Os documentos, o arquivo e as práticas arquivísticas são categorias conceituais estudados pela Arquivologia e Ciência da Informação e servem, também, como elementos emergentes na formação da memória no contexto organizacional. Objetiva discutir as noções de documentos, o arquivo e as práticas arquivísticas como bases necessárias à memória das organizações. Metodologicamente, possui abordagem qualitativa, é uma pesquisa descritiva e de cunho teórico, por meio da revisão da literatura e da discussão baseada em teóricos do tema. Situa a memória organizacional e (...) a memória institucional como as possibilidades de formação de memórias no ambiente organizacional e contempla discussões referentes aos documentos dotados de informações orgânicas e não orgânicas, os arquivos e suas práticas na gestão e preservação de acervos memorialísticos. Conclui que os documentos dotados de informações orgânicas e não orgânicas, juntamente com o arquivo e suas práticas, corroboram com a valorização de todo conhecimento criado ou produzido, com as histórias, com os legados, com os fatos e acontecimentos. (shrink)

I endeavour in this article to present Ibn Taymiyya's theory of nominal definition as an alternative to logical definition. Ibn Taymiyya argues that nominal definition is based on concrete principles that are subject to experiment. Furthermore, the function of definition is akin to the 'name' because it aims at distinguishing any one object from others but not at reaching the entity of things. Nominal definition aims to define the name or the named, and this aim can be achieved by translation (...) or by interpretation. Translation is the movement from one name to another or from one named object to another. Interpretation is movement from a name to a named object or from a named object to a name. (shrink)

This article takes up the question of how to facilitate substantive inclusion in deeply divided societies. Turning to deliberative democracy and consociationalism, we find that there is a surprising amount of overlap between the two potentially contradictory models of inclusion. We consider the deliberative potential of consociational institutions that not only address majority and minority relations, but that also find ways to include minorities within minorities. To this end, we examine the institutions that make up a consociation and recommend a (...) two-stage approach to deliberation that facilitates the articulation of public reasons in political decision-making. We argue that extending broad inclusion in an initial stage of deliberations where people do not have to adhere to the criterion of public reason avoids pre-emptive exclusions, while introducing this criterion in a second, decision-making stage of deliberations retains the benefits of deliberative democracy. This two-stage approach addresses the democratic concerns in consociational democracy vis-à-vis minority groups and in deliberative democracy vis-à-vis marginalized groups (that is, minorities within minorities). We argue that adopting this two-stage approach will deepen the level of inclusion found within consociational democracies and widen the applicable scope for deliberative democracy, which is often thought most amenable to small-scale decision-making. (shrink)

This study asks after the fate of sophistry in the Eleatic Stranger's investigation of the best of the six regimes governed by law, and outlines as far as possible the role of the rhetor under the supervision of the true statesman, as well as the function and effects of myth on the citizens of the best regime. In short, I argue that Socrates' competitors do, in a qualified manner, still have a place in such a polis precisely where the work (...) of gathering intelligence finds its civic limit. (shrink)

This article deals with the concepts of translation and interpretation in Ibn Taymiyya's Theory of Definition. Translation is replacement of one name by another or of one named object by another, while, Interpretation is replacement of one name by a named object or of a named object by a name. The relationship between the definition and the definiendum is decided by the law of al-Tard wa al-'Aks (coextensiveness-cumcoexclusiveness) that looks at objects from all sides and decides the traits of the (...) definiendum. It also aims at deciding the signification of the name and this is also the aim of the definition. Since the ?name?; is a linguistic matter, the definition is related to the signification of the name and its language. (shrink)

This article introduces an exposition and analysis of al-Nursi’s attitude fromphilosophy, his concept of philosophy, and the reason for his attack on it. Itaims to investigate, examine and review the comparisons that al-Nursi makesbetween religious wisdom and philosophical wisdom. It shows that al-Nursiattempts to prove the low status of philosophy and the supremacy of divineknowledge, and how he attributes all social and psychological phenomena tophilosophy. Al-Nursi claims that all the shining spots and brilliant conditionsin the human history are attributed to (...) religion, supporting his claims byhistorical samples and conditions. Al-Nursi also introduces his interpretationof the rel ationship between religion and philosophy, and attributes thisrelationship to Man in his first stages of development. He also points outstates of human understanding and harmony in history, and claims that thedetachment of philosophy from religion leads to the destruction of humanity.However, we notice that al-Nursi’s criticism of philosophy is not directed atthe intellect / mind/ reason of man. In fact, he criticizes the philosophicaltheories that deal with the issues of the invisible, the unknown, thesupernatural and metaphysical aspects, which contradict religion, but hesupports science and does not see any contradiction between scientific factsand religion.The article also confirms that the generality and thoroughness of al-Nursi’sdiscourse do not create a variety of meanings of the used terminology, andsome concepts such as ‘philosophy’ and ‘intellectual science’ assumemeanings that al-Nursi himself does not intend. (shrink)

An affectionate and thoughtful look at the history of county fairs and their tradition and persistence today reveals the county fair as an important institution that helped define America as a nation of free-thinking, self-reliant, and ...

In a recent response to Persson & Savulescu’s Unfit for the Future, Nicholas Agar argues that moral bioenhancement is dangerous. His grounds for this are that normal moral judgement should be privileged because it involves a balance of moral subcapacities; moral bioenhancement, Agar argues, involves the enhancement of only particular moral subcapacities, and thus upsets the balance inherent in normal moral judgement. Mistaken moral judgements, he says, are likely to result. I argue that Agar’s argument fails for two reasons. Firstly, (...) having strength in a particular moral subcapacity does not necessarily entail a worsening of moral judgement; it can involve strength in a particular aspect of morality. Secondly, normal moral judgement is not sufficiently likely to be correct to be the standard by which moral judgements are measured. (shrink)

To assess ethics pedagogy in science and engineering, we developed a new tool called the Engineering and Science Issues Test. ESIT measures moral judgment in a manner similar to the Defining Issues Test, second edition, but is built around technical dilemmas in science and engineering. We used a quasi-experimental approach with pre- and post-tests, and we compared the results to those of a control group with no overt ethics instruction. Our findings are that several stand-alone classes showed a significant improvement (...) compared to the control group when the metric includes multiple stages of moral development. We also found that the written test had a higher response rate and sensitivity to pedagogy than the electronic version. We do not find significant differences on pre- test scores with respect to age, education level, gender or political leanings, but we do on whether subjects were native English speakers. We did not find significant differences on pre- test scores based on whether subjects had previous ethics instruction; this could suggest a lack of a long-term effect from the instruction. (shrink)

Hip fractures are common and serious injuries in the geriatric population. Obtaining informed consent for surgery in geriatric patients can be difficult due to the high prevalence of comorbid cognitive impairment. Given that virtually all patients with hip fractures eventually undergo surgery, and given that delays in surgery are associated with increased mortality, we argue that there are select instances in which it may be ethically permissible, and indeed clinically preferable, to initiate surgical treatment in cognitively impaired patients under the (...) doctrine of presumed consent. In this paper, we examine the boundaries of the license granted by presumed consent and use the example of geriatric hip fracture to build an ethical framework for understanding the doctrine of presumed consent. The license to act under presumed consent requires three factors: patient incapacity, clinical urgency and clarity on the correct course of action. All three can apply to geriatric hip fracture. The typical patient frequently lacks capacity. Delays in initiating surgical treatment are associated with markedly increased mortality rates. Last, there appears to be consensus that surgery is the preferred treatment. Nonetheless, because there is a window of safe delay during which treating physicians can stabilize the patient, address reversible causes of cognitive impairment and identify surrogate decision makers, presumed consent should be invoked only as a method of last resort. A medical situation need not be characterized by risk of imminent and certain death for presumed consent to be relevant. Rather, there are two distinct windows that must be considered: the time interval in which action may be delayed without danger, and the time interval needed to obtain a better form of consent. Presumed consent is appropriate only when the latter exceeds the former. (shrink)

Evaluates trade-offs and uncertainties inherent in achieving sustainable energy, analyzes the major energy technologies, and provides a framework for assessing policy options.

This case study examines a teaching candidate's completion of a major assessment project, including his approach to lesson planning and assessment design, the creation of rubrics, and the crafting of narratives to analyze his students’ work. Qualitative data analysis suggests that this beginning teacher, who excelled in planning and teaching for historical thinking, needed additional support in honing his skills with respect to discipline-based assessment. In his analysis of students’ work and his reflection on the assessments, the teaching candidate retreated (...) to generalist stances that made no references to thinking historically. The teaching candidate demonstrated an ability to design discipline-based assessments and an inability to use a discipline-based framework to assess and describe his students’ work. (shrink)