O presente texto visa avaliar o estatuto da revolução a partir da obra de dois filósofos franceses, por assim dizer, que empenharam parte considerável de seu trabalho na investigação sobre a história: Voltaire e Jean Bodin. Nossa intenção é entender a relação entre as noções de transformações, revolução e guerra, conflitos, tumultos. Não pretendemos estabelecer uma comparação rígida, porque anacrônica, entre as obras desses filósofos que trabalharam sobre a história. O que intentamos aqui é investigar algumas linhas de força de (...) seus argumentos que visam explicar as revoluções, suas origens e consequências para mostrar como a articulação entre esses elementos possibilita a Voltaire e a Bodin que realizem o que chamaremos de desmistificação de aspectos pertinentes tanto à filosofia quanto à história. Trata-se ainda de mostra em que medida Bodin e Voltaire divergem e se encontram no que tange ao tratamento filosófico desses temas. This paper aims at evaluating the status of the idea of revolution presented by Voltaire and Bodin. Both philosophers' works are mostly directed to the investigation of history. The purpose of this paper is to understand the connection between the ideas of change, revolution, war, turmoil and conflicts. There is no intention of establishing a strict comparison between the two works, as for that would be anachronistic. On the contrary, this paper intends to investigate some of the main arguments used by both authors to explain the revolutions, its origins and consequences, to show how the articulation between those elements enables them to demystify relevant aspects present in both history and philosophy. Finally, it also aims at pointing at the extent to which the authors diverge and converge in their philosophical approach to the referred themes. (shrink)

O presente texto aprofundará a interpretação de Althusser à obra de Maquiavel naquilo que concerne ao tema dos limites da ação humana. Tomando a análise do príncipe novo e as longas referências à oposição entre as noções de Virtù e de Fortuna, que constam principalmente da obra Política e História, pretendemos mostrar por que a leitura de Althusser do filósofo florentino nos remete a uma discussão contemporânea da filosofia política acerca dos fundamentos do poder e da própria filosofia. A questão (...) de que partimos para essa leitura do texto althusseriano é: há sentido em pensarmos um princípio fundante da ação, capaz de definir o que são os homens e daí extrair certas regras norteadoras do agir humano? (shrink)

O artigo tem por objetivo aprofundar uma abordagem da noção de soberania, segundo análise de obras de Maquiavel estabelecida por Antonio Negri. O autor defende que a soberania para Maquiavel corresponde à sobredeterminação da ação do governante -seja no principado, seja na república- em face das limitações e oposições impostas pelos adversários e pela própria fortuna. Buscamos, assim, entender as características dessa acepção de soberania uma vez que o conceito é definido com exatidão por Jean Bodin, quase meio século após (...) a publicação dos textos maquiavelismos. Para observar essa abordagem, digamos, heterodoxa, da soberania será preciso nos concentraremos na sua tese da relação entre ontologia política e movimento. Para Negri, o movimento é o princípio definidor da política e na obra de Maquiavel se encontra uma concepção de ontologia política produzida e pensada da própria ação do governante no tempo e da qual o movimento é constitutivo e indiscernível. Observaremos como se desenvolve a análise do conflito no caso de cidades como Roma e Florença. Como conclusão pretendemos observar que limites a interpretação das Istorie Fiorentine apresenta à tese negriana da soberania democrática em Maquiavel. (shrink)

o texto avalia a extensão do projeto de Marilena em relação ao tema da teologia política. Pretendemos mostrar que sua análise se estende da investigação interna da obra filosófica de Espinosa e chega à avaliação da atuação de grupos religiosos e sua relação com a mídia e o contexto político brasileiro na contemporaneidade. Pretendemos observar as linhas de força que amparam o projeto de Chauí em relação ao tema e quais são as bases de sua crítica ao teológico político.

O objetivo do presente texto é retomar a discussão sobre a presença do pensamento de Maquiavel nas obras de Espinosa, observando a figura do governante que se defronta com a Fortuna. Começamos nossa leitura mostrando como no realismo maquiaveliano acerca do poder, especialmente em O Príncipe, o governante assume a condição de alguém que se põe na situação de embate. Já no Tratado Teológico-Político a relação do governante com a Fortuna será daquele que deve decifrar os desígnios da potência infinita (...) de Deus. Ao final, faremos uma leitura de trechos das obras políticas destes dois filósofos para mostrar que, em Maquiavel, a relação que se estabelece entre o homem de ação e a Fortuna é de enfrentamento e, no caso de Espinosa, ela se compreende no registro do conhecimento. (shrink)

O presente texto visa avaliar o estatuto da revolução a partir da obra de dois filósofos franceses, por assim dizer, que empenharam parte considerável de seu trabalho na investigação sobre a história: Voltaire e Jean Bodin. Nossa intenção é entender a relação entre as noções de transformações, revolução e guerra, conflitos, tumultos. Não pretendemos estabelecer uma comparação rígida, porque anacrônica, entre as obras desses filósofos que trabalharam sobre a história. O que intentamos aqui é investigar algumas linhas de força de (...) seus argumentos que visam explicar as revoluções, suas origens e consequências para mostrar como a articulação entre esses elementos possibilita a Voltaire e a Bodin que realizem o que chamaremos de desmistificação de aspectos pertinentes tanto à filosofia quanto à história. Trata-se ainda de mostra em que medida Bodin e Voltaire divergem e se encontram no que tange ao tratamento filosófico desses temas. This paper aims at evaluating the status of the idea of revolution presented by Voltaire and Bodin. Both philosophers' works are mostly directed to the investigation of history. The purpose of this paper is to understand the connection between the ideas of change, revolution, war, turmoil and conflicts. There is no intention of establishing a strict comparison between the two works, as for that would be anachronistic. On the contrary, this paper intends to investigate some of the main arguments used by both authors to explain the revolutions, its origins and consequences, to show how the articulation between those elements enables them to demystify relevant aspects present in both history and philosophy. Finally, it also aims at pointing at the extent to which the authors diverge and converge in their philosophical approach to the referred themes. (shrink)

This article presents Jean Bodin’s critic to the juridic approach of the laws and the idea of justice in his time. Firstly, it presents Bodin’s opposition to the glossators of the Roman Law. Secondly, it defends that Bodin considers the method as a tool that could make it possible to achieve an exact knowledge of the principles of the law. Finally, it deals with Bodin’s approach to the knowledge of the law as scientific knowledge. In this sense, the article try (...) to answer the question of what is the importance of the philosophy in this work? (shrink)

Entrevue avec Michel MaffesoliEntrevista com Michel Maffesoli.

The aim of this paper was to present ongoing research on the social representations relating to ritalin in Brazil between 1998 and 2008. Over this period, there was a considerable increase in ritalin usage and expansion of its use to purposes other than therapeutic use. Ritalin has been used not only for treating attention disorders, but also to enhance cognitive functions in healthy individuals. The research has developed through two fields of investigation with different methodologies. In the first field, Brazilian (...) scientific and popular publications have been investigated, with analysis on the arguments justifying ritalin usage and how scientific results are disseminated to the lay public in large-circulation newspapers. In the second field, focus groups have been used to explore the social representations that university students, students' parents and healthcare professionals have in relation to the use of ritalin for enhancing cognitive performance. -/- . (shrink)

Num momento em que a fé e as instituições religiosas parecem caducar temos como movimento oposto a valorização da espiritualidade, pelo menos no que tange à proposta filosófica de Luc Ferry. Secularizando o amor cristão, o autor nos apresenta uma filosofia que é capaz de salvar o homem através do sentido que dado à vida, ou seja, não se espera ser salvos por um absoluto existente fora do mundo, mas a salvação depende unicamente do homem. Nesse sentido, à medida em (...) que fazemos escolhas e projetos individuais, liquidamos com toda forma de pensamento determinista. Neste aspecto, cabe à espiritualidade a tarefa de despertar o homem para a necessidade de se afirmar enquanto sujeito e ao mesmo tempo sair de si mesmo, em direção ao outro, como confirmação de uma espiritualidade laica pautada na compaixão e no amor. No entanto, não se trata de uma espiritualidade sentimentalista, mas antes, uma espiritualidade em conformidade com a tradição filosófica e com a racionalidade humanista. Dessa forma, o espiritual não estará relegado ao âmbito privado, mas alcançará até mesmo as ações políticas e a vida social. Finalmente, perceberemos que essa espiritualidade laica que fundamenta as ações humanitárias e a própria relação familiar se assemelha em muitos aspectos com a proposta agápica do amor cristão. (shrink)

O referido trabalho pretende estabelecer uma interpretação acerca da modernidade e da passagem dessa à pós-modernidade a partir da filosofia de dois autores contemporâneos, a saber, o filósofo francês Luc Ferry e o filósofo italiano Gianni Vattimo. Notar-se-á que entre os autores, apesar de alguns poucos pontos em comum, prevalece divergência de pontos de vista e de compreensão dos acontecimentos históricos, políticos e sociais que marcaram a sociedade moderna e, posteriormente, a pós-modernidade. A chave de leitura será o conceito de (...) niilismo, que em Ferry ganha uma conotação de força e de manutenção de verdades fortes, o que caracteriza, segundo ele, a modernidade; enquanto que, em Vattimo esse niilismo é o enfraquecimento dessas estruturas modernas e a garantia da pós-modernidade enquanto um momento de superação das verdades metafísicas. Diante desse cenário, analisaremos os limites da proposta de Ferry que se apega a uma crítica do niilismo realizada por Nietzsche, desconsiderando, contudo, a afirmação que o anunciador da morte de Deus faz de um niilismo ativo. (shrink)

IntroductionRegular exercise has long been shown to positively impact the immune system responsiveness and improve mental well-being. However, the putative links between biomarkers of mental health and immune efficiency in exercising subjects have been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of a 14-week combined chair-based exercise program on salivary steroid hormones and anti-microbial proteins, functional fitness, and MWB indexes in pre-frail older women.MethodsThe participant women were randomly divided into the exercising group and the non-exercising (...) control group. The pre/post assessment included: salivary anti-microbial proteins lysozyme; and immunoglobulin-A ; salivary steroid hormones of testosterone and cortisol ; functional fitness ; MWB questionnaires.ResultsSignificant differences with large Cohen’s effect sizes were found on increased salivary TT after exercise intervention. The results revealed a decrease in IgA levels after CEP. The increase in subjective happiness levels and decrease of stress perception and depressive state were found after intervention in the CEP group. Robust statistical differences in gait speed and balance tests were also found in the CEP group. In control, COR increased moderately while no changes were found for the other indicators. Correlation analyses showed inter-dependence between pre–post variations of MWB, biochemical indexes, and fitness function.ConclusionThe CEP program was able to improve functional-fitness performance, decrease feelings of stress, and increase happiness. The CEP also induced clinically relevant hormonal and immune responses, which suggests that chair exercises that combine muscular strength, balance, and gait speed training are promising interventions to improve physical and mental health of older pre-frail adults. (shrink)

O campo interdisciplinar dos novos estudos sociais das infâncias parte de uma ruptura epistemológica com as abordagens clássicas das ciências que adotam visões biologizantes, essencialistas e universais da criança e encontra na etnografia uma possibilidade de conceituação de criança enquanto sujeito ativo e de infância enquanto categoria social geracional. O reconhecimento desses conceitos de criança e de infância pela etnografia na pesquisa com crianças implica voltar-se para a criança como o outro, o diferente, o estrangeiro. A proposta de ruptura teórico-conceitual (...) na investigação das infâncias exige a implementação de metodologias que focalizem as experiências, os pontos de vista e as vozes das crianças, compreendendo-as enquanto processo, em outras palavras, constante construção. Portanto, para essa perspectiva, a criança não é o objeto do estudo, mas é sujeito que interage com o pesquisador na construção dos sentidos e significados da pesquisa. O texto está organizado em três partes que abordam os aspectos epistemológicos, teórico-conceituais e metodológicos do debate proposto. Ao final, procura-se uma articulação entre os diferentes aspectos da discussão, propondo uma reflexão sobre a ética e a alteridade, reconhecendo que a diferença atravessa as relações humanas e, portanto, é o diferente, o incomum, o incompreensível, o oposto, o desigual, o inalcançável que marca e define a pesquisa com criança. (shrink)

The rating of perceived exertion can be used to monitor the exercise intensity during laboratory and specific tests, training sessions, and to estimate the internal training load of the athletes. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a specific pictorial perceived exertion scale for soccer players called GOAL Scale. The pictorial GOAL Scale was validated for twenty under-17 soccer players. In the validation phase, the athletes were evaluated in a progressive protocol involving stimuluses of 3 min (...) with 1 min for the rest into the stages until the voluntary exhaustion in Maximal Cardiopulmonary Effort Test, and in the Yo Yo Intermittent Recovery Test – Level 1. The RPE identified by the GOL Scale, by the Borg Scale 6 – 20 and by the Cavasini Scale, as well as the heart rate, perceptual of the heart rate and the blood lactate concentration were immediately evaluated after each stage of both tests. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used. Construct scale validity was examined by regressing GOAL Scale against Borg Scale 6 – 20 and Cavasini Scale and concurrent scale validity was investigated by regressing GOAL Scale against HR, beats/min and blood lactate concentration during two progressive tests. There was a significant correlation values of the GOAL Scale with Borg Scale, Cavasini Scale, %HRmax, HR and lactate during tests. The results evidenced concurrent and construct validity of the GOAL Scale across a wide range of exercise intensity. The absence of verbal anchors makes the use of this instrument to soccer, futsal and beach soccer athletes of different languages and different literacy levels possible. (shrink)

Empathy is a necessity in our multicultural world. Modern democratic societies are home to communities with the most diverse religious, political, and moral convictions, and these convictions often directly, even perilously, contradict one another. Educational theorists differ on how empathy can be taught in the face of these contradictions. Does proper pedagogical action entail an attempt to teach students to understand the other, to see their world through the eyes of the other? Or is such an attempt doomed to fail, (...) a vain and presumptuous striving to surpass the epistemologically preordained limits of subjectivity? While theorists who promote mutual understanding traditionally look to some form of dialogue to establish their empathic pedagogies, those who doubt the possibility of mutual understanding formulate critical, often monological pedagogies in which students are encouraged to “talk back” to their others about their idiosyncratic perspectives. Theorists have thus had choose: dialogue or relativism? Using the robust educational philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, Douglas Yacek demonstrates that this is a most unsatisfactory choice, one that ignores the pedagogical complexity needed to teach students genuine empathy. He argues that Nietzsche's educational writings yield a tripartite empathic pedagogy founded on self-knowledge, foreign language learning, and experimentalism. Upon these three pedagogical pillars, Yacek problematizes Megan Laverty's recent attempt to formulate an empathic pedagogy as dialogical philosophical inquiry. Although Nietzsche would endorse much of Laverty's pedagogy, Yacek concludes that Nietzsche's pedagogy requires engagement with perspectives across the democratic curriculum and, indeed, beyond. (shrink)

Journal Name: Apeiron Issue: Ahead of print.

Statutory interpretation involves the reconstruction of the meaning of a legal statement when it cannot be considered as accepted or granted. This phenomenon needs to be considered not only from the legal and linguistic perspective, but also from the argumentative one - which focuses on the strategies for defending a controversial or doubtful viewpoint. This book draws upon linguistics, legal theory, computing, and dialectics to present an argumentation-based approach to statutory interpretation. By translating and summarizing the existing legal interpretative canons (...) into eleven patterns of natural arguments - called argumentation schemes - the authors offer a system of argumentation strategies for developing, defending, assessing, and attacking an interpretation. Illustrated through major cases from both common and civil law, this methodology is summarized in diagrams and maps for application to computer sciences. These visuals help make the structures, strategies, and vulnerabilities of legal reasoning accessible to both legal professionals and laypeople. (shrink)

Think tanks became key political and economic actors during the twentieth century, creating and occupying an intellectual and political position between academic institutions, the state, civil society, and public debate on organization and management. Think tanks are especially active in setting frames for what constitutes politically and socially acceptable ways of thinking about economic activity and the rights or obligations of corporations. Their operation and influence has been acknowledged and analysed in political science and policy analysis, but in organization and (...) management studies they are almost entirely ignored. In this paper, we review the existing literature on think tanks to develop an ethical–political framework based on a Gramsci’s account of state–civil society relations, referring to historical case materials relating to a significant Brazilian think tank, the Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais. We show how the IPES was successful in bringing then-controversial neoliberal perspectives on management and organization into mainstream political debate, where they could be discussed and ultimately accepted as morally and intellectually legitimate. We note the importance of management education and business schools with respect to think tanks in the development of a hegemonic pro-capitalist interpretation of corporate responsibility, and suggest this is worth more investigation. We conclude by outlining how think tanks are central to civil society acceptance of pro-corporate ideologies, how they might be researched regarding the ethical implications of the work they do, and how our approach provides a foundation for this. (shrink)

As Socrates famously noted, there is no more important question than how we ought to live. The answer to this question depends on how the reasons that we have for living in various different ways combine and compete. To illustrate, suppose that I've just received a substantial raise. What should I do with the extra money? I have most moral reason to donate it to effective charities but most self-interested reason to spend it on luxuries for myself. So, whether I (...) should live my life as I have most moral reason to live it or as I have most self-interested reason to live it depends on how these and other sorts of reasons combine and compete to determine what I have most reason to do, all things considered. This Element seeks to figure out how different sorts of reasons combine and compete to determine how we ought to live. (shrink)

: Errors in science range along a spectrum from those relatively local to the phenomenon (usually easily remedied in the laboratory) to those more conceptually derived (involving theory or cultural factors, sometimes quite long-term). One may classify error types broadly as material, observational, conceptual or discoursive. This framework bridges philosophical and sociological perspectives, offering a basis for interfield discourse. A repertoire of error types also supports error analytics, a program for deepening reliability through strategies for regulating and probing error.

Several diagrams and tables from review articles during the Ox-Phos Controversy serve as an occasion to assess the nature of competition in models of theory choice in science. Many models follow "Super-Bowl" principles of polar, either-or, winner-take-all competition. A significant alternative highlighted by this episode, however, is the differentiation of domains. Incommensurability and the partial divergence of overlapping domains serve both as signals and context for shifting frameworks of competition. Appropriate strategies may thus help researchers diagnose the status of competition (...) and shape their research accordingly. (shrink)

A leading expert in informal logic, Douglas Walton turns his attention in this new book to how reasoning operates in trials and other legal contexts, with special emphasis on the law of evidence. The new model he develops, drawing on methods of argumentation theory that are gaining wide acceptance in computing fields like artificial intelligence, can be used to identify, analyze, and evaluate specific types of legal argument. In contrast with approaches that rely on deductive and inductive logic and (...) rule out many common types of argument as fallacious, Walton’s aim is to provide a more expansive view of what can be considered "reasonable" in legal argument when it is construed as a dynamic, rule-governed, and goal-directed conversation. This dialogical model gives new meaning to the key notions of relevance and probative weight, with the latter analyzed in terms of pragmatic criteria for what constitutes plausible evidence rather than truth. (shrink)

Is the flavor of mint reducible to the minty smell, the taste, and the menthol-like coolness on the roof of one’s mouth, or does it include something over and above these—something not properly associated with any one of the contributing senses? More generally, are there features of perceptual experiences—so-called novel features—that are not associated with any of our senses taken singly? This question has received a lot of attention of late. Yet surprisingly little attention has been paid to the question (...) of what it means to say that a feature is associated with a sensory modality in the first place. Indeed, there is only one fully developed proposal in the literature, due to Casey O’Callaghan. I argue that this proposal is too permissive to inform the debate over novel features. I go on to argue that all attempts to formulate a better proposal along these lines fail. The corollary of my arguments is that the question of the existence of novel features is poorly formed. Furthermore, the problem generalizes, with the result that we should not rely on our pre-theoretical notions of the senses as the basis of theorizing about the features of perceptual experiences. (shrink)

This chapter proposes a dialectical approach to legal interpretation, consisting of three dimensions: a formalization of the canons of interpretation in terms of argumentation schemes; a dialectical classification of interpretive schemes; and a logical and computational model for comparing the arguments pro and contra an interpretation. The traditional interpretive maxims or canons used in both common and civil law are translated into defeasible patterns of arguments, which can be evaluated through sets of corresponding critical questions. These interpretive argumentation schemes are (...) classified in general categories and a distinction is drawn between schemes supporting and rebutting an interpretation. This framework allows conceiving statutory interpretation as a dialectical procedure consisting in weighing arguments pro and contra an interpretation. This procedure is formalized and represented computationally through tools from formal argumentation systems. (shrink)

Media argumentation is a powerful force in our lives. From political speeches to television commercials to war propaganda, it can effectively mobilize political action, influence the public, and market products. This book presents a new and systematic way of thinking about the influence of mass media in our lives, showing the intersection of media sources with argumentation theory, informal logic, computational theory, and theories of persuasion. Using a variety of case studies that represent arguments that typically occur in the mass (...) media, Douglas Walton demonstrates how tools recently developed in argumentation theory can be usefully applied to the identification, analysis, and evaluation of media arguments. He draws upon the most recent developments in artificial intelligence, including dialogical theories of argument, which he developed, as well as speech act theory. Each chapter presents solutions to problems central to understanding, analyzing, and criticizing media argumentation. (shrink)

In this paper, it is shown (1) that there are two schemes for argument from analogy that seem to be competitors but are not, (2) how one of them is based on a distinctive type of similarity premise, (3) how to analyze the notion of similarity using story schemes illustrated by some cases, (4) how arguments from precedent are based on arguments from analogy, and in many instances arguments from classification, and (5) that when similarity is defined by means of (...) episode schemes, we can get a clearer idea of how it integrates with the use of argument from classification and argument from precedent in case-based reasoning by using a dialogue structure. (shrink)

Recent work in artificial intelligence has increasingly turned to argumentation as a rich, interdisciplinary area of research that can provide new methods related to evidence and reasoning in the area of law. Douglas Walton provides an introduction to basic concepts, tools and methods in argumentation theory and artificial intelligence as applied to the analysis and evaluation of witness testimony. He shows how witness testimony is by its nature inherently fallible and sometimes subject to disastrous failures. At the same time (...) such testimony can provide evidence that is not only necessary but inherently reasonable for logically guiding legal experts to accept or reject a claim. Walton shows how to overcome the traditional disdain for witness testimony as a type of evidence shown by logical positivists, and the views of trial sceptics who doubt that trial rules deal with witness testimony in a way that yields a rational decision-making process. (shrink)

O presente trabalho pretende resgatar o debate entre Richard Rorty e Nancy Fraser, ocorrido no início da década de 1990, especificamente a partir do texto Feminismo e Pragmatismo apresentado na Tanner Lectures on Human Value. Nesta conferência o filósofo discorreu sobre a possibilidade de conciliação entre o seu pragmatismo e o feminismo. Rorty aborda o feminismo enquanto autocriação da mulher através da “redescrição” mediante a manifestação poética, onde o filósofo encara as feministas como criadoras do novo. Em seguida, exporemos a (...) crítica de Fraser, que trabalha sobre a proposta apresentada pelo pragmatista e que oferece suas próprias idéias dentro de uma concepção do feminismo como movimento democrático de massa. Ao final, uma breve avaliação das implicações das críticas e sugestões apresentadas por Rorty ao feminismo e também da resposta de Fraser. (shrink)

Neste trabalho buscaremos refletir sobre o racismo no Brasil a partir de uma perspectiva decolonial. Para tanto, utilizaremos a teorização de Quijano acerca do processo de construção do conceito de raça. Segundo o autor, o racismo surgiu como uma ferramenta de colonização, propiciando a expropriação de terras e a escravização dos corpos. Não obstante, a diferenciação e hierarquização de raças permaneceu mesmo após terminado o período colonial. Objetivando visualizar a progressão dessa prática no Brasil, dividimos essa investigação em dois tópicos: (...) 1) estudo da análise de Quijano sobre a raça e 2) identificação das formas pelas quais o racismo se consolidou no país, apoiadas no ideal progressista. Palavras-chave: Raça. Progresso. Brasil. Aníbal Quijano. Colonialidade. (shrink)

O presente trabalho pretende resgatar o debate entre Richard Rorty e Nancy Fraser, ocorrido no início da década de 1990, especificamente a partir do texto Feminismo e Pragmatismo apresentado na Tanner Lectures on Human Value. Nesta conferência o filósofo discorreu sobre a possibilidade de conciliação entre o seu pragmatismo e o feminismo. Rorty aborda o feminismo enquanto autocriação da mulher através da “redescrição” mediante a manifestação poética, onde o filósofo encara as feministas como criadoras do novo. Em seguida, exporemos a (...) crítica de Fraser, que trabalha sobre a proposta apresentada pelo pragmatista e que oferece suas próprias ideias dentro de uma concepção do feminismo como movimento democrático de massa. Ao final, uma breve avaliação das implicações das críticas e sugestões apresentadas por Rorty ao feminismo e também da resposta de Fraser. (shrink)