crisis. (shrink)

mathematical formulae are our “mother tongue”, thanks to which we are able to develop a creative dialogue with our physical environment. The application of the language of mathematics gives us access to valuable information about events which occurred billions years ago and so allows us to reconstruct the history of the universe. This amazing property of nature inspires a non-trivial philosophical question: Why are there the mathematically described universal laws of physics at all, when nature could have been only an (...) uncoordinated disorder? The existence of the universal laws of nature seems to constitute the essence of the ontological structure of the world. Various authors call this basic field of formal structures – the matrix of the universe, the field of rationality, the formal field, the Logos, the Absolute, etc. Jan Łukasiewicz, the well-known representative of the Polish School of Logic, argued that the reality of ideal mathematical structures independent of human experience could be regarded as an expression of God’s presence in nature. Regardless of our terminological preferences, this structure can be regarded as a basic level of physical reality where the necessitarian inter- pretation of the laws of nature is confirmed and the astonishing effectiveness of mathematics could be explained. (shrink)

En este trabajo, critico una estrategia argumental que ha sido utilizada para defender la concepción de la rigidez para expresiones predicativas entendida como identidad de lo designado en los distintos mundos posibles. Se trata de una estrategia basada en la suposición de que las descripciones tendrían la capacidad de designar individuos inusuales en la misma medida en que ciertas expresiones predicativas descriptivas serían capaces de designar propiedades inusuales. Señalo que esta suposición no es compatible con ciertos principios que gobiernan el (...) funcionamiento semántico de las descripciones y con la verdad intuitiva de ciertas predicaciones que las incluyen.In this paper, I criticize an argumentative strategy that has been used in the literature to defend the view according to which rigidity for predicative expressions should be understood as identity of designation across possible worlds. It is a strategy that is based on the supposition that definite descriptions could designateunusual individuals just as well as some descriptive predicative expressions are able to designate unusual properties. I point out that this presupposition is at odds with some principles governing the semantic behaviour of definite descriptions and with the intuitive truth of some predications that include them. (shrink)