Neben Libanios und Themistios stellt Himerios die dritte bedeutende Erscheinung in der stark rhetorisch geprägten Bildungskultur des 4. Jh.s n. Chr. in der östlichen Hälfte des Römischen Reiches dar; allerdings tritt er aufgrund des erheblich schlechteren Erhaltungszustandes seiner Redenproduktion (von den insgesamt 74 Reden, von denen wir noch wissen, sind 14 nur noch dem Titel nach und viele andere – außer or. 6, 8, 9, 23–35 [diese aber nur in einem verstümmelten Codex und damit auf große Strecken nicht lesbar], 38–41, (...) 44–48, 54, 59–66, 68, 69 und 74 – in zum Teil nur sehr knappen Auszügen bekannt) deutlich hinter die beiden anderen Genannten zurück. Den Byzantinern, die das Werk des Libanios in beeindruckender Fülle bewahrten und auch von Themistios' Reden so viel überlieferten, dass damit 3 Bände der Bibliotheca Teubneriana gefüllt werden konnten, sagten möglicherweise auch Inhalt und Stil des Himerios weniger zu; so ist vieles von ihm nur noch in Auszügen in Photios' Bibliotheke (cod. 243; vgl. cod. 165) erhalten. Alles nicht Verlorene wird in dem hier zu besprechenden Buch Harald Völkers (im folgenden V.) zum ersten Mal in deutscher Übersetzung und damit überhaupt in einer modernen Sprache geboten, doch muss man leider von vornherein sagen, dass dieser Erstling in vielem nicht gelungen ist. (shrink)

BackgroundBiobanking biospecimens and consent are common practice in paediatric research. We need to explore children and young people’s (CYP) knowledge and perspectives around the use of and consent to biobanking. This will ensure meaningful informed consent can be obtained and improve current consent procedures.MethodsWe designed a survey, in co-production with CYP, collecting demographic data, views on biobanking, and consent using three scenarios: 1) prospective consent, 2) deferred consent, and 3) reconsent and assent at age of capacity. The survey was disseminated (...) via the Young Person’s Advisory Group North England (YPAGne) and participating CYP’s secondary schools. Data were analysed using a qualitative thematic approach by three independent reviewers (including CYP) to identify common themes. Data triangulation occurred independently by a fourth reviewer.ResultsOne hundred two CYP completed the survey. Most were between 16–18 years (63.7%, N = 65) and female (66.7%, N = 68). 72.3% had no prior knowledge of biobanking (N = 73).Acceptability of prospective consent for biobanking was high (91.2%, N = 93) with common themes: ‘altruism’, ‘potential benefits outweigh individual risk’, 'frugality', and ‘(in)convenience’.Deferred consent was also deemed acceptable in the large majority (84.3%, N = 86), with common themes: ‘altruism’, ‘body integrity’ and ‘sample frugality’. 76.5% preferred to reconsent when cognitively mature enough to give assent (N = 78), even if parental consent was previously in place. 79.2% wanted to be informed if their biobanked biospecimen is reused (N = 80).ConclusionProspective and deferred consent acceptability for biobanking is high among CYP in the UK. Altruism, frugality, body integrity, and privacy are the most important themes. Clear communication and justification are paramount to obtain consent. Any CYP with capacity should be part of the consenting procedure, if possible. (shrink)

According to the disquotationalist theory of truth, the Tarskian equivalences, conceived as axioms, yield all there is to say about truth. Several authors have claimed that the expression of infinite conjunctions and disjunctions is the only purpose of the disquotationalist truth predicate. The way in which infinite conjunctions can be expressed by an axiomatized truth predicate is explored and it is considered whether the disquotationalist truth predicate is adequate for this purpose.

To the axioms of Peano arithmetic formulated in a language with an additional unary predicate symbol T we add the rules of necessitation φ/Tφ and conecessitation T φ/φ and axioms stating that T commutes with the logical connectives and quantifiers. By a result of McGee this theory is w-inconsistent, but it can be approximated by models obtained by a kind of rule-of-revision semantics. Furthermore we prove that FS is equivalent to a system already studied by Friedman and Sheard and give (...) an analysis of its proof theory. (shrink)

Disquotational theories of truth, that is, theories of truth based on the T-sentences or similar equivalences as axioms are often thought to be deductively weak. This view is correct if the truth predicate is allowed to apply only to sentences not containing the truth predicate. By taking a slightly more liberal approach toward the paradoxes, I obtain a disquotational theory of truth that is proof theoretically as strong as compositional theories such as the Kripket probe the compositional axioms.

In this sequel toSelf-reference in arithmetic Iwe continue our discussion of the question: What does it mean for a sentence of arithmetic to ascribe to itself a property? We investigate how the properties of the supposedly self-referential sentences depend on the chosen coding, the formulae expressing the properties and the way a fixed point for the expressing formulae are obtained. In this second part we look at some further examples. In particular, we study sentences apparently expressing their Rosser-provability, their own${\rm{\Sigma (...) }}_n^0$-truth or their own${\rm{\Pi }}_n^0$-truth. Finally we offer an assessment of the results of both papers. (shrink)

The uniform reflection principle for the theory of uniform T-sentences is added to PA. The resulting system is justified on the basis of a disquotationalist theory of truth where the provability predicate is conceived as a special kind of analyticity. The system is equivalent to the system ACA of arithmetical comprehension. If the truth predicate is also allowed to occur in the sentences that are inserted in the T-sentences, yet not in the scope of negation, the system with the reflection (...) schema for these T-sentences assumes the strength of the Kripke-Feferman theory KF, and thus of ramified analysis up to go. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to explore the potential contribution of Axel Honneth's critical theory of recognition to empirical and normative debates on global justice. I first present, very briefly, an overview of recent theories of global distributive justice. I argue that theorists of distributive justice do not pay enough attention to sources of self-respect and conditions for identity formation, and that they are blind toward the danger of harming people's sense of self even by well-intentioned redistributive policies. Honneth's (...) theory suffers from complementary shortcomings; it is anti-technocratic but largely oblivious to the global nature of many contemporary justice claims. Given this situation, I seek to broaden the theory's scope by outlining transnational extensions of the recognition principles of love, rights and solidarity identified by Honneth. In conclusion, I show how utilizing a broadened conceptualization of the struggle for recognition allows us to better understand the changing logic of justice-oriented foreign policies. (shrink)

We prove Yablo’s paradox without the diagonal lemma or the recursion theorem. Only a disquotation schema and axioms for a serial and transitive ordering are used in the proof. The consequences for the discussion on whether Yablo’s paradox is circular or involves self-reference are evaluated.

The book provides a thematic account of the changing political thought of critical theorists from Adorno to Habermas and Honneth. Its purpose is to establish the relevance of this tradition for contemporary political theory and philosophy.

Against competing political theories of the integration of immigrants, we propose to reframe the relationship between the populations of host countries and arriving refugees in terms of a neo-Maussian theory of gift exchange. Using the example of the European refugee crisis of 2015 and the welcoming attitude of significant parts of German civil society, we argue that this particular situation should be understood as epitomizing the trend toward internal transnationalism. Increasingly, the “international” is becoming part and parcel of the “domestic” (...) sphere. Since Marcel Mauss was concerned with the question of how separate, culturally different communities can establish ties of solidarity and cooperation between each other, we use his work to answer key questions about the relations between international refugees and native citizens in their home countries: What are the expectations underlying gift-giving in the context of welcoming refugees? Should refugees feel obliged to repay the arrival gifts? How sh... (shrink)

The success of medicine in the treatment of patients brings with it new challenges. More people live on to suffer from functional, chronic or multifactorial diseases, and this has led to calls for more complex analyses of the causal determinants of health and illness. Philosophical analysis of background assumptions of the current paradigmatic model. While these factors do not require a radical paradigm shift, they do give us cause to develop a new narrative, to add to existing narratives that frame (...) our thinking about medical care. In this paper we argue that the increased focus on lifestyle and shared decision making requires a new narrative of agency, to supplement the narrative of “the patient”. This narrative is conceptually linked to the developing philosophy of person-centred care. If patients are seen also as “agents” this will result in a substantial shift in practical decisions: The development and adoption of this narrative will help practitioners work with patients to their mutual benefit, harnessing the patients’ motivation, shifting the focus from treatment to prevention and preventing unnecessary and harmful treatments that can come out of our preoccupation with the patient narrative. It will also help to shift research efforts, conceptual and empirical, from “treating” and “battling” diseases and their purported “mechanisms” to understanding complex contributing factors and their interplay. (shrink)

The Logic Manual is a clear and concise introduction to logic for beginning philosophy students.

Theoretical Laws and Normative Rules: Kant and Bolzano's Views on Logic'"1" Anita Von Duhn, Genf Does logic instruct us how to think correctly? ...

This article suggests reading Theodor Adorno not as a notoriously pessimistic sociologist but as a committed public educator. Partly drawing on still unpublished transcripts of lectures, public talks and radio broadcasts from the 1950s and ’60s, the article offers an account of Adorno’s concept and practice of a ‘democratic pedagogy’. The key question is how we should understand the difference between Adorno the social philosopher, on the one hand, and Adorno the educator, on the other. It is argued that Adorno’s (...) pedagogical interventions are not a footnote to his social theory, but a key to understanding his entire oeuvre. (shrink)

This article examines recent controversies over the relationship between human rights and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Many activists have claimed that IPRs conflict with human rights. Others have argued that IPRs are themselves human rights. The article approaches the debate as an opportunity to clarify the nature of IPRs in relation to human rights, as well as the nature of contemporary struggles over these rights. After surveying the dual expansion of both human rights and IPRs and rejecting the view that (...) IPRs are rooted in human rights, the author investigates the example of the HIV/AIDS crisis and the global Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines in order to illustrate attempts to represent IPRs as an outright threat to human rights. Highlighting the limitations of a human rights-based critique of IPRs, he concludes by proposing to study contemporary conflicts over IPRs and human rights as struggles for recognition and as struggles over the institutionalization of a transnational “recognition order.”. (shrink)

How do multiple obligations to give, to receive, and to reciprocate contribute to the evolution of international society? This question can be derived from the works of the French anthropologist and sociologist Marcel Mauss, in particular from his classic essay The Gift, published in 1925. The aim of this article is to introduce Mauss’ theory of the gift to international political theorists, to develop a general theoretical argument from his claim about the universality of gift-giving, and to lay out the (...) plan of the Special Issue. First, we explore the basic concepts of gift-giving and reciprocity and how they highlight a type of exchange that differs from market exchange and from other forms of quid-pro-quo interactions. Second, we consider the Marshall Plan as an iconic and controversial example of international gift-giving. Third, we use Martin Wight’s division of international political thought into realism, rationalism, and revolutionism to locate the work of Mauss and neo-Maussian scholars within th... (shrink)

This article introduces Turing’s idea of a “paper machine” to identify and understand one important mode of clinical research in the modern hospital, how that research worked, and how office technology and industrialized labor shaped and helped drive it. The unusually rich archives of Berlin psychiatry allow detailed reconstruction of the making of the new diagnostic category “hyperkinetic syndrome” in the 1920s. From the generating of data to the processing of information to the visualizing of the nature and course of (...) the new syndrome in the lives of more than sixty patients, this case study shows how clinical research could be based on the apparatus of the clerks’ room (folders, registers, inventories, and the dispatch of documents), office technologies (new filing systems, preprinted forms, and duplicating machines), and the principles and paper practices of the division and rationalization of labor (charts organizing worktime in complex organizations). The result is an important example of clinical research embedded in the broader history of office technology, industrial labor, and the modern hospital. (shrink)

In this note two propositions about the epistemic formalization of Church's Thesis are proved. First it is shown that all arithmetical sentences deducible in Shapiro's system EA of Epistemic Arithmetic from ECT are derivable from Peano Arithmetic PA + uniform reflection for PA. Second it is shown that the system EA + ECT has the epistemic disjunction property and the epistemic numerical existence property for arithmetical formulas.

Im Rahmen einer viel beachteten interdisziplinären Ringvorlesung nehmen sich Philosophen, Ökonomen, Politologen, Theologen und Germanisten der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin der Provokation von Marx’ 11. Feuerbach-These an.

Il nesso più intimo tra l’individuo e la politica si compie nell’atto politico originario. Tale atto viene ravvisato nel fenomeno della rappresentanza, entro cui si realizzano le condizioni essenziali della politica stessa: l’individualità del singolo, l’uguaglianza con i suoi simili, il completo riconoscimento all’interno di un’unica volontà comune e personale. Questa essenza rappresentativa della politica è intimamente connessa alla concezione che l’individuo ha di sé: l’individuo conosce infatti la sostituzione rappresentativa già a partire dal rapporto che ha con se stesso (...) e con il proprio mondo. Per questa ragione è la rappresentanza a rivelare la natura essenzialmente politica dell’individuo stesso.The deepest connection between individual and politics takes place in the fundamental political act, that is in the phenomenon of representation which realizes the basic conditions of politics: individuality, equality and complete identification in a single common and personal will. The representative nature of politics is strictly interlaced with the self-perception of any individual, because anyone gains from the relation with himself and with his own world an experience of the relation of representative substitution, which reveals the intimate political nature of the concrete individual. (shrink)

In this volume, representatives of the faculties addressed by Kant give their assessment of Kant's relevance for their disciplines.

Uvodno poglavje je pregled razprav o svobodi spod peresa določenih nevrofiziologov iz Nemčije. V tem okviru lahko pridemo do zaključka, da ni potrebna vrzel v vzročnosti narave, da bi lahko obstajalo nekaj takega kot svoboda. V tem oziru so Libetovi eksperimenti nekonsistentni. Svoboda je v bistvenem smislu prostost od določenosti volje po volji drugega. In svoboda ima enako kot človekova zavest bistveno družbeno formo. To pa še ne pomeni, da lahko podamo oris naravne zgodovine svobode, zgodovine, v kateri bi neizogiben (...) razvoj človeškega bitja in neomejena svoboda gibanja predstavljala bistveni razvojni fazi. Pričujoči članek je tako poskus razumevanja svobode v perspektivi zgodovine evolucije.In an introductory chapter I canvass a discussion concerning freedom which has been introduced, in Germany, by certain neurophysiologists. I conclude, with regard to this discussion, that no gap in the causality of nature is required in order for there to be freedom. In this respect, then, the Libet experiments prove inconclusive. Freedom is, essentially, freedom from the determination of one’s will by the will of others. And like human consciousness, freedom has an essentially social form. This, however, does not preclude that we may make a sketch of the natural history of freedom, a history in which the unfettered development of a living being and an uninhibited freedom of movement represent essential stages. This essay makes a case for placing the social and political understanding of freedom in the perspective of the history of evolution. (shrink)

The basis for the secrecy is equally apparent, being furnished by Kant a bit later: it could, he suggests, damage the repute of governments to take counsel in foreign affairs from their “subjects.” As a consequence, what can only be publicly executed ought to be agreed on previously in strict secrecy. The state may thus only “tacitly... summon its citizens” to “publicly discuss the general maxims of warfare and peacemaking”. Quite superfluously, a few lines later Kant expressly concedes that “no (...) particular agreement... in this particular point” is needed, corresponding as it does to the imperative of general “human reason.” The public status here openly endowed with secrecy thus has as its object nothing less than something morally and legally self-evident. (shrink)

The theoretical labor carried out over the past half-century in the field of argumentation theory has become so rich, heterogenous, and controversial by now that there is an urgent need for a philosophically reflected foundation. The present book attempts to deliver such a basis using, in particular, elements of dialectics and pragmatism. It approaches argumentation against the background of the conditio humana: as the medium of maintaining and improving orientation for all aspects of life. This perspective is more abstract than (...) the usual way of addressing argument as a specific way of persuasive communication. However, that abstract philosophical perspective allows, on a concrete level, a more realistic theorization of the practice of argument. Thus, it exhibits some significant new traits, mainly concerning its subjective and its dynamic side. (shrink)

Although Axel Honneth's critical theory of recognition continues to resonate among political theorists, its relationship to the debate on political and moral cosmopolitanism remains unclear. The paper aims to fill this gap by defining a few guideposts to a ‘recognition-theoretical’ conception of the international. My argument is that Honneth's theory oscillates between a liberal-cosmopolitan model of the global spread of human rights and an alternative model that is closer to the anti-cosmopolitanism of the late Rawls. Both models reflect certain assumptions (...) about the moral standing of political communities or ‘peoples’, even if those assumptions remain implicit and unexamined. I begin by discussing the premise that recognition theory is all about ‘natural’ persons instead of ‘artificial’ persons such as states or peoples. I proceed by comparing Rawls's notion of a distinct logic of the international to Honneth's more ambiguous gestures toward an international political theory. Finally, I offer some thoughts on the place of peoples and sovereign statehood in the theory of recognition. (shrink)

Nach Auffassung einiger Autoren wie Alvin Goldman und William Alston setzt normative Erkenntnistheorie einen erkenntnistheoretischen Voluntarismus voraus, der besagt, daß epistemische Verhaltensweisen wie Glauben, Urteilen, Urteilsenthaltung willentliche Handlungen sind. Normen können dann auf diese Verhaltensweisen einwirken, indem wir den Normen willentlich Folge leisten. Gegen diesen Voluntarismus spricht aber die Beobachtung, daß epistemische Verhaltensweisen in den meisten Fällen keine willentlichen Handlungen sind. Descartes' wurde von beiden genannten Autoren als ein typischer Vertreter eines normativen Ansatzes angesehen, der diesen unhaltbaren Voluntarismus voraussetzt. Ich (...) werde dafür argumentieren, daß Decartes kein erkenntnistheoretischer Voluntarist war und seine normative Erkenntnistheorie diesen Voluntarismus auch nicht voraussetzt. Inbesondere wird gezeigt, daß Descartes in Bezug auf die für ihn zentralen epistemischen Verhaltensweisen des Urteilens und der Urteilsenthaltung kein Voluntarist war. Descartes' Vorstellungen von der Wirkungsweise erkenntnistheoretischer Normen erweisen sich als denen von Goldman ähnlich. (shrink)

ArgumentIt is well known that the development of a diphtheria anti-toxin serum evolved in a competitive race between two groups of researchers, one affiliated with Emil Behring in Berlin and Marburg, and another affiliated with Émile Roux in Paris. Proceeding on the basis of different theoretical assumptions and experimental practices, the two groups developed a therapeutic serum almost simultaneously. But the standardized substance they developed took on very different forms in the two countries. In Germany the new serum was marketed (...) in the private sphere and subjected to state regulations, becoming a kind of prototype of industrial medications. In France, however, the same substance was marketed as a gift of science to humanity and distributed through the communal health care system. This article demonstrates how a new medication emerged from the efforts to produce, market, regulate, distribute, and apply it in the two respective countries. It attributes the difference to the negotiations between the respective actors (scientists, industrialists, politicians, officers, and the public) and institutions (firms, academies, private and public institutes, legislative bodies, professional corporations). I develop this argument on three different levels: First, I stress the importance of the institutional foundations of serum production; second, I illustrate the decisive role played by existing “ways of regulating” in the rapid development of new legal statutes; and third, I describe the consequences that flowed from the respective administrative organization of marketing and dissemination. In sum, I explore how an experimental object was transformed into an object of the public health system and stabilized by administrative means. (shrink)

Nietzsche im Film ist ein Thema, das noch immer zu den Desiderata der Nietzsche-Forschung zu rechnen ist. Zwar haben sich, vorrangig im Kontext von Kunstausstellungen, in denen der Philosoph zum Darstellungsobjekt gemacht worden ist, auch Stimmen gemeldet, die sich für Nietzsche als Filmfigur interessierten, aber das gesamte Panorama der Filmlandschaften unter der Optik von Person und Werk Nietzsches, seinen Gestaltungsideen und philosophischen Inhalten zu besichtigen, steht noch immer aus. Vorliegender Band kann diese Lücke nicht schließen, will aber mit seinen Beiträgen (...) im Nietzscheschen Sinne ‘Fingerzeige’ geben, die Leerstellen mit Interpretationsangeboten zu besetzen, die weiterer Forschungsarbeit Anregung sein wollen. Die Beiträge richten daher ihr Augenmerk sowohl auf Spiel- und Dokumentarfilme, in denen der Philosoph in persona zum Thema wird, ebenso aber auf solche Filmarbeiten, in denen seine Welt- und Menschenvorstellungen aufgenommen und verarbeitet werden. Zudem geht es um denkerisch experimentelle Überlegungen, Nietzsches Art des Denkens in die Nähe filmischen Denkens zu rücken — um in beiden der Projektionsarbeit, der produktiven Verbindung von Fiktion und Realität, Medienabhängigkeit und Bild- resp. Sprachmächtigkeit nachzugehen. Bis zur Zertrümmerung von Götzen, die vorher produziert und angebetet worden waren. Unter anderem vom Medium Film selbst, von dem sie dann entzaubert werden. (shrink)