It stands to reason that ekphrasis cannot be limited to the detailed but plain description of the artifact, for it often concerns what is not there in the painting as well. Authors of the ekphrases sometimes “animate” or “revive” a work of art, which manifests itself in narrativization of painted scenes. The process is also frequently supplemented by its continuation or backstory and fictitious utterances of figures depicted in the painting. The paper discusses a specific literary form of that kind (...) of “animation”, that is texts in which characters that can be seen in a painting receive the voice through the prosopopoeia and expose their selfawareness of “artificiality”. The precise subject of this study is P. Assouline’s novel Le Portrait which is narrated by baroness Betty de Rothschild, the figure from the J.A.D. Ingres’ painting. In this article, I am focusing on the mode and meaning of prosopopoeia in Assouline’s novel. I am also trying to examine whether every text that is based on the concept of a “speaking” work of art can be described as ekphrasis. (shrink)

Consequentialism is the view that the rightness or wrongness of actions depend solely on their consequences. It is one of the most influential, and controversial, of all ethical theories. In this book, Julia Driver introduces and critically assesses consequentialism in all its forms. After a brief historical introduction to the problem, Driver examines utilitarianism, and the arguments of its most famous exponents, John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, and explains the fundamental questions underlying utilitarian theory: what value is to (...) be specified and how it is to be maximized. Driver also discusses indirect forms of consequentialism, the important theories of motive consequentialism and virtue consequentialism, and explains why the distinction between subjective and objective consequentialism is so important. Including helpful features such as a glossary, chapter summaries, and annotated further reading at the end of each chapter, Consequentialism is ideal for students seeking an authoritative and clearly explained survey of this important problem. (shrink)

Offers a fundamental reexamination of Plato's ethical thought, highlighting the differences between ancient & modern assumptions & stressing the need to be ...

Le rôle majeur que jouent les sciences et les techniques dans les sociétés modernes et les mutations profondes qu’elles connaissent exigent de nouveaux moyens d’analyse. On ne peut désormais comprendre l’activité scientifique qu’en replaçant ses logiques propres dans leur contexte social. Il s’agit de saisir la pratique actuelle des sciences, en révisant les notions constitutives de leur histoire et de leur philosophie, comme l’expérimentation ou la preuve ; de penser les sciences en société, lorsqu’elles quittent le laboratoire et qu’elles interviennent (...) dans les grandes questions économiques, politiques et sociétales (OGM, nucléaire, etc.) ; de faire le point sur le statut des études récentes sur les sciences ( Science Studies ), en montrant ce qu’elles ont apporté de décisif, mais aussi ce qu’elles ignorent. Des laboratoires européens du XIXe siècle à la Silicon Valley aujourd’hui, c’est en s’appuyant sur de nombreux exemples historiques que ces études sont menées. Les savoirs scientifiques, mais aussi managériaux et économiques, participent à la mise en place de la société néolibérale, faisant surgir des questions cruciales comme celle de la possibilité d’une participation démocratique aux choix scientifiques et techniques, ou celle du sens de la notion de développement durable. C’est pourquoi la visée finale de ce livre est essentiellement politique. (shrink)

This chapter, which provides a discussion on the phenomenological foundations of predicative structure, first introduces the different steps in Edmund Husserl's argument. It is noted that not all judgements can be equated with a nexus between a conceptual function and an argument. The predicative structure shows the orientation of consciousness towards one or more objects taken as a theme of interest and utterance. The genetic phenomenological perspective posits the question of the origin of predicative judgement within a much larger context. (...) Husserl's account amounts to granting a paradigmatic character to the theory of experience of ultimate individual substrates and to the theory of perceptual judgement. Levinasian phenomenology implies a radical rethinking of the primacy of the predicative apophansis. It is noted that language can never be taken as an independent and autonomous dimension. (shrink)

On fait des déclarations d'amour ainsi que des déclarations de guerre ; chacun est tenu de déclarer aussi ses impôts et ses marchandises à la douane. Déclarer, c'est d'abord dévoiler un fait pour qu'il fasse lien. Ce livre " déclare " la philosophie en ce qu'il tente de la monter à l'oeuvre au cœur des sciences, des techniques et des arts aussi bien que de la religion et de la politique. On a rédigé, en un moment solennel et mémorable, une (...) " Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen.. ".. Déclarer, ce peut être affirmer une volonté pour qu'elle fasse droit, au besoin en renouvelant le droit lui-même. On trouvera ainsi dans ce recueil une incitation à poser la question philosophique des règles et des normes dont les sciences sociales et humaines ont puissamment contribué à établir l'emprise sur notre monde. (shrink)

Julia Annas offers a new account of virtue and happiness as central ethical ideas. She argues that exercising a virtue involves practical reasoning of the kind we find in someone exercising an everyday practical skill, such as farming, building, or playing the piano. This helps us to see virtue as part of an agent's happiness or flourishing.

Theories of reasons and other normativia can seem to lead ineluctably to a tragic dilemma. They can be personal but parochial if they locate reasons in features of the point of view of actual people. Or they can be objective but alien if they take reasons to be mind-independent fixtures of the universe. Kantian constructivism tries to offer the best of both worlds: an account of normative authority anchored in the evaluative perspectives of actual agents but refined by a procedure (...) that guarantees certain principles, like the moral law, will have universal and unconditional authority. This chapter considers motivations for such a view and chronicles the intrepid efforts of its adherents to make good on this guarantee - to show that the structure of practical reason commits reasoners to morality. -/- . (shrink)

Kierkegaard the Christian thinker is introduced, beginning with his cultural background, his basic assumptions about the structure of the Christian universe, and the development of his vocation as religious writer. The author shows why he is different from others in his treatment of Christianity, then follows his presentations of Christian ideality and the tension and opposition in his authorship between Christianity as godly enjoyment of the world and Christianity as renunciation and total self-denial. Distributed in the US by Books International. (...) Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR. (shrink)

ABSTRACT I propose a division of the literature on natural kinds into metaphysical worries, semantic worries, and methodological worries. I argue that the latter set of worries, which concern how classification influences scientific practices, should occupy centre stage in philosophy of science discussions about natural kinds. I apply this methodological framework to the problems of classifying chemical species and nanomaterials. I show that classification in nanoscience differs from classification in chemistry because the latter relies heavily on compositional identity, whereas the (...) former must consider additional properties, namely, size, shape, and surface chemistry. I use this difference to argue for a scale-dependent theory of scientific classification. _1_ Introduction _2_ The Methodological Problem of Kinds _3_ Chemical Kindhood: Reactivity, Microstructure, and the Structure–Property Paradigm _4_ Scale-Dependence and Nanoscale Kinds _5_ Conclusion. (shrink)

El campo conceptual en el que nuestra cultura ha cultivado, y aún cultiva, sus ideas acerca de la razón está fuertemente contaminado de representaciones míticas y psicopopulares. Tanto que todavía es necesaria una arqueología crítica de su historia. La historia de los nombres de la razón es la de sus atavismos populares. En ella se descubre que 'naturaleza' es el nombre más querido que la razón se ha dado, lo que ha constituido una fuente de la que aún hoy fluye (...) un sinfín de equívocos a la hora de pensar las relaciones entre la naturaleza y la razón, entre la naturaleza y la cultura. (shrink)

This interpretive introduction provides unique insight into Plato's Republic. Stressing Plato's desire to stimulate philosophical thinking in his readers, Julia Annas here demonstrates the coherence of his main moral argument on the nature of justice, and expounds related concepts of education, human motivation, knowledge and understanding. In a clear systematic fashion, this book shows that modern moral philosophy still has much to learn from Plato's attempt to move the focus from questions of what acts the just person ought to (...) perform to the more profound questions of what sort of person the just person ought to be. (shrink)

Edited by one of the most renowned scholars in the field, Voices of Ancient Philosophy: An Introductory Reader is a unique and accessible introduction to the richness of ancient philosophy. Featuring a topical--as opposed to chronological--organization, this text introduces students to the wide range of approaches and traditions in ancient philosophy. In each section Annas presents the ancient debates on a particular philosophical topic, drawing on a greater diversity of ancient sources than a chronological approach allows. The book is divided (...) into six sections: Fate and Freedom; Reason and Emotion; Knowledge, Belief, and Skepticism; Metaphysical Questions; How Should You Live?; and Society and the State. Annas includes a generous selection of the works of Plato and Aristotle, as well as those of the Stoics, Epicureans, and Skeptics. She also includes selections from less familiar philosophers and from authors in whose works philosophical issues arise, such as poets, medical writers, historians, and Jewish and Christian writers. The volume features biographical sketches of the philosophers, a timeline, and short discussions of the major movements in ancient philosophy. An excellent text for courses in ancient philosophy and history of philosophy, Voices of Ancient Philosophy: An Introductory Reader will also be of interest to scholars and general readers. (shrink)

Dominique Lecourt argues that a counter-revolution in French intellectual life has seen the period of the master thinkers of the 1960s succeeded by an era of ...

How should thinkers cope with uncertainty? Julia Staffel breaks new ground in the study of rationality by answering this question and many others. She also explains how it is better to be less irrational, because less irrational degrees of belief are generally more accurate and better at guiding our actions.

L’époque carolingienne est qualifiée de renaissance car il y eut alors une forte volonté de retourner aux textes antiques. Dans le présent article, après avoir précisé les conditions matérielles qui ont commandé la copie des écrits patristiques puis leur circulation dans le monde carolingien, on tente de mettre en lumière la fréquentation des Pères par les différents auteurs carolingiens. Mais, et c’est là le cœur de la question, les œuvres des Pères ne sont-elles pas employées par les clercs du ix (...) e siècle comme autant d’arguments dans les différentes polémiques qui les mettent aux prises? C’est ce qui justifierait leur copie. (shrink)

Beyond Contractual Morality looks at current debates over the meaning of liberalism by reexamining their roots in eighteenth-century texts, which demonstrate ...

Early philosophical accounts of explanation mistook the function of boundary conditions for that of contingent facts. I diagnose where this misunderstanding arose and establish that it persists. I...

The present paper reports a set of experimental studies concerning the comprehension of French argumentative operators and connectives.The first part is a presentation of the theoretical framework, the methodological problems and some of the most general results. Experiments were carried out in the perspective of the linguistic theory of argumentation developed by Anscombre and Ducrot. According to this theory, a number of devices in language are mainly defined by their argumentation function, i.e. by the types of discursive sequences and conclusions (...) they involve. Three categories of such devices were examined: (1) operators like “presque” (almost), “à peine” (hardly), “au moins” (at least), etc. which give an argumentative orientation to the statement; (2) co-orientation connectives, like “même” (even), which relate two statements oriented towards the same conclusion; (3) counter-orientation connectives, like the concessive ones (“mais” (but), “quand même” (even so), etc.), which relate two statements oriented towards opposite conclusions. The data shed light on issues such as: What is the nature of the relationship between the informative and argumentative functions of different operators? Is there a hierarchical relation between the argumentative processes of “co-orientation” and “counter-orientation”? What is the role of negation in the processing of argumentative sequences?The second part of the paper focuses specifically on the study of how 8 and 10 year-old children process “counter-oriented” statements. Five concessive connectives were studied: “mais”, “pourtant”, “quand même”, “même si”, “bien que”. The test was composed of two successive completion tasks: in one task the children had to choose the relevant context of complex sentences involving concessive connectives; in the other task they had to choose their relevant conclusion. Main results show a clear evolution in the performance of children between 8 and 10, suggesting that concessive strategies are not completely mastered at the age of 8. Differences among the concessive connectives studied were brought out: the item “quand même” obtained much better results than the other items with 8-year-old subjects; statements with “mais” seemed to be better processed in the conclusion task than in the context task, especially by 10-year-old subjects. These results are compared with other data obtained in some of the numerous studies on the production and comprehension of concessive connectives in various languages, and discussed from the point of view of argumentative theory. (shrink)

This article presents the critique of cybernetics as central to the history of one of the twentieth century’s most infamous avant-garde movements: the Situationist International (SI). Bringing together and analysing a series of seemingly marginal events in the build-up to May ’68, this article shows how the SI’s portrait of cybernetics as an emerging form of social power and control foreshadows later developments in French radical thought. This little-noted trajectory in the situationist movement also highlights the ways in which aesthetics, (...) theory, and politics are inextricably tied together in the events of May ’68. (shrink)

Larzac, Plogoff, Creys-Malville, mais aussi Faucheurs volontaires ou Notre-Dame-des-Landes... Ces noms résonnent à nos oreilles comme autant de jalons de luttes citoyennes et politiques autour des grands enjeux de l'écologie depuis plus de 40 ans en France. Les 150 affiches réunies dans cet ouvrage nous racontent à leur façon ces engagements, de façon joyeuse, agressive, ou simplement informatives. C'est en 1974, lorsque René Dumont se présente avec panache à l'élection présidentielle française, que l'écologie politique entre dans la vie quotidienne de (...) chacun. Il apparaît alors que le diagnostic écologique appelle une réforme de la société en général. Mouvements, courants de pensée, philosophie, style de vie, les enjeux qu'elle défend sont multiples et pluriels. Progrès, croissance, nucléaire, mais aussi citoyenneté, pollution... De ce foisonnement complexe émergent des luttes locales, environnementales, nationales, européennes... Près de 150 affiches et de documents accompagnent dans ce livre le propos de l'auteur. Joyeuses, agressives, ou simplement informatives, elles montrent les enjeux de ces combats, entre utopie, détermination, et nouvelles donnes. Cette promenade dans le temps, par le texte et l'image, restitue le lyrisme ou le désenchantement d'une époque qui oscille entre espérance et désillusion. Elles donnent le ton des revendications écologiques, environnementales, sur la pertinence de la partition traditionnelle droite/gauche pour les enjeux écologiques ou simplement humains qui ponctuent notre société depuis quarante ans. (shrink)

Demander une assistance médicale à la procréation, recourir à l'avortement pour des raisons diverses, contrôler après coup une conduite sexuelle à risque par une pilule du lendemain, et bientôt peut-être exiger d'être euthanasié : depuis que l'État s'est engagé dans un processus de dépénalisation de ces pratiques médicales, on peut aujourd'hui faire beaucoup de choses de son propre corps quand il s'agit du début ou de la fin de vie. Cette liberté s'exerce néanmoins à une condition, toujours la même : (...) se présenter devant un médecin. Et que vous demande ce médecin? Presque rien, semble-t-il. Il vous demande de vous asseoir et de parler de votre état, de votre demande. Bref, de ce qui vous amène là. C'est ce " presque rien " dont il est question dans cet ouvrage. Un " presque rien " qui révèle, en réalité, un nouveau système de surveillance dans lequel le médecin prodigue informations et conseils à un sujet jugé désormais capable de prendre seul des décisions souveraines en matière de vie et de mort. Un face-à-face où apparaît le malaise de ceux qui assument la délicate mission de recueillir l'expression du désir ou de la détresse. À partir d'une longue enquête dans le secret des cabinets médicaux, l'auteur explique comment la régulation juridique a laissé place à des formes de pouvoir beaucoup plus sophistiquées, un dispositif souple de gouvernement des conduites qui laisse toute sa place à l'autocontrôle et à l'intériorisation par les individus des normes sociales. Elle montre ainsi comment, du cabinet du praticien jusqu'au Comité consultatif national d'éthique, c'est une nouvelle administration du vivant qui se met en place. (shrink)

Histoire de ce traité, de sa diffusion et de son influence et étude littéraire et doctrinale. L'étude doctrinale de la triade " puissance, sagesse, bonté " telle qu'elle est formulée dans le traité, sa comparaison avec les " Theologiae " d'Abélard, invitent à réinterpréter le débat trinitaire au XIIe siècle, Hugues de Saint-Victor devant être tenu pour l'auteur de la triade.

Wie lassen sich Banalität, Trivialität und Kitsch voneinander unterscheiden und welche Rolle spielen sie für Kunst und Literatur? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen betrachtet Julia Genz Banalität, Trivialität und Kitsch als Bestandteile von Diskursen, in denen Zugänglichkeit bewertet wird. Zugänglichkeit ist dabei nicht von vornherein gegeben, sondern muss diskursiv erst hergestellt werden. Durch die Ausdifferenzierung in soziale, kognitive und emotionale Zugänglichkeit lassen sich die drei bislang nicht überzeugend getrennten Bereiche voneinander abgrenzen und mit ihren Gegenpolen Exklusivität, Komplexität und Kunst in (...) ein umfassendes Ästhetikmodell integrieren. (shrink)

did roger bacon and peter john olivi ever meet? We suggest a positive answer to this question. After he became a Franciscan in 1257, Roger Bacon spent ten years at the Franciscan Paris convent. In those years he wrote the De multiplicatione specierum —his most thought-out piece—the Opus majus, Opus minus, and Opus tertium, which he completed by early 1268. It is not clear whether Bacon returned to England after 1268, or remained in Paris until 1280.1 Peter John Olivi wrote (...) the Summa questions in several phases.2 According to Sylvain Piron's chronology, Olivi's questions on Physics should be dated before 1270, and his theory of... (shrink)

The book provides a commentary on Plato's Republic which encourages the reader to be stimulated to philosophical thinking by Plato's wide-ranging discussions.

In this book, Julia Ching offers a survey of over 4,000 years of Chinese civilization through an examination of the relationship between kingship and mysticism. She investigates the sage-king myth and ideal, arguing that institutions of kingship were bound up with cultivation of trance states and communication with spirits. Over time, the sage-king myth became a model for the actual ruler. As a paradigm, it was also appropriated by private individuals who strove for wisdom without becoming kings. As the (...) Confucian tradition interacted with the Taoist and the Buddhist, the religious character of spiritual and mystical cultivation became more pronounced. But the sage-king idea continued, promoting expectations of benevolent despotism rather than democratization in Chinese civilization. (shrink)

This paper investigates the norm of presupposition, as one pervasive type of indirect speech act. It argues against the view that sees presuppositions as an indirect counterpart of the direct speech act of assertion and proposes instead that they are much more similar to the direct speech act of assumption. More concretely, it suggests that the norm that governs presuppositions is not an epistemic or doxastic attitude such as knowledge, justified belief, or mere belief; it's a practical attitude, most plausibly (...) the attitude of rational acceptance. This view has important ramifications well beyond debates in philosophy of language and linguistics. It affects not only our view of which speech act sequences are fine and which are off; it bears on whether presuppositions can function as testimony, whether they can be lies, and whether they are ontologically committal, thus addressing central topics in epistemology, ethics, and metaphysics. (shrink)

Sentences containing predicates of personal taste exhibit two striking features: whether they are true seems to lie in the eye of the beholder and whether they are true can be—and often is—subject to disagreement. In the last decade, there has been a lively debate about how to account for these two features. In this paper, I shall argue for two claims: first, I shall show that even the most promising approaches so far offered by proponents of so-called indexical contextualism fail (...) to account for the disagreement feature. They might be able to account for some disagreement data, but they have trouble accounting for two kinds of disagreement data that caused the estrangement from indexical contextualism and the migration to relativism in the first place: the denial and the retraction data. Second, I shall show that we still do not have to abandon indexical contextualism, because what I shall call the superiority approach—a new pragmatically extended version of indexical contextualism—can very well account for the data. (shrink)

This volume launches a new series of contemporary conversations about scientific classification. Most philosophical conversations about kinds have focused centrally or solely on natural kinds, that is, kinds whose existence is not dependent on the scientific process of synthesis. This volume refocuses conversations about classification on unnatural, or synthetic, kinds via extensive study of three paradigm cases of unnatural kinds: nanomaterials, stem cells, and synthetic biology.

Many people follow Grice in thinking that all conversational implicatures are cancellable. And often enough, they use this insight as a test for conversational implicatures. If you want to find out whether something is a conversational implicature, the test has it, you should ask yourself whether the thing in question is cancellable; if you find that it is not cancellable, you can infer that it is not a conversational implicature. If you find that it is cancellable, you can infer that (...) it might well be a conversational implicature and that you should now do further testing. Various philosophers and linguists have questioned the test however. Some have held that Grice's cancellability claim is subject to counterexamples and that the test is not reliable. Others have argued that even though Grice's claim can be defended against the examples in question, the test is not as informative as people have hoped. This article provides an overview of the recent discussion on the cancellability test and suggests a way forward. (shrink)

Recently, macroscopic accounts of chemical kind individuation have been proposed as alternatives to the microstructural essentialist account advocated by Kripke, Putnam, and others. These accounts argue that individuation of chemical kinds is based on macroscopic criteria such as reactivity or thermodynamics, and they challenge the essentialism that grounds the Kripke-Putnam view. Using a variety of chemical examples, I argue that microstructure grounds these macroscopic accounts, but that this grounding need not imply essentialism. Instead, kinds are individuated on the basis of (...) similarity of reactivity between substances, and microstructure explains similarity of reactivity. (shrink)

The emerging field of synthetic biology aims to engineer novel biological entities. The envisioned future bio-based economy builds largely on “cell factories”: organisms that have been metabolically engineered to sustainably produce substances for human ends. In this paper, we argue that synthetic biology’s goal of creating efficient production vessels for industrial applications implies a set of ontological assumptions according to which living organisms are machines. Traditionally, a machine is understood as a technological, isolated and controllable production unit consisting of parts. (...) But modified organisms, or hybrids, require us to think beyond the machine paradigm and its associated dichotomies between artificial and natural, organisms and artefacts. We ask: How may we conceptualise hybrids beyond limiting ontological categories? Our main claim is that the hybrids created by synthetic biology should be considered not as machines but as metabolic systems. We shall show how the philosophical account of metabolism can inform an ontology of hybrids that moves beyond what we call the “machine ontology”, considering that metabolism enables thinking beyond the dominant dichotomies and allows us to understand and design lifeforms in a bio-based economy. Thus, the aim of this paper is twofold: first, to develop the philosophical ontology of hybrids, and second, to move synthetic biology beyond the problematically limiting view of hybrids. (shrink)