Plutôt qu’aux « symptômes » de Sappho », on s’intéressera, pour une fois, à l’état d’âme de l’homme « égal aux dieux ». Qui est-il? Pourquoi est-il là, assis près de la belle et, surtout, comment interpréter sa proximité avec le divin à l’aune d’un système religieux si différent du nôtre? Cet article vise à montrer que la comparaison avec les dieux ne fait pas de l’homme du fr. 31 un bienheureux, mais qu’elle lui attribue plutôt la fougue d’un Achille (...) « égal aux dieux ». Ou bien on peut considérer que l’expression isos theoisi ait résonné en écho avec celles par lesquelles l’aède glorifiait les héros prêts à mourir ; dans ce cas, on pourrait y déceler de l’ironie, la volonté d’annoncer d’emblée que le rival de Sappho ne gardera pas la belle près de lui, qu’il perdra le « combat érotique » engagé. Une interprétation n’exclut pas l’autre ; les deux permettent de considérer que le plus célèbre poème d’amour de l’Antiquité n’était pas le cri de douleur d’une femme au bord du suicide. (shrink)

À travers la lecture de toute une série de textes couvrant plus d’un millénaire on s’attachera tout d’abord à la représentation de la virginité en Grèce ancienne, une virginité qui semble conçue “à deux niveaux”, celui de la bouche et celui du sexe ; on examinera ensuite la place et la fonction de la fellation et du cunnilingus dans les pratiques grecques. Les deux termes, fellation et cunnilingus, sont latins car dans les sources grecques évoquées dans cet article les deux (...) pratiques sont désignées par le même verbe : arrêtopoeîn, littéralement « faire des choses que l’on ne peut pas nommer ». Quant au cunnilingus – pratique que, selon Aristophane, le musicien Ariphradès aurait inventée –, il n’est pas dépourvu de vertu, même si c’est seulement dans le monde onirique. Ainsi, le but des pratiques sexuelles pour les Grecs était loin de se borner à la simple recherche du plaisir. (shrink)

À travers la lecture de toute une série de textes couvrant plus d’un millénaire (de l’épopée homérique jusqu’au vie siècle de notre ère) on s’attachera tout d’abord à la représentation de la virginité en Grèce ancienne, une virginité qui semble conçue “à deux niveaux”, celui de la bouche et celui du sexe ; on examinera ensuite la place et la fonction de la fellation et du cunnilingus dans les pratiques grecques. Les deux termes, fellation et cunnilingus, sont latins car dans (...) les sources grecques évoquées dans cet article les deux pratiques sont désignées par le même verbe : arrêtopoeîn, littéralement « faire des choses que l’on ne peut pas nommer ». Quant au cunnilingus – pratique que, selon Aristophane, le musicien Ariphradès aurait inventée –, il n’est pas dépourvu de vertu, même si c’est seulement dans le monde onirique. Ainsi, le but des pratiques sexuelles pour les Grecs était loin de se borner à la simple recherche du plaisir. (shrink)

We question the plausibility of Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) argument that localised pathogen-host coevolution leads to out-groups having pathogens more damaging than those infecting one's own family or religious group.

Priority setting in health care is ubiquitous and health authorities are increasingly recognising the need for priority setting guidelines to ensure efficient, fair, and equitable resource allocation. While cost-effectiveness concerns seem to dominate many policies, the tension between utilitarian and deontological concerns is salient to many, and various severity criteria appear to fill this gap. Severity, then, must be subjected to rigorous ethical and philosophical analysis. Here we first give a brief history of the path to today’s severity criteria in (...) Norway and Sweden. The Scandinavian perspective on severity might be conducive to the international discussion, given its long-standing use as a priority setting criterion, despite having reached rather different conclusions so far. We then argue that severity can be viewed as a multidimensional concept, drawing on accounts of need, urgency, fairness, duty to save lives, and human dignity. Such concerns will often be relative to local mores, and the weighting placed on the various dimensions cannot be expected to be fixed. Thirdly, we present what we think are the most pertinent questions to answer about severity in order to facilitate decision making in the coming years of increased scarcity, and to further the understanding of underlying assumptions and values that go into these decisions. We conclude that severity is poorly understood, and that the topic needs substantial further inquiry; thus we hope this article may set a challenging and important research agenda. (shrink)

This paper aims at analyzing Philip Kitcher's naturalistic epistemology, particularly its normative features, which are viewed as a sort of response to negative assessments made by radical naturalists on the plurality of epistemic values. According to them such values are ineffective for normative ends, e.g. theory choice. Differently from that quite excessive evaluation, Kitcher argues rather for explanatory unity as the most important and universal epistemic value. Even though Kitcher's arguments are sound, there remains some serious gaps as regards his (...) attempts; there are also serious doubts about the desirability of achieving such a value. (shrink)

The practical goal of preventing premature death seems uncontroversial. But the term ‘premature death’ is vague with several, sometimes conflicting definitions. This ambiguity results in several conceptions with which not all will agree. Moreover, the normative rationale behind the goal of preventing premature deaths is masked by the operational definition of existing measures. In this article, we argue that ‘premature death’ should be recognized as a normative concept. We propose that normative theories should be used to justify measures of premature (...) death to provide them with normative validity and public legitimacy. (shrink)

In a recent extended essay, philosopher Daniel Hausman goes a long way towards dismissing severity as a morally relevant attribute in the context of priority setting in healthcare. In this response, we argue that although Hausman certainly points to real problems with how severity is often interpreted and operationalised within the priority setting context, the conclusion that severity does not contain plausible ethical content is too hasty. Rather than abandonment, our proposal is to take severity seriously by carefully mapping the (...) possibly multiple underlying accounts to well-established ethical theories, in a way that is both morally defensible and aligned with the term’s colloquial uses. (shrink)

Durante la edad escolar, los sujetos van logrando una madurez sintáctica, evidenciada en el incremento de lacomplejidad estructural de los textos que producen. Diversas teorías han dado cuenta de dicha complejidad(Hunt, 1970; Katzenberger, 2004; Nir & Berman, 2010), sosteniendo que la misma está vinculada con eltipo de relaciones interclausulares dentro del texto. Asimismo, corroboran que dicha complejidad no sólo seincrementa con el nivel educativo, sino también está guiada por la modalidad discursiva. A partir de estapropuesta, el proyecto FONDECYT 1100600, se (...) planteó el objetivo de describir el desarrollo de la sintaxisoral, considerando otra perspectiva de la complejidad: la diversidad interclausular. Para ello, se aplicarondos tareas de elicitación (narración y explicación), a 250 estudiantes de kinder, 3º y 6º básico, Iº y IVº mediode Valparaíso y Santiago. Luego de ser transcritos y analizados, se reconocieron en los textos las relacionesinterclausulares y se estableció un índice de diversidad clausular, en el entendido de que a medida que seusaban más formas para relacionar las cláusulas, mayor sería la complejidad sintáctica de los mismos. Losresultados muestran un incremento de la diversidad clausular a medida que aumenta el nivel educativo, sinembargo, su significatividad se da sólo entre algunos niveles. Además, entre ambos tipos de textos no semanifiestan grandes diferencias, salvo en Kínder y en IVº Medio. Estos hallazgos permiten vislumbrar que lamadurez sintáctica implica tener mayor cantidad de estructuras gramaticales y utilizarlas estratégicamentepara construir un determinado texto. (shrink)

This article interrogates the extent to which institutional discourses on the governance of religious minorities are useful to think about the complexity of how religion gets negotiated in the quotidian. It takes as its starting point the exploration of the discourse on religious governance in the province of Quebec organized around the notion of request for accommodations. Through an analysis of public policy documents, it examines facets of this discourse of request, including the role it plays in delimiting what we (...) imagine the religious to be and how we imagine it to work. Second, drawing on interviews with self-identified Muslims in Montreal, the article explores how piety gets negotiated in their everyday. These narratives are approached as fertile sites to think differently about the recognition of difference. This two-pronged perspective acts as an invitation to think more broadly about not only what institutional discourses “produce” but also what they “obscure.”. (shrink)

Voltaire teve um importante papel na disseminação do newtonianismo no continente europeu. Mas também ele foi responsável pela tentativa mais direta de estender a autoridade de Newton a outros temas filosóficos, além daqueles relativos à matemática e à física. O livro La Métahysique de Newton , publicado em 1740, é uma prova disso. Neste artigo, o livro de Voltaire é analisado a partir do contexto das polêmicas entre partidários de Newton e de Leibniz. Procura-se identificar nexos entre o projeto esboçado (...) no La Métaphysique e as especulações de Hume e de Kant sobre os problemas metafísicos da teoria newtoniana da gravitação universal. (shrink)

Recent works have invited us to look into how modes of secularism influence the shape of ‘modern’ religion. This literature has remained quite state-centred, paying less attention to how concepts of secularism migrate from one national context to another. This article seeks to investigate these transnational dynamics. More specifically, it aims to explore this process of travelling through the contemporary writings of the Quebec-based essayist Djemila Benhabib. The article approaches her writings as ‘travelogues’: a genre which acts as an invitation (...) to focus on the ‘travelling’ dimension and politics of location of her accounts. A special emphasis is put on analysing how her writings are vehicles for the travel of gendered visions of secularism from France to Quebec. Ultimately, the article argues that taking these processes of transnational migrations into consideration is necessary to better locate and understand the politics of national debates. (shrink)

El presente texto contiene los resultados de una revisión bibliográfica realizada con el objetivo de establecer la importancia de desarrollar competencias emocionales durante el proceso de formación de los profesionales de la salud, especialmente del área de odontología, atendiendo a que la especialidad está registrada como una de las profesiones más estresantes, situación que podría originarse durante el proceso educativo, ya que sus alumnos experimentan altos niveles de ansiedad o estrés durante su formación. Se entiende por competencia emocional el conjunto (...) de conocimientos, capacidades, habilidades y actitudes necesarias para comprender, expresar y regular los fenómenos emocionales. Como conclusión, esta revisión permitió demostrar como la inclusión de estas competencias en el plan de estudios repercutiría significativamente en el bienestar psicológico de estos estudiantes. This paper contains the results of a bibliographical review which was carried out aiming at establishing the importance of developing emotional competence in health professionals' training, especially on the dentistry area; providing that this specialty is one of the most stressful. The educational process might be at the root of this situation, since students experience high levels of anxiety or stress during their training. Emotional competence is understood as the group of knowledge, abilities and attitudes needed to understand, express and regulate emotional phenomena. In conclusion, this review enabled to demonstrate how the inclusion of emotional competence in dentistry major's syllabus would have an influence on student's psychological well-being. (shrink)

The overarching aim of this article is to scrutinize how severity can work as a qualifier for the moral impetus of malady. While there is agreement that malady is of negative value, there is disagreement about precisely how this is so. Nevertheless, alleviating disease, injury, and associated suffering is almost universally considered good. Furthermore, the strength of a diseased person’s moral claims for our attention and efforts will inevitably vary. This article starts by reflecting on what kind of moral impetus (...) malady incites. We then analyze how severity may qualify this impetus. We do so by discussing the relationship between severity and need, well-being and disvalue, death, urgency, rule of rescue, and distributive justice. We then summarize our thoughts about severity as a moral qualifier. We conclude that severity is, and should continue to be seen, as a morally significant concept that deserves continued attention in the future. (shrink)

o objetivo deste artigo é , em primeiro lugar, reconstruir o chamado "problema de Hume", analisando-o como dois problemas distintos (causalidade e inducao), embora intimamente relacionados -a contar, sobretudo, pela propria tentativa humeana de soluciona-los mediante uma concepcao unitaria de necessidade. Em segundo lugar, o objetivo é analisar a resposta de Kant a Hume, compreendendo-a, do mesmo modo, como duas respostas distintas: a primeira (causalidade) contida na "Segunda Analogia da Experiencia" da Critica da Razao Pura e a segunda (induçáo), principalmente, (...) nos prefacios e na segunda parte ("Critica da Faculdade de Juizo Teleologica") da Critica da Faculdade do Juizo. Isso denotaria uma certa assimetria entre as determinacoes decorrentes de cada uma das duas solucoes, pois enquanto a necessidade imposta pelo principio dos juizos de causa e efeito possui vinculos imediatos com as condicces da realidade objetiva dos fenomenos, a necessidade imposta pelo principio dos juizos teleologicos possui vinculos apenas indiretos com as mesmas condicoes, po is decorrem tao-somente das condicoes subjetivas da experiencia. A duvida seria em que medida, nesse ultimo caso, a solucao transcendental kantiana distingue-se da solucao empirista humeana, cuja deficiencia, apontada por Kant, foi justamente fazer "passar uma necessidade subjetiva, isto e, urn habito, par uma necessidade objetiva". A doutrina kantiana dos fins essenciais da razáo parece ser o único elemento a justificar uma distinçáo substantiva entre ambas as soluções. (shrink)

Note on Lacey's "The Constitutive Values of Science".

Este ensaio introdutório faz uma breve apresentação do tratado de óptica atribuído a Euclides de Alexandria, inserindo-o no contexto das teorias sobre a visão formuladas pelas doutrinas filosóficas antigas. Ressalta-se o antagonismo entre a análise geométrica da visão, empreendida por Euclides, e as considerações filosóficas acerca dos processos físicos subjacentes à sensação visual. Pretende-se mostrar que o objeto da óptica euclidiana é a percepção visual daquilo que Aristóteles denomina "sensível comum". This introductory essay provides an abridged presentation of the optical (...) treatise attributed to Euclid of Alexandria, placing it in the context of theories about vision formulated by the ancient philosophical doctrines. I emphasize the antagonism between the geometric analysis of vision, undertaken by Euclid, and the philosophical considerations about the physical processes underlying visual sensation. In addition, I aim to show that the object of Euclidean optics is the visual perception of what Aristotle calls "common sensible". (shrink)

In Norway, priority for health interventions is assigned on the basis of three official criteria: health benefit, resources, and severity. Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have mainly happened through intersectoral public health efforts such as lockdowns, quarantines, information campaigns, social distancing and, more recently, vaccine distribution. The aim of this article is to evaluate potential priority setting criteria for public health interventions. We argue in favour of the following three criteria for public health priority setting: benefit, resources and improving the (...) well-being of the worse off. We argue that benefits and priority to the worse off may reasonably be understood in terms of individual well-being, rather than only health, for public health priority setting. We argue that lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic support our conclusions. Keywords: COVID-19, Prioritarianism, Priority Setting, Public Health, Severity. (shrink)

Voltaire teve um importante papel na disseminação do newtonianismo no continente europeu. Mas também ele foi responsável pela tentativa mais direta de estender a autoridade de Newton a outros temas filosóficos, além daqueles relativos à matemática e à física. O livro La Métahysique de Newton, publicado em 1740, é uma prova disso. Neste artigo, o livro de Voltaire é analisado a partir do contexto das polêmicas entre partidários de Newton e de Leibniz. Procura-se identificar nexos entre o projeto esboçado no (...) La Métaphysique e as especulações de Hume e de Kant sobre os problemas metafísicos da teoria newtoniana da gravitação universal. (shrink)

Research on cultural transmission among Americans has established a bias for transmitting stories that have disgusting elements. Conceived of as a cultural evolutionary force, this phenomenon is one type of emotional selection. In a series of online studies with Americans and Indians we investigate whether there are cultural differences in emotional selection, such that the transmission process favours different kinds of content in different countries. The first study found a bias for disgusting content among Americans but not among Indians. Four (...) subsequent studies focused on how country interacts with kind of emotional content in reactions to transmission of stories or information. Whereas Indian participants, compared to Americans, tended to be less interested in, and excited by, transmission of stories and news involving common disgust-elicitors, the opposite pattern held for transmission of happy surprises and good news. We discuss various possible explanations and implications. (shrink)

This paper argues that there exists a collective epistemic state of ‘Broad Medical Uncertainty’ regarding the effectiveness of many medical interventions. We outline the features of BMU, and describe some of the main contributing factors. These include flaws in medical research methodologies, bias in publication practices, financial and other conflicts of interest, and features of how evidence is translated into practice. These result in a significant degree of uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of many medical treatments and unduly optimistic beliefs about (...) the benefit/harm profiles of such treatments. We argue for an ethical presumption in favour of openness regarding BMU as part of a ‘Corrective Response’. We then consider some objections to this position, including concerns that public honesty about flaws in medical research could undermine trust in healthcare institutions. We suggest that, as it stands, the Anti-Corrective Response is unconvincing. (shrink)

In the Global Burden of Disease study, disease burden is measured as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The paramount assumption of the DALY is that it makes sense to aggregate years lived with disability (YLDs) and years of life lost (YLLs). However, this is not smooth sailing. Whereas morbidity (YLD) is something thathappens toan individual, loss of life itself (YLL) occurs when that individual’s life has ended. YLLs quantify something that involves no experience and does not take place among living individuals. (...) This casts doubt on whether the YLL is an individual burden at all. If not, then YLDs and YLLs are incommensurable. There are at least three responses to this problem, only one of which is tenable: a counterfactual account of harm. Taking this strategy necessitates a re-examination of how we count YLLs, particularly at the beginning of life. (shrink)