O presente livro é um projeto corajoso e desafiador, mas um projeto já bem sucedido, pois não é sempre que em nosso país um livro acadêmico deste tipo chegue a uma segunda edição. É corajoso por convidar o leitor para dialogar com os autores e com duas escolas importantes da filosofia e da psicologia que são em geral mal compreendidas. É desafiador tanto para os autores quanto para seus leitores, pois o behaviorismo radical de Skinner (ou seu comportamentalismo, como os (...) autores preferem) e o pragmatismo americano têm sido alvos de críticas que desconhecem seus fundamentos. Aproximar as ideias de Skinner, atualizando-as, daquelas dos pragmatistas, principalmente Dewey, Mead e, mais recentemente, Rorty, presta um inestimável serviço para a filosofia e para a psicologia. O diálogo que este livro propõe aborda temas que parecem extrapolar o domínio do tipo de psicologia experimental cujos fundamentos Skinner lançou e explorou em sua longa carreira. Mas esses temas são também objeto das reflexões de Skinner, sendo que seu texto em que isso é mais flagrante é o livro Beyond Freedom and Dignity (traduzido no Brasil com o título de O mito da liberdade). Os temas relativos à organização da sociedade, da convivência humana em larga escala, os temas éticos e políticos, não estão fora do escopo das considerações de Skinner e dos pragmatistas sobre o comportamento e a ação humana em geral. E este livro nos convida a explorar também este rico universo de conceitos e questões. Ao aceitar o convite dos autores para este diálogo, o leitor vai lidar com ideias das quais a filosofia tem se ocupado desde sempre (e Aristoteles é lembrado pelos autores mais de uma vez), mas que têm sido tratados com muita timidez pela psicologia, temas como a identidade pessoal e a liberdade. Mas para entendermos bem o behaviorismo radical, devemos refletir também sobre esses assuntos. -/- Luiz Henrique de Araújo Dutra UFSC/UnB/CNPq. (shrink)

In this paper we show the embedding of Hybrid Probabilistic Logic Programs into the rather general framework of Residuated Logic Programs, where the main results of (definite) logic programming are validly extrapolated, namely the extension of the immediate consequences operator of van Emden and Kowalski. The importance of this result is that for the first time a framework encompassing several quite distinct logic programming semantics is described, namely Generalized Annotated Logic Programs, Fuzzy Logic Programming, Hybrid Probabilistic Logic Programs, and Possibilistic (...) Logic Programming. Moreover, the embedding provides a more general semantical structure paving the way for defining paraconsistent probabilistic reasoning with a logic programming semantics. (shrink)

In this paper we show the embedding of Hybrid Probabilistic Logic Programs into the rather general framework of Residuated Logic Programs, where the main results of (definite) logic programming are validly extrapolated, namely the extension of the immediate consequences operator of van Emden and Kowalski. The importance of this result is that for the first time a framework encompassing several quite distinct logic programming semantics is described, namely Generalized Annotated Logic Programs, Fuzzy Logic Programming, Hybrid Probabilistic Logic Programs, and Possibilistic (...) Logic Programming. Moreover, the embedding provides a more general semantical structure paving the way for defining paraconsistent probabilistic reasoning with a logic programming semantics. (shrink)

This essay explores some possibilities brought by the question about philosophy’s utility for science. We point to some arguments in favor of the importance of philosophy for science in general and Behavior Analysis in particular. We argue that philosophy is the consciousness of science. Without philosophical consciousness, science incurs epistemological naiveties; it uncritically defends scientific neutrality; it risks turning into a mere technique in the service of ideologies that endangers science’s existence. As the philosophy of Behavior Analysis, Radical Behaviorism can (...) play the role of conscience of that science. (shrink)

Statistical Default Logic (SDL) is an expansion of classical (i.e., Reiter) default logic that allows us to model common inference patterns found in standard inferential statistics, e.g., hypothesis testing and the estimation of a population‘s mean, variance and proportions. This paper presents an embedding of an important subset of SDL theories, called literal statistical default theories, into stable model semantics. The embedding is designed to compute the signature set of literals that uniquely distinguishes each extension on a statistical default theory (...) at a pre-assigned error-bound probability. (shrink)

Se analiza el debate entre Eleonore Stump y Antonio Damasio respecto de dos posibles modelos de autorregulación que hoy día se asignan a la neuroética, neuropolítica y neuroeconomía a la hora de correlacionar la mente y el cerebro, a saber: o bien se sigue el modelo híbrido de tipo monista que utilizó Spinoza, siguiendo a su vez la interpretación materialista eliminativa de Antonio Damasio, para de este modo lograr corregir el «error» neurocientífico de Descartes, ya previamente denunciado por Popper y (...) Eccles; o bien se recurre a un modelo dualista de integración vital entre la mente y el cerebro, como el de Tomás de Aquino y aún antes Aristóteles, siguiendo a su vez la interpretación jerarquizada, interactiva y deliberativa de Eleonore Stump. Además, también se pretende mostrar la superioridad de este segundo materialismo vitalista sobre aquel otro meramente eliminativo a la hora de correlacionar mente y cerebro con ayuda de estos tres saberes.It is analysed the debate between Eleonore Stump and Antonio Damasio concerning two possible models of auto-regulation that today are assigned to the neuro-ethic, neuropolitic and neuro-economy when correlating the mind and the brain, with two possibilities: Or it follows the hybrid model of monist type that used Spinoza, following at the same time the Damasio’s eliminative materialist interpretation, for in this way attaining to correct the Descartes’s neuro-scientific «error»; or it is resorted to a dualist model of vital integration between the mind and the brain, as the one of Aquinas and still before Aristotle, following at the same time the Stump’s hierarchical, interactive and deliberative interpretation. Besides, it also attempts to show the superiority of this second vital materialism on that another merely eliminative when correlating relate mind and brain with the help of these three sciences. (shrink)

No presente artigo, analisamos as abordagens de António Damásio e Gerald Edelman sobre a consciência e fazemos um paralelo com as teses apresentadas pelo filósofo John Searle. Recorremos também às críticas dos filósofos Bennett e Hacker como pedras de toque da viabilidade de algumas teses. Desse modo, apresentamos uma revisão sistemática da obra de Damásio, Edelman e Searle, a fim de promover um diálogo produtivo entre as ideias defendidas por estes autores, os quais, segundo nossa interpretação, assumem uma (...) teoria do campo unificado da consciência. (shrink)

Modelos neurocognitivos têm sido propostos para investigar a consciência. O objetivo é responder à pergunta sobre como o cérebro é capaz de produzir estados conscientes qualitativos. Os modelos são representações teóricas baseadas em algumas pesquisas empíricas. Contudo, a questão central, aparentemente trivial para alguns autores, refere-se à representatividade e confiabilidade dos modelos, i.e., saber se são capazes de explicar como a consciência emerge de processos neurais. Esses modelos são considerados como guia no estudo científico da consciência: os modelos cognitivos de (...) Dennett e Baars, os modelos neurobiológicos de Edelman, Dehaene et al., de Damásio, e o modelo neurodinâmico proposto por Freeman. O presente texto visa a analisar a coerência e a plausibilidade dos modelos, i.e., se realmente explicam a “consciência” e suas propriedades em termos neurais ou se explicam apenas mecanismos neurobiológicos subjacentes no cérebro. O objetivo é avaliar escopo e limites dos modelos além da aplicabilidade na resolução do problema da consciência. Neurocognitive models are proposed in order to study the problem of consciousness. The models are attempts to answer the question of how the brain can generate conscious and qualitative states. Models are theoretical representations based on empirical data. Nonetheless, the central question concerns the reliability and the representativeness of the models, i.e., whether they in fact represent what they are supposed to explain, viz., how consciousness can emerge from neuronal processes. Such models are taken to be a guide for the scientific study of consciousness. Presently, there are six models: the multiple draft, the global workspace, the dynamic core, the global neuronal workspace, the somatic markers hypothesis, and the neurodynamic model. This text is a survey and a philosophical analysis of the models of consciousness, and it considers their plausibility and coherence. I will concentrate on two points: whether the neuroscientific models are able to explain ‘consciousness’ and its properties in neural terms, or whether the models only explain the neural correlates of conscious states, and the scope, limitations and applicability of the models in the attempt to solve the problem of consciousness. (shrink)

A descriptive-exploratory analysis of assurance practices is presented in this paper, by analysing the patterns of sustainability assurance reporting in two national contexts with different levels of assurance activity over a period of 11 years. The study is based on theoretical insights drawn from institutional sociology and normativity production. It is framed both in the Italian situation, where assurance statements consistently include a narrow set of formal and procedural communications, and in an unsettled situation in the U.S., where assurance activity (...) is more incipient, but where experimentation in substantial assurance disclosure practices has more room to develop. Its main implication is that the diffusion of sustainability assurance and the creation of sustainability assurance disclosure norms are not without its cost: information quality does not increase with patterned practice. The results also point towards the noteworthy role of specific professionals in the earlier and later stages of assurance practice norms. They reveal a significant influence of non-Big4 firms in the diffusion of sustainability assurance disclosure norms. In contrast, the Big4 firms appear to be positively associated with the narrowing down of the assurance focus to a selected subset of this activity in later stages of the development of the assurance norm. In this regard, this study provides insight into the circumstantial—but relevant—carrier role of the Big4 firms in determining what “assurance” means. (shrink)

Minding Time: A Philosophical and Theoretical Approach to the Psychology of Time offers an innovative philosophical account of the most fundamental kinds of time representation.

Este artículo plantea que el concepto de solidaridad, usualmente exaltado en tiempos de crisis, contiene en sí mismo el conjunto de límites que lo debilitan y lo convierten, paradójicamente, en una sutil manifestación del egoísmo. Para analizar esta contradicción, se abordan las posiciones emblemáticas de cinco autores contemporáneos: John Rawls, Richard Rorty, Jürgen Habermas, Charles Taylor y Hannah Arendt. A través de este análisis puede mostrarse que los grandes desafíos de nuestra civilización permiten advertir los dilemas y las contingencias que (...) afectan el nexo entre el liberalismo y la solidaridad. (shrink)

According to the Principle of Alternative Possibilities, an agent is morally responsible for an action of hers only if she could have done otherwise. The notion of a robust alternative plays a prominent role in recent attacks on PAP based on so-called Frankfurt cases. In this paper I defend the truth of PAP for blameworthy actions against Frankfurt cases recently proposed by Derk Pereboom and David Widerker. My defence rests on some intuitively plausible principles that yield a new understanding of (...) the concept of a robust alternative. I will leave aside whether PAP also holds for praiseworthy actions -/- Según el Principio de Posibilidades Alternativas, un agente es moralmente responsable de una acción sólo si hubiera podido actuar de otro modo. La noción de alternativa robusta desempeña un papel prominente en ataques recientes al PPA basados en los llamados casos Frankfurt. En este artículo defiendo el PPA para la culpabilidad moral frente a casos Frankfurt propuestos recientemente por Derk Pereboom y David Widerker. Mi defensa descansa en algunos principios intuitivamente plausibles que dan lugar a una comprensión nueva del concepto de alternativa robusta. No trataré la cuestión de la verdad del PPA para acciones moralmente laudables. (shrink)

Teniendo como punto de partida el importante intercambio crítico entre John Rawls y Jürgen Habermas desplegado en The Journal of Philosohy en marzo de 1995, el presente escrito tiene por objetivo explorar el lugar que ocupa el consenso en la fundamentación del pensamiento político de ambos autores. De modo tal que pueda ponerse en evidencia el carácter intersubjetivo que subyace tanto en los planteos de la teoría de la justicia de Rawls como en la ética del discurso habermasiana. Lo anterior, (...) en efecto, implica un ejercicio conceptual que decanta en el esclarecimiento de dos sendas argumentativas, ambas herederas de una interpretación de Kant, encauzadas a dar solución a la fundamentación de principios morales en las sociedades plurales contemporáneas. (shrink)

RESUMENEl trabajo critica la fundamentación liberal del a democracia. Por dos razones: la primera, por la imposible defensa de un modelo neutral del estado; y la segunda, por el componente individualista tanto de su epistemología como de su filosofía moral y política, que reduce de modo significativo las posibilidades emancipadoras del proyecto democrático. por último, señala que estos rasgos básicos del a fundamentación liberal se mantienen incluso en una de las versiones del liberalismo social más acordes con la democracia constitucional; (...) el liberalismo político de John Rawls. PALABRAS CLAVELIBERALISMO-DEMOCRACIA LIBERAL- HOBBES-RAWLS- ARENDTABSTRACTThe paper critiques the liberal foundation of democracy. For two reasons: the first, because of the imposible defense of a neutral model of the state; and the second, because of the individualist element both of its epistemology and of its moral and political phiosophy, that reduces significantly the emancipatory chances of the democratic project. Lastly, it points out that these basic features of the liberal foundation even remain in one the versions of liberalism more akin to constitutional democracy: John Rawls' political liberalism.KEYWORDSLIBERALISM-LIBERAL DEMOCRACY-HOBBES-RAWLS-ARENDT. (shrink)

La conquista del poder por la izquierda ha tenido un carácter internacional desde su génesis en el siglo XIX. Esta aproximación colaborativa permite contextualizar lo que significó el Foro de São Paulo a finales del siglo XX para la izquierda latinoamericana tras la desintegración de la URSS. Por lo que se analiza al Socialismo del siglo XXI como su principal producto, explicando las circunstancias que permitieron su surgimiento en Venezuela, así como su proceso de expansión y crisis, que se vería (...) acentuada por la muerte de los líderes históricos de la izquierda latinoamericana. Finalmente, se presenta al Grupo de Puebla como una respuesta a la iniciativa articuladora de la derecha en América Latina, el Grupo de Lima, indicando por medio de ello los elementos de continuidad y disrupción con el Foro de São Paulo, sirviendo como instancia articuladora de la izquierda en la región. (shrink)

The article develops, in a Hegelian key, a possible explanation of the role that the Protestant idea of subjective autonomy plays in the shaping of the American political imaginary, and its respective paradigm of democracy. The starting point is an important indication by James Doull, later developed by David Peddle, on the notion of internal consent for the acceptance of political institutions, originally formulated within the Calvinist tradition of the Covenant. In my opinion, this observation is correct but insufficient to (...) fully explain the conformation of the imaginary of the sovereignty of the Demos. Following Doull's own line, whose examination projects Hegelian philosophy, what is required, in my opinion, is to investigate the specific type of experience of American consciousness in the colonial period from the perspective of analysis that Hegel develops in the Phenomenology of the Spirit. (shrink)

The original article was published without open access and with the copyright notice indicating © Springer Nature B.V. The article is now open access with the copyright residing with the authors.

Evaluation processes are a basic component of creativity. They guide not only the pure judgement about a new artefact but also the generation itself, as creators constantly evaluate their own work. This paper proposes a model for automatic story generation based on the evaluation of stories. A model of how quality in stories is evaluated is presented, and two possible implementations of the generation guided by this evaluation are shown: exhaustive space exploration and constrained exploration. A theoretical model and its (...) implementation are explained and validation of the evaluation function through comparison with human criteria is described. (shrink)

A indústria cultural tem nos aniversários mais diversos oportunidades de (auto) celebração com virtualidades cada vez mais exploradas. Neste caso interessa-nos a celebração dos 150 anos do nascimento de Freud, embora outros exemplos, à primeira vista até mais originais, fossem possíveis (como a ainda recente azáfama em torno dos 250 anos do terramoto de Lisboa). O que torna o caso dos 150 anos de Freud tão interessante é ver como em seu torno se procedeu à habitual evocação festiva, típica da...

This paper makes the case for the relevance of C. G. Hempel’s 1942 proposal of the usage of «covering laws» in History. To do so, it argues that such a proposal reflects how 18 and 19th centuries «philosophy of History» became methods or epistemology of History. This carried a change in meaning of «History»: no longer a succession of past events but the study of documented human action (including of scientific kind in general), its distinction vis-à-vis philosophy, sociology etc., becomes (...) a minor matter as far as logic of research is concerned. Also present in this paper is the conception of theory as a conceptual mode of narrative, and the defense of a development of theories alongside their practice, not apart from them. Authors considered besides Hempel range from Max Weber to Sigmund Freud, from Arthur C. Danto to Albert O. Hirschmann. (shrink)

t. 1. Parte general. Confesión y interrogatorio -- t. 2. Juramento y prueba escrita.

Until recently emotion and emotional processing have been largely neglected by experimental psychology and neuroscience more generally. This paper reviews the substantial psychological and neuroscientific evidence that each emotion is localized in specific neural structures, and thus that it is not necessary to invoke souls or spirits to explain emotions or emotional processing often held to be distinctive of a soul. In addition, the paper aims to demonstrate the adaptive and biological value of emotion for humans and other animals. It (...) closes by focusing on recent research on neural processing of emotions and emotional words. -/- 1. Introduction -- 2. What are Emotions and How Many Emotions Exist? -- 3. Emotions and the Body -- 4. The Neural Substrates of Emotions and How We Know Them -- 5. Fear, Sadness, and the Amygdala -- 6. Pleasure, Happiness, and the Orbitofrontal Cortex -- 7. Conclusion. (shrink)

Anticipating the fifth centennial of Vives’ birth in 1992, this is the first comprehensive study of two of Vives’ main works, De Anima et Vita, Book 3 and De Prima Philosophia, accompanied by the first general biography based on recent research. Juan Luis Vives was a Spanish sixteenth-century humanist who spent most of his life as an exile in England and the Low Countries. De Anima et Vita, the third book of which makes up the tract on emotions, represents the (...) culmination of Vives’ effort to understand human nature. Noreña has organized Vives and the Emotions into three parts. Part one incorporates recent research on Vives and corrects some of the inaccuracies of Noreña’s 1970 Luis Vives. He provides expanded accounts of Vives’ attitude toward Erasmus and religion, his reaction to terminist logic, his social and legal views, and his contributions to Renaissance pedagogy. The second part of the book examines in detail one of Vives’ most philosophical and forgotten tracts, a lengthy summary of his metaphysical views published in 1531 under the title De Prima Philosophia seu de Intimo Naturae Opificio, which is probably the most speculative of Vives’ works. Part three compares Vives’ thoughts on emotion to those of Aristotle, some ancient Stoic sources, Saint Thomas, Descartes, and Spinoza, while dividing the entire material under such headings as the nature, the classification, the interaction, and the therapeutic control of emotion. (shrink)

O estudo analisa a compatibilidade das relações especiais de sujeição com os direitos fundamentais, examinando, em especial, o alcance da restrição à liberdade de expressão dos agentes públicos militares prevista no artigo 166 do Código Penal Militar. Defender-se-á que tal limitação justifica-se apenas quando efetivamente prevalentes interesses institucionais ou públicos, reforçando, assim, o sistema hierárquico e disciplinar com vistas à salvaguarda da própria sociedade. Para tanto, invoca-se a necessidade de utilização das técnicas da proporcionalidade e ponderação na análise casuística. Utiliza-se, (...) como substrato, o método hipotético-dedutivo e como fontes precípuas a revisão bibliográfica e as normas jurídicas afetas ao tema. (shrink)

Although Novak recognizes himself as a disciple of Maritain, especially in his thesis on the Christian origins of democracy, the differences between the two in their views on the capitalist economy are evident. However, in his famous book, The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism, and in other previous works, Novak tries to show some possible bridges between Maritain’s thought and the virtues of American capitalism. This attempt is actually part of a larger project by Novak: that of showing the essential compatibility (...) of Catholicism with capitalism. The purpose of this article is to show, based on Novak’s thought in relation to Maritain, the possibilities and difficulties of this attempt. (shrink)

Resenha do livro “Raízes do Conservadorismo brasileiro: a abolição na imprensa e no imaginário social”, escrito por Juremir Machado da Silva e publicado pela Editora Civilização Brasileira em 2017.

La presente obra constituye el esfuerzo por rastrear la historia del pensamiento cosmovisional y filosófico latinoamericano, desde las cosmovisiones pre-colombinas hasta las corrientes filosóficas más actuales: las filosofías de la liberación, la postmodernidad y la postcolonialidad. Aunque el autor ha procurado en su voluminosa obra hacer referencia a todas las numerosas corrientes de pensamiento que se han ido dando en el amplio panorama cultural latinoamericano, se ha centrado sobre todo en rastrear la denominada filosofía americanista.

The “philosophy of conscience” is the fundamental paradigm of modern philosophy from Descartes to Kant. Such paradigm has been the object of continuous criticism starting with the so call “philosophy of suspicion” and latter on by the “linguistic turn”, which in this article is considered from the perspective of the discursive ethics of Habermas. Although these criticisms force us to abandon the primacy and the monologism of the “philosophy of conscience”, we should not forget the value of the moral conscience (...) itself in spite of all its resituations. This is what I try to claim in this work, following the arguments of Wellmer, Muguerza, Bilbeny or Renaut, among other critics, revisiting, from this perspective, the confrontation between Kant and Hegel, which has been brought up again by the liberal/communitarian debate, leading finally my discussion to the relation between individualism and cosmopolitanism. (shrink)

"Epistola a Memeceo, Maximas capitales, Sentencias vaticanas, fragmentos y testimonios; texto griego y traduccion": p. [87]-161.

En la primera parte de este artículo se quiere exponer la posición de Ludwig Wittgenstein en las Investigaciones filosóficas donde ya se percibe un importante giro respecto a la concepción semántica del Tractatus. El Wittgenstein tardío asume el lenguaje y su significado no como el resultado aislado de una conciencia monológica sino el producto una praxis social mediada por reglas. Sin embargo, al pensador austríaco le falta aun el espacio para el encuentro con la otredad que se muestra en la (...) posibilidad de la traducción de las reglas de otros juegos de lenguaje al propio, ya sean entre comunidades distintas o dentro de una misma cultura en épocas diferentes. En la segunda parte se muestra como en la hermenéutica filosófica de Hans-Georg Gadamer se abre el lugar para la comprensión en inclusión de estos otros juegos gracias al despliegue de los modos que le son propios como son la asunción del círculo hermenéutico, la dialéctica de la pregunta y respuesta, la fusión de horizontes y el juego. En especial, se hace referencia a cómo la otredad que se presenta como tradición histórica produce en el sujeto que comprende y de la tradición interpretada, un mayor enriquecimiento. Esto es el centro de la comprensión hermenéutica y sucede cuando el sujeto incorpora en su horizonte las perspectivas y puntos de vista de otros horizontes gracias al vaivén inacabado y abierto de la comprensión.The first part of this paper presents the position of Ludwig Wittgenstein in the Philosophical Investigations where it can see a significant turn respect to the semantic conception of the Tractatus. The later Wittgenstein takes language and its meaning not as an isolated result of a monological consciousness but the product of a social practice mediated by rules. However, the Austrian philosopher lacks even the space for the encounter with otherness that is displayed on the possibility of translation of the rules of other language games to the own, whether between different communities or within the same culture in different times. In the second part is shown as in the philosophical hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer is open the space for the understanding of these other games through the deployment of the modes of its own such as the assumption of the hermeneutic circle, the dialectic of question and answer, the fusion of horizons and the play. In particular, it refers to how otherness, presented as historical tradition produce in the subject that comprehend and in the tradition interpreted greater enrichment. That is the center of the hermeneutic comprehension and happens when subject includes on his horizon the perspectives and views of other horizons thanks to unfinished and open sway of understanding. (shrink)