Bu makale, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Halep’teki en güçlü dönemi olan Kânûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde Halep’in me ş hur alimi Radıyyüddin İ bnü’l-Hanbelî’nin dönemin en me ş hur divân-ı hümâyundaki ba ş kâtib ve ni ş ancısı Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi’ye ithafen yazmı ş oldu ğ u bir risalenin tahkikini içermektedir. Eser, devlette kâtiplik ve in ş â ilmi alanında yazılmı ş önemli ve litaretürde yeri olacak bir eserdir. Eseri önemi kılan birçok etken bulunmaktadır. Bu etkenlerin ba ş ında büyük (...) bir dil âlimi ve tarihçi bu iki ilimle me ş hur bir ilim ailesi mensubu bir ş ahsiyet tarafından kaleme alınmasıdır. Eseri önemli kılan bir di ğ er etken, Osmanlı Devleti’nin zirvesi addedilen Kânûnî’nin döneminde, devletin en me ş hur ba ş kâtibi ve ni ş ancısına ithafen yazılmı ş olmasıdır. Zira “Kânûnî” Sultan Süleyman’nın bu lakabı almasında en önemli rolü Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi üstlenmi ş tir. Eseri üç ana ba ş lık altında ele almak mümkündür. Müellif birinci ba ş lık altında, kâtiplerin ihâta etmeliri gereken Kur’an-ı Kerîm, hadis-i ş erifler, dil ve ş iir gibi alanlar hakkında örneklerle tafsilâtlı bilgiler vermektedir. İ kinci ba ş lıkta, kâtiplerin faziletleri ve üstünlükleri hakkında önemli bilgi ve ya ş anmı ş örneklerden sonra üçüncü bölümde, eserin ba ş ından beri gizledi ğ i Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi’nin ismini içeren ve onu meth eden bir beyt ş iiri, uzun bir kasidenin birinci harflerine gizlemi ş tir. Eserin son sayfasında beyt açık bir ş ekilde yazılmı ş eserin müellifin babası tarafından Edirne’de istinsâh edildi ğ i aktarılmaktadır. (shrink)

Nous partageons le problème de savoir comment faire face à autant d'humains si semblables et si différents. A autant d'êtres qui ne peuvent interpréter le fait d'exister sans se comparer les uns aux autres, sans se distinguer les uns des autres, et qui doivent néanmoins cohabiter. Et de savoir comment ces humains peuvent d'autant plus se distinguer qu'ils prennent la place successivement les uns les autres, qu'ils reprennent les mêmes traces et doivent les réinterpréter. La première formulation du problème est (...) plutôt celle de la problématologie, dans la mesure où elle place au centre de la condition humaine le langage ordinaire, l'incessante différence de la question et de la réponse. C'est par elle que les humains mesurent ce qui les éloigne ou les rapproche et qu'ils règlent leurs désaccords. La seconde formulation du problème est plutôt celle de l'herméneutique, dans la mesure où elle place au centre de la condition humaine la condition interprétative, où chaque génération doit réinterpréter le monde où elle se découvre, pour reprendre la conversation rompue par la mort. En exposant ces deux " gestes " élémentaires du questionnement, en construisant l'écart entre deux traditions philosophiques de styles aussi hétérogènes, sans chercher à les subordonner l'un à l'autre, il s'est agi de penser une éthique de l'interrogativité. Ce sens de l'interrogation peut seul orienter nos " éthiques de responsabilité " et nous remettre ensemble dans un monde où nous comparaissons d'autant plus heureux de nous distinguer que nous nous effaçons devant l'autre. Ces deux attitudes font notre civilité. (shrink)

II secolo XX, chiamato secolo delle Ideologie, e - per quanto riguarda il nostro punto di vista - un secolo di particolari tensioni fra la religione e l a cultura. II modelio della cultura dominante da alcune decine di anni cerca ispirazione concentrandosi sul mondo materiale, riducendo il campo di conoscenza alle dimensioni strettamente meccanicistiche, imponendo gli orizzonti puramente positivistici. Le conseguenze di qoesta tendenza - scrive Z. Zdybicka - si sono fatte sentire in tutti i campi dell'attività dell'uomo. E (...) stata infatti escogitata un'utopia tecnica che mirava a trasformare il volto del mondo, a crearlo in qualche senso da capo. Secondo questa visione ideale la nuova realta sarebbe esclusivamente temporale, misurabile, totalmente percettibile attraverso l'esperienza sensibile dell'uomo. La scienza formata sul modelio proposto dalle scienze matematico-naturali dovrebbe garantire agli uomini una sapienza profonda e universale e, grazie alla loro capacita di dominare le forze della natura e alla loro conoscenza delle leggi che regolano la vita sociale e alla sapiente applicazione delle stnitture tecnico-legali - farii diventare persino onnipotenti. (shrink)

II secolo XX, chiamato secolo delle Ideologie, e - per quanto riguarda il nostro punto di vista - un secolo di particolari tensioni fra la religione e l a cultura. II modelio della cultura dominante da alcune decine di anni cerca ispirazione concentrandosi sul mondo materiale, riducendo il campo di conoscenza alle dimensioni strettamente meccanicistiche, imponendo gli orizzonti puramente positivistici. Le conseguenze di qoesta tendenza - scrive Z. Zdybicka - si sono fatte sentire in tutti i campi dell'attività dell'uomo. E (...) stata infatti escogitata un'utopia tecnica che mirava a trasformare il volto del mondo, a crearlo in qualche senso da capo. Secondo questa visione ideale la nuova realta sarebbe esclusivamente temporale, misurabile, totalmente percettibile attraverso l'esperienza sensibile dell'uomo. La scienza formata sul modelio proposto dalle scienze matematico-naturali dovrebbe garantire agli uomini una sapienza profonda e universale e, grazie alla loro capacita di dominare le forze della natura e alla loro conoscenza delle leggi che regolano la vita sociale e alla sapiente applicazione delle stnitture tecnico-legali - farii diventare persino onnipotenti. (shrink)

L’étude de la Nouvelle-Néerlande permet de voir le rôle » joué par le genre dans la construction d’une société nouvelle. Les dynamiques migratoires mixtes qui caractérisent cette colonie donnent naissance à une société coloniale où la surreprésentation masculine est associée à un peuplement familial. Il en résulte une vulnérabilité exacerbée des femmes seules. Néanmoins, les transgressions sexuelles peuvent être lues comme autant de tentatives de se conformer à un ordre matrimonial. Le mariage apparaît non seulement comme une sécurité pour les (...) femmes, mais également, par les réseaux de confiance qu’il permet de construire, comme un rouage essentiel au bon fonctionnement d’une société articulée autour de circulations atlantiques. (shrink)

Methylation of DNA plays an important role in the control of gene expression in higher eukaryotes. This is largely achieved by the packaging of methylated DNA into chromatin structures that are inaccessible to transcription factors and other proteins. Methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to the 5‐position of the cytosine base in DNA, a reaction catalysed by a DNA (cytosine‐5) methyltransferase. This reaction occurs in nuclear replication foci where the chromatin structure is loosened for replication, thereby allowing access (...) to methyltransferases. Partly as a result of their recognising the presence of a methylcytosine on the parental strand following replication, these large enzymes are able to maintain the distribution of methyl groups along the DNA of somatic cells and, thereby, maintain tissue‐specific patterns of gene expression. (shrink)

Claude Clerselier leitor da dúvida de René Descartes Resumo: Claude Clerselier foi amigo, correspondente, tradutor e editor de René Descartes, de quem publicou os três volumes da correspondência (Cartas do senhor Descartes), O homem e O mundo. Sua atividade de editor e tradutor foi sempre animada por um duplo desígnio : divulgar a filosofia de Descartes, construindo e veiculando, entretanto, a imagem mais ortodoxa possível do filósofo. Essa imagem de Cleserlier « vulgarizador » da filosofia de Descartes, que sempre o (...) fez o fiel discípulo que se esforça para não se distanciar do mestre cujos méritos celebra, merece em nossa opinião um aprofundamento. Uma análise atenta do Prefácio a’O homem mostra incontestavelmente que Clerselier não se limita a difundir e defender a filosofia cartesiana, mas também que dela é um intérprete escrupuloso. A passagem desse Prefácio no qual Clerserlier discute certos temas, centrais, da metafísica cartesiana, nos parece, com efeito, sugerir uma abordagem completamente diferente daquela de seu mestre. Palavras-chave: Descartes; Clerserlier; Correspondência; O homem; O mundo. Claude Clerselier, reader of the doubt of René Descartes Abstract: Claude Clerselier was a friend, correspondent, translator, and editor of René Descartes. He published three volumes of correspondence of Descartes (The Correspondence of René Descartes), Treatise of Man, and The World. His activity as editor and translator was always inspired by a dual purpose: disseminate the philosophy of Descartes, though through building and conveying the most orthodox image possible of the philosopher. This image of Clerselier as “popularizer” of Descartes’ philosophy, that always portrayed him as the faithful disciple who strives to never distance himself from the master whose merits he honors, is, in our opinion, worthy of deeper analysis. Close attention to the Preface of the Treatise of Man undeniably shows that Clerselier did not limit himself to disseminating and defending Cartesian philosophy but that he is also its scrupulous interpreter. The passage of this Preface in which Clerselier discusses determined themes central to Cartesian metaphysics effectively appears to suggest a completely different approach to that of his master. Keywords: Descartes; Clerselier; Correspondence; Treatise of Man; The World. Claude Clerselier lecteur du doute de René Descartes Résumé: Claude Clerselier fut ami, correspondant, traducteur et éditeur de René Descartes, dont il publia les trois volumes de la correspondance (Lettres de Monsieur Descartes), l’Homme et le Monde. Son activité d’éditeur et traducteur fut toujours animée d’un double dessein : divulguer la philosophie de Descartes tout en construisant et véhiculant, du philosophe, l’image la plus orthodoxe possible. Cette image de Clerselier ‘vulgarisateur’ de la philosophie de Descartes, qui a toujours fait de Clerselier le fidèle disciple qui se garde de s’éloigner de la doctrine du maître dont il célèbre les mérites, mérite à notre avis d’un approfondissement. Une analyse attentive de la Préface à l’Homme montre incontestablement que Clerselier ne se limite pas à diffuser et à défendre la philosophie cartésienne mais qu’il en est aussi un interprète scrupuleux. Le passage de cette Préface dans lequel Clerselier discute certains thèmes, centraux, de la métaphysique cartésienne, nous semble en effet suggérer une approche complètement différente de celle de son maître. Mots-clé: Descartes; Clerserlier; Correspondance; L'homme; Le Monde. (shrink)

Dan Arbib's book follows the numerous studies devoted, in the last twenty years, to the topic of the infinite in Descartes. For the first time, however, with Arbib's work, this question is addressed thematically.Its fundamental purpose is the demonstration of what Arbib calls an "induction a priori" : the Cartesian infinite belongs, and at the same time does not belong, to metaphysics as ontotheology. The verification of this hypothesis depends on a "non-negotiable condition" : the infinite belongs to metaphysics insofar (...) as it is subordinated to the ego, and for this reason is supremely representable. The infinite, indeed, arises along the metaphysical path of Duns Scotus that, in the... (shrink)

Resumo Procuramos demonstrar, a partir de uma relação entre a noção adorniana de estilo tardio e obras tardias de Deleuze - sobretudo L’épuisé, que trata da obra igualmente tardia de Beckett para a televisão - que há no pensamento deleuziano uma importante reflexão sobre a morte. Procuramos salientar a presença desta ideia e diferenciar a morte da noção de negativo, criticada pelo autor. Uma vez traçada a natureza desta reflexão, pretendemos questionar sua relevância no estudo da obra de Beckett.In this (...) article, we sought to demonstrate that there is in Deleuze’s philosophy an original reflection on death, which cannot be exhausted by an idea of negativity so common inside the Hegelian tradition. To achieve this objective a relation will be draw between Adornian notion of late style and Deleuze's late works - especially L'épuisé, We seek to highlight the presence of this idea of death and to differentiate it from the notion of negative so criticized by Deleuze. Once drawn the nature of this reflection, we intend to question its preponderance in Beckett's late works for television. (shrink)

Le statut juridique des femmes et de leurs biens introduit des différences par rapport à celui des hommes, différences qui sont tantôt défendues tantôt dénoncées par les femmes elles-mêmes, selon qu’elles visent à mettre leurs biens à l’abri des prétentions des créanciers ou, au contraire, qu’elles manifestent leur volonté de tester le plus librement possible. Mais, en préalable à la différence entre hommes et femmes, se trouve le problème de la définition du droit de propriété en tant que tel. De (...) nombreux témoignages montrent en effet que celui-ci est souvent déduit d’un état de fait, plutôt que de la production d’un titre légitime. Et, à la différence de la propriété, la possession ne se décline pas selon le genre. (shrink)

Le statut juridique des femmes et de leurs biens introduit des différences par rapport à celui des hommes, différences qui sont tantôt défendues tantôt dénoncées par les femmes elles-mêmes, selon qu’elles visent à mettre leurs biens à l’abri des prétentions des créanciers ou, au contraire, qu’elles manifestent leur volonté de tester le plus librement possible. Mais, en préalable à la différence entre hommes et femmes, se trouve le problème de la définition du droit de propriété en tant que tel. De (...) nombreux témoignages montrent en effet que celui-ci est souvent déduit d’un état de fait, plutôt que de la production d’un titre légitime. Et, à la différence de la propriété, la possession ne se décline pas selon le genre. (shrink)

Dans le prolongement du rapport interministériel IGJ/CGEDD « une justice pour l’environnement » et de la loi du 24 décembre 2020 créant des pôles spécialisés pour les atteintes à l’environnement compétents en matière pénale mais aussi civile, les auteurs interrogent l’efficience de notre droit de la responsabilité face à la crise écologique systémique qui touche le climat et la biodiversité. Bouleversant les catégories existantes, elle appelle non seulement à renouveler la pensée dans ce domaine et surtout les solutions qui doivent (...) être envisagées et mises en place. Face à l’accumulation des risques, ils avancent des pistes pragmatiques, fondées sur l’idée d’une expertise universelle, un renouvellement des solidarités collectives et la mise en place de régimes de garanties universelles, seule façon de protéger durablement la Terre et le vivant face à la montée des périls qui les menacent. (shrink)

Non sempre il pensiero politico di Karl Jaspers ha ricevuto l’attenzione che merita.

Un livre pour défaire le régime esthétique de l'image, en vue d'une nouvelle pensée diagrammatique, après Deleuze et Guattari, entre art et philosophie : un ouvrage introductif et spéculatif sans équivalent qui, partant de la rupture opérée par Matisse et Duchamp avec la phénoménologie picturale de l'image esthétique, constitue une archéologie de l'art contemporain qui passe par Daniel Buren, Gordon Matta-Clark, Günter Brus et le néoconcrétisme brésilien.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Le doute en question: Parades pragmatistes au défi sceptiqueRobert AlmederClaudine Tiercelin Le doute en question: Parades pragmatistes au défi sceptique (Doubt in Question: Pragmatist Responses to the Challenge of Skepticism) Paris & Tel-Aviv: Editions de l'eclat, 2005. 332 pp.This book is a serious contribution to the highest standards of scholarship along with a masterful ability to re-deploy the results of that contribution in a striking display of philosophical (...) acumen aimed at showing us how to set aside that vast body of contemporary literature devoted to taking seriously the challenge of contemporary skepticism in epistemology, metaphysics and ethics. It is not enough to say that this is an excellent book. Those who think that philosophy done well is a commanding esthetic experience will find Tiercelin's book a work of high art performed and executed with style, deep analytic insight, and grace.The author, who teaches American Philosophy, Contemporary Epistemology and Philosophy of Language at the University of Paris, is an outstanding scholar and an incisive philosopher. She is pre-eminently equipped to elucidate and advance philosophical discourse by carefully applying the best of pragmatic thought to enduring epistemological, metaphysical and ethical problems associated with strong global skepticism. She has a sensitive and broad command of the critical texts, and shows us why the usual objections to pragmatic epistemology, for example, are, in spite of continuing popularity, unacceptable in the light of those texts. She guides us back to Peirce's doubt-belief theory of inquiry and argues carefully not only that the purpose of all inquiry is to establish reliable beliefs that allow us to adapt successfully to the myriad demands of an independent world, but also that our explication of the nature of truth and knowledge must be made consistent with that fundamental point. That in itself would be enough for [End Page 282] a fine book. But she then goes further to delineate how pragmatic thought can be redeployed to discover the inadequacy of several responses to contemporary arguments for skepticism (including the argument from ignorance) and at the same time show how those very pragmatic theses deserve a place of honor in virtue of their demonstrable power to dissolve or undermine the main arguments for the skeptic's general story.After an introductory section outlining the new rise and nature of contemporary skepticism with its roots in ancient and modern philosophy, the book divides nicely into seven sections bearing the following titles:1. The nature and impact of the skeptical challenge in contemporary philosophy2. To what extent can we doubt?3. Two pragmatic strategies in the face of doubt: Peirce and Wittgenstein4. Pragmatism or the human logic of truth5. The ethical response to the skeptical challenge;6. Do we perceive the external world? and7. The risk of error and the presumption of knowledge.In the introduction and in the first two sections, Tiercelin shows in detail the continuity between the contemporary resurgence in skeptical thought affirming that knowledge that P requires the elimination of every possibility of error, and the Cartesian thesis to the effect that as long as one can imagine any universe of discourse in which one might be mistaken for any reason in what one believes, one's belief is not an item of knowledge. But, for Tiercelin, while knowledge may be a form of justified true belief, justification sufficient for knowledge simply does not require freedom from the logical possibility of error. Later, in the conclusion of the book (p. 253) she returns to this same issue and notes that, along with many others, even the late David Lewis accepted the unfortunate Cartesian thesis when he asserted in "Elusive Knowledge" (Australasian Journal of Philosophy 74.4 [1996]: 549ff) that there is something fundamentally contradictory with sentences such as "I know that P, but I may be mistaken". After all, so the Lewis story goes, if you know that P, there can be no sense in which what you know could be mistaken. At any rate, in the first two sections, Tiercelin delineates different kinds of doubt, and argues from a Peircean perspective on the nature and origin of real doubt... (shrink)

Depuis des millénaires l'homme est à la recherche de ses origines. Hésiode montre que l'ordre doit remplacer le chaos et sa Théogonie est une première analyse d'un changement nécessaire. Zeus fait la guerre contre les manifestations du Chaos afin d'imposer sa propre conception de l'ordre ce qui revient à opposer l'intelligence et la Ruse à la Matière. Or, la prise de pouvoir par Zeus n'est que la preuve de ce que les mortels doivent entreprendre pour dominer leur vie, se conduire (...) en héros et mourir glorieusement. Ce dépassement de soi, organisé et encouragé, n'est qu'un choix humain projeté dans l'absolu du divin. Zeus apporte la justesse d'une solution au problème que pose l'existence. (shrink)

Leah Andress,1 Anjali Gupta,2 Nida Siddiqi,3 Kwaku Marfo2,3 1University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Buffalo, 2Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine Department of Abdominal Organ Transplant Program, Bronx, 3Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, Bronx, NY, USA: Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin has proven benefit as induction therapy in renal transplant recipients, achieving reduced acute rejection rates and better short-term allograft function, with slightly higher rates of complications such as (...) infections and malignancy. Compared with other agents, the most benefit from rATG induction has been observed in renal transplant recipients at high immunologic risk for rejection. However, in special populations, such as pediatrics, the elderly, and hepatitis C-positive and human immunodeficiency virus-positive renal transplant recipients, additional information is needed to delineate the absolute benefit of rATG induction compared with other induction agents. Selection of rATG as the choice of induction therapy in renal transplant recipients should be guided by a cost-effective approach in balancing efficacy, safety, and cost. This review summarizes the published literature on efficacy, safety, and cost of rATG induction in renal transplantation. Keywords: anti-thymocyte globulin, renal transplantation, induction therapy. (shrink)

If one can judge a society by how it treats its prisoners, one can surely judge a society by how it treats cognitively- and learning-impaired children. In the United States children with physical and cognitive impairments are subjected to higher rates of corporal punishment than are non-disabled children. Children with disabilities make up just over 13% of the student population in the U.S. yet make up over 18% of those children who receive corporal punishment. Autistic children are among the most (...) likely to receive corporal punishment. -/- Although they may deny or redescribe particular instances of corporal punishment or their use of restraints, educators defend such actions as legitimate punishment. In this paper, I assess the logic underlying the use of restraints and corporal punishment on autistic children by educators. The rationalizations for the corporal punishment or restraint of autistics stems from the educator’s desire to control the autistic children so as to end typical autistic behaviors such as rocking, repetitive verbalizations, or “flapping” but also the autistic child’s non-affective responses such as not appearing to feel remorse or shame or the absence of a verbal acknowledgement of remorse or shame. The educators assume that the autistic’s failure to exhibit the desired responses is evidence of the autistic’s moral incorrigibility and is, therefore, evidence of the appropriateness of corporal punishment. But this assumption of the incorrigibility of the autistic child is questionable. -/- Indeed accepting this incorrigibility assumption reveals two important problems. First, instructors using physical punishment on autistic children do not understand autism. Second, they are not working with a tenable conception of punishment. Any action undertaken to induce socially acceptable behaviors (whether it be the end of autistic acts or responses such as remorse) is to fail to understand what the legitimate punishment of children is about. (shrink)

Le parcours que je me propose de faire par la pensée cartésienne passe par les moments suivants : d’abord, on essaie de découvrir dans la pensée médiévale tardive, en prenant comme référence non pas seulement Nicolas de Cues, mais aussi quelques aspects du nominalisme, l’émergence d’une métaphysique du pouvoir qui a, elle aussi, comme point de départ, le concept d’infini ; deuxièmement, on essaie de démontrer comment cette métaphysique du pouvoir passe, en Descartes, par sa théorie de la création des (...) vérités éternelles, par les noms qu’il va privilégier pour parler de Dieu et par le concept de causa sui ; troisièmement, on voit comment cette métaphysique du pouvoir se réfléchit dans une anthropologie de la volonté qui réinterprète, d’une façon tout à fait particulière, le motif médiéval de l’homme en tant que « imago Dei » ; finalement, on voit comment l’essence de la pensée « sub specie machinae » peut être vue, en même temps, comme une affirmation du pouvoir de l’homme dans une anticipation du « verum ipsum factum » de Vico, déjà anticipé aussi dans la pensée cusaine et dans sa conception créatrice de la connaissance humaine. (shrink)

Toute réflexion sur l’avenir de la NLR doit partir de sa differentia specifica. Qu’est-ce qui a fait sa singularité en tant que revue de gauche ? La façon la plus simple et la plus succincte de répondre à cette question est la suivante : aucune autre revue ne s’est efforcée de couvrir un terrain aussi vaste – s’étendant de la politique à l’économie, en passant par l’esthétique, la philosophie et la sociologie – avec une telle liberté quant à la longueur (...) et au degré de minutie des contributions. Cet espace n’a jamais été exploré de manière homogène ou équilibrée, au point de décourager même les lecteurs les plus patients. Mais c’est ainsi que le caractère de la New Left Review s’est forgé. Il s’agit d’une revue politique basée à Londres, qui a tenté de traiter les sciences humaines et sociales et les arts et les mœurs dans le même esprit historique que la politique elle-même. (shrink)

As part of the ongoing attempt to fully naturalize the concept of human being--and, more specifically, to re-center it around the notion of agency--this essay discusses an approach to defining the content of representations in terms ultimately derived from their central, evolved function of providing guidance for action. This 'guidance theory' of representation is discussed in the context of, and evaluated with respect to, two other biologically inspired theories of representation: Dan Lloyd's dialectical theory of representation and Ruth Millikan's biosemantics.

This anthology of contemporary articles (and court cases provides a philosophical analysis of race, sex and gender concepts and issues. Divided into three relatively independent yet thematically linked sections, the anthology first addresses identity issues, then injustices and inequalities, and then specific social and legal issues relevant to race, sex and gender. By exposing readers to both theoretical foundations, opposing views, and "real life" applications, the anthology prepares them to make critically reasoned decisions concerning today's race, gender and sex social (...) issues. Sex and Gender Identity. Sexuality and Sexual Orientation. Race and Ethnicity. Racism. Sexism. Heterosexism and Homophobia. Equality and Preferential Treatment. Discriminatory Harassment. Identity Speech and Political Speech. Sexual Speech. Sexual Assault. For anyone interested in the philosophical underpinnings of today's Race, Sex, and Gender issues. (shrink)

Self Aware Computer Systems is an area of basic research, and we are only in the initial stages of our understanding of what it means: What it means to be self aware; what a self aware system can do that a system without it cannot do; and what are some of the immediate practical applications and challenge problems. This paper is a report capturing some of the salient points discussed during the DARPA workshop on Self Aware Computer Systems held on (...) April 27-28, 2004 in Washington DC. (shrink)

본 연구는 초기 사이버네틱스의 기본이념에 대한 드레이퍼스(Hubert L. Dreyfus)의 비판적 성찰의 핵심 요소들을 부분적으로 간략하게 살펴보고, 그가 수행한 작업이 오늘날의 인공지능 연구자들에게 어떤 인간학적인 함의를 전해줄 수 있을지를 철학사적 관점에서 보충적으로 성찰하고 짚어보는 데 주된 목표를 설정한다. 본 연구의 핵심적인 물음은 다음과 같다. “오늘날까지 사이버네틱스 연구자들을 지배하는 존재론적 가정의 철학사적 기원은 무엇인가? 인간의 의식에 대한 이들의 가정은 인공지능 시대의 도래를 맞이하는 오늘날 어떤 양태의 근원적 문제들을 유발하는가?” 이 물음에 답하기 위해, 본 연구는 우선 사이버네틱스의 역사, 그리고 그 과정에서 드러난 사이버네틱스의 (...) 기본이념에 대한 드레이퍼스의 비판적 성찰을 간략히 고찰한다. 여기서는 인간 의식과 인공지능 간의 근원적 차이, 그리고 초기 사이버네틱스 연구자들 사이에 공유되던 존재론적 가정의 진면목과 문제점에 대한 드레이퍼스의 견해를 살피는 데 초점을 맞춘다. 다음으로 본 연구는 이런 존재론적 가정에 대해 그가 수행하지 못한 철학사적 분석을 추가로 진행함으로써 그의 사이버네틱스 성찰이 가진 함의를 오늘날의 인공지능 개발 현실에 발맞춰 길어내는 데 주력한다. 무엇보다 인공신경망 기반 기계학습 인공지능이 각광받는 오늘의 현실에서도 드레이퍼스의 현상학적 성찰이 유의미하게 받아들여질 수 있을지를 살피는 데 논의의 초점을 맞춘다. (shrink)

Research involving human participants has been conducted in the Philippines since the beginning of the Spanish colonial period. Such studies are expected to adhere to internationally accepted ethical guidelines. This paper discusses trends in clinical research ethics in the Philippines during the American colonial period (1898‐1946). Specifically, studies were assessed on: 1) their observance of ethical protocols, including review; 2) identification of inclusion and exclusion criteria in the selection of participants; 3) use of vulnerable subjects; and 4) practice of the (...) informed consent process. Only the informed consent process had a significant logistic correlation with progression of years. Recruitment of vulnerable groups was common during this period; children and prisoners were the most common participants. Trends in medical ethics in the Philippines reflected those in the United States prior to the publication of the Nuremberg Code, which served as a milestone in the protection of human welfare in clinical research. (shrink)

L'oeuvre de Klong chen rab 'byams (alias Klong chen pa) a laisse une profonde empreinte dans la culture tibetaine, non seulement en raison de ses qualites proprement philosophiques, mais encore gryce ... sa dimension spirituelle et du fait ...

L’ambientazione dell’itinerario che qui si propone rinvia ad un’ermeneutica del diritto che concentra l’attenzione non su un settore – costituito da metodologie e principi ai quali attingere per la soluzione di conflitti nella prassi –, ma su una riflessione rigorosa. Tale ordine di pensiero muove dalla filosofia aristotelica del De Interpretatione, sino ai problemi della globalizzazione, trattati interrogandosi se l’ermeneutica occupi o meno un posto prioritario nel complesso universum giuridico. Si prende atto che l’arte dell’interpretazione appare sostituibile con un insieme (...) di teorie argomentative che, con il loro management, rischiano di banalizzare i concetti della responsabilità personale nella vita quotidiana dell’amministrazione della giustizia. (shrink)