The Bahai Faith originated in 19th century Iran. Since the early days of its inception and up until today, in Iran the followers of the faith have been subject to persecution, carried out under different pretexts. A study of polemical anti-Bahai writings demonstrates that the accusations against Bahais evolved and in fact changed over time. The portrayal of the Bahais as “enemies” was reshaped and adapted time and again to current needs and ideological agendas. Anti-Bahaism, it is argued in this (...) paper, is part of the contemporary political discourse and mirrors the different stages of political developments in Iran over the past one and a half centuries. Anti-Bahai polemics, while in general wholly unreliable as a source for Bahai doctrine and history, serve as a vivid example for mechanisms employed in the “othering” of minority groups and the preparation for their physical persecution. (shrink)

This book is the first general introduction to the theological and philosophical writings of Aḥmad al-Aḥsāʾī and Kāẓim ar-Ra sh tī, the founders of the Sh ay kh iyya, and ʿAlī-Muḥammad Shīrāzī , the initiator of the Bābiyyah.

Der Band gibt erstmals einen umfassenden Überblick über den lyrischen Nachlass des jungen Nietzsche aus den 1850er und -60er Jahren. Zusätzlich präsentiert Armin Thomas Müller eine Beispiel-Edition und historisch kontextualisierende Analyse des Manuskripthefts Mp I 22 von 1858. Somit trägt der Band grundlegend zur literatur-, philosophie- wie kulturgeschichtlichen Auseinandersetzung mit Nietzsche bei. Armin Thomas Müllers Arbeit nimmt den bislang in der literaturwissenschaftlichen wie auch philosophischen Auseinandersetzung mit Friedrich Nietzsche vernachlässigten lyrischen Nachlass aus der Zeit zwischen 1850 und 1869 (...) in den Blick. Anschließend an eine grundlegende Einführung in das Thema wird Nietzsches Jugendlyrik überblicksartig vorgestellt mit Schwerpunkten zur Editions- und Forschungsgeschichte, zu literaturgeschichtlichen Kontexten sowie zu den autoreflexiven Aufzeichnungen des jungen Nietzsche, die das Thema (lyrischer) Dichtung umkreisen. Die vorliegende Publikation enthält zudem eines heutigen materialorientierten Standards entsprechende Faksimile-Edition mit diplomatischer Transkription des Manuskripthefts Mp I 22 von 1858. Das kulturgeschichtliche Erkenntnispotenzial in Nietzsches Jugendgedichten wird abschließend in einer textgenetischen und historisch kontextualisierenden Analyse der edierten lyrischen Texte aus Mp I 22 deutlich. Auf dieser Grundlagenforschung werden weiterführende Auseinandersetzungen mit Nietzsche aufbauen können. (shrink)

Was ist das Wesen des schopferischen Geistes? Diese Frage steht im Zentrum des Eranos-Bandes. Die sieben Beitrage legen Zeugnis von ausgewahlten Aussenseitern, Sinnsuchern und Visionaren ab. Sie berichten von eigenen Erfahrungen und laden die Leser ein, ihnen in ihrem Diskurs zu folgen. Dieser Band eroffnet ein Spannungsfeld uber die Kulturgrenzen hinaus, das eng mit den Wurzeln der Eranos-Tagungen verbunden ist: Seit dem Beginn 1933 stehen die Tagungen im Zeichen der Begegnung der Kulturen, aber auch des Dialoges zwischen den Geistes- und (...) Naturwissenschaften. Dabei kommt der Psychologie und der Religionswissenschaft eine wichtige Mittlerrolle zu. Der Band enthalt die folgenden Beitrage: Ronald Steckel: Jacob Bohme - ein Wissender Gottes Gunhild Porksen: Wer ist der Mensch? Paracelsus' Entwurf einer umfassenden Anthropologie Marianne Katterfeldt: Die Urschonheit des Menschen - Der Mensch als Mikrokosmos bei Emanuel Swedenborg Akira Ishii: NAIKAN - Innenschau. Eine aus dem Buddhismus erwachsene Meditationsmethode Gerhard M. Walch: Erich Neumann - Leben und Werk eines Aussenseiters und Visionars Christian Jung: Meister Eckharts Philosophie des Nichts Nikolaus Koliusis: Blaupause. (shrink)

Vorbemerkung: Das Staunen -- Die Scholastik -- Héloïse (um 1099-1164): Die Logik der Liebe -- Mystik als Schau göttlicher Weisheit -- Hildegard von Bingen (1998-1179): "Scivias--Wisse die Wege" -- Die "Querelle du Roman de la Rose" -- Christine de Pizan (um 1364-um 1430): "die Stadt der Frauen" -- Die Aufklärung -- Émilie du Châtlet (1706-1749): "Rede vom Glück" -- Romantik und Neuromantik -- Ricarda Huch (1864-1947): Der Mensch der Zukunft aus dem Geiste der Romantik -- Die Phänomenologie -- Edith Stein (...) (1891-1942): Philosophin der Phänomenologie, Märtyrerin, Heilige -- Philosophie der Pflichten dem Menschen gegenüber -- Simone Weil (1909-1943): Sozialistische Aktivistin, Philosophin, Mystikerin -- Philosophie des Politischen -- Hannah Arendt (1906-1975): Philosophisches Engagement im Zeitalter des Totalitarismus -- Der Existenzialismus -- Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986): Freiheit und Emanzipation -- Philosophie der Verantwortung in einer globalisierten Welt -- Jeanne Hersch (1910-2000): Freiheit und Verantwortung. (shrink)

In a number of very influential publications, Epstein and Hoover (among other authors) have recently argued that a thoroughly micro-foundationalist approach towards economics is unconvincing for metaphysical reasons. However, as we show in this article, this metaphysical/social ontological approach to the debate fails to resolve the status of micro-foundations in the practice of economic modelling. To overcome this, we argue that endogenizing a model—that is, providing micro-foundations for it—correlates with making that model more complex. Specifically, we show that models with (...) more micro-foundations tend to have more parameters or variables. This matters, as there are well-established methodological reasons for preferring models with fewer parameters or variables—ceteris paribus. We therefore conclude that, from a practice-based point of view, micro-foundations are only defensible to the extent that they significantly improve the ability of the relevant model to fit the data of interest. In this way, we arrive at a practice-based, methodological reconceptualization of the debate surrounding the need for micro-foundations in economics. (shrink)

Recent research has detailed the use of neuroscience in several jurisdictions, but Australia remains a notable omission. To fill this substantial void we performed a systematic review of neuroscience in Australian criminal cases. The first section of this article reports the results of our review by detailing the purposes for which neuroscience is admitted into Australian criminal courts. We found that neuroscience is being admitted pre-trial, at trial, and during sentencing. In the second section, we evaluate these applications. We generally (...) found that courts admit neuroscience cautiously, and to supplement more well-established forms of evidence. Still, we found some instances in which the court seemed to misunderstand the neuroscience. These cases ranged from interpreting neuroscience as “objective” evidence to admitting neuroscience when the same non-neuroscientific psychiatric evidence would be inadmissible for being common sense. Furthermore, in some cases, neuroscientific evidence presents a double-edged sword; it may serve to either aggravate or mitigate a sentence. Thus, the decision about whether or not to tender this evidence is risky. (shrink)

Business Ethics: A European Review, EarlyView.

The aim of the paper is to present and evaluate Bolzano's theory of grounding, that is, his theory of the concept expressed and the relation brought into play by 'because'. In the first part of the paper (Sections 1-4) the concept of grounding is distinguished from and related to three other concepts: the concept of an epistemic reason}, the concept of causality, and the concept of deducibility (i.e., logical consequence). In its second part (Sections 5-7) Bolzano's positive account of grounding (...) is reconstructed in axiomatic form and critically discussed. (shrink)

Propositional logic has been recognized throughout the centuries as one of the cornerstones of reasoning in philosophy and mathematics. Over time, its formalization into Boolean algebra was accompanied by the recognition that a wide range of combinatorial problems can be expressed as propositional satisfiability (SAT) problems. Because of this dual role, SAT developed into a mature, multi-faceted scientific discipline, and from the earliest days of computing a search was underway to discover how to solve SAT problems in an automated fashion. (...) This book, the Handbook of Satisfiability, is the second, updated and revised edition of the book first published in 2009 under the same name. The handbook aims to capture the full breadth and depth of SAT and to bring together significant progress and advances in automated solving. Topics covered span practical and theoretical research on SAT and its applications and include search algorithms, heuristics, analysis of algorithms, hard instances, randomized formulae, problem encodings, industrial applications, solvers, simplifiers, tools, case studies and empirical results. SAT is interpreted in a broad sense, so as well as propositional satisfiability, there are chapters covering the domain of quantified Boolean formulae (QBF), constraints programming techniques (CSP) for word-level problems and their propositional encoding, and satisfiability modulo theories (SMT). An extensive bibliography completes each chapter. This second edition of the handbook will be of interest to researchers, graduate students, final-year undergraduates, and practitioners using or contributing to SAT, and will provide both an inspiration and a rich resource for their work. Edmund Clarke, 2007 ACM Turing Award Recipient: "SAT solving is a key technology for 21st century computer science." Donald Knuth, 1974 ACM Turing Award Recipient: "SAT is evidently a killer app, because it is key to the solution of so many other problems." Stephen Cook, 1982 ACM Turing Award Recipient: "The SAT problem is at the core of arguably the most fundamental question in computer science: What makes a problem hard?". (shrink)

22. KAPITEL - KAPITAL ALS Dm ENTFREMDETE ERDE 813 I. Ueberwindung des Dualismus 813 II. Die Erde der Physiokraten 816 lli. Eigentum als Erdbezug 819 IV. Technologie als instrumentaler Erdbezug und das moderne Grundeigentum 823 V. Erde und Leiblichkeit 828 VI. Wissenschaft als theoretischer Bezug zur Erde 831 VII. Technologische Wissenschaft auf dem Weg zur Herrschaft tiber die Natur 834 VIII. Das Kapital als Konkreszenzprozess von Leib und Erde 839 IX. Zusammenfassung 843 SCHLUSS 845 EINLEITUNG DlE GRUNDLEGUNG DER IMMANENZEN 1m (...) marxistischen Denken herrschen zwei Grundgedanken, die sich gegen­ seitig ausschliessen. Der eine artikuliert die Vorstellung yom universalen Zusammenhang alles Seienden und alles Geschehens; der andere halt die Unabhiingigkeit des materiellen Seins vom Bewusstsein energisch fest. In der marxistischen Gnoseologie macht sich darum die eigentiimliche Schwierigkeit geltend, dass sowohl die epikureische Eidola-Lehre, als auch der Gesamtzusammenhang das Erkennen erklaren sollen. Dieser Widerspruch ist daftir Symptom, dass die marxistische Philo sophie in ihrer heutigen Gestalt das Grundproblem des Marxschen Immanenz­ Denkens noch nicht gelost hat 1. Schuld daran tragt Lenius reaktioniirer Ausbruch in seiner Schrift tiber "Materialismus und Empiriokritizismus" 2, der die vulgare Wissenschafts-Ontologie des augehenden 19. und be­ ginnenden 20. Jahrhunderts verherrlichte. Sie ist nicht Marxens Welt. Eine Rtickwendung zu einem emsten Studium von Marxschen Texten ist von Jtirgen Habermas als eine typische Reaktionsform genannt wor­ den 3. Die Griinde daftir sind undurchsichtig. Eine unvoreingenommene 1 Vgl. I. M. Bochenski, Der sowjet-russische dialektische Materialismus (DIAMAT), Bern 1%0, S. 73 f. und 88. (shrink)

Dynamic stability of the knee and weakness of the extensor muscles are considered to be the most important functional limitations after anterior cruciate ligament injury, probably due to changes at the central level of motor control rather than at the peripheral level. Despite general technological advances, fewer contraindicative surgical procedures, and extensive postoperative rehabilitation, up to 65% of patients fail to return to their preinjury level of sports, and only half were able to return to competitive sport. Later, it becomes (...) clear that current rehabilitation after knee surgery is not sufficient to address the functional limitations after ACL reconstruction even years after surgery. Therefore, new therapeutic tools targeting the central neural system, i.e., the higher centers of motor control, should be investigated and integrated into current rehabilitation practice. To improve motor performance when overt movement cannot be fully performed, several techniques have been developed to increase physical and mental activation without the need to perform overt movements. Among the most popular cognitive techniques used to increase physical performance are motor imagery and action observation practices. This review, which examines the available evidence, presents the underlying mechanisms of the efficacy of cognitive interventions and provides guidelines for their use at home. (shrink)

Contains contributions dealing with religious narrative and cognitive theory written by some of the world's leading scholars in the fields of cognitive science, narratology and comparative religion. This title explores the neurological processes and possible genetic foundations of how language emerged in Homo sapiens.