In the following essay the author examines those aspects of the evolution of the concept of psyche from Homer to Aristotle that show striking dissimilarities with our modern understanding of the soul/mind. In this analysis, the author gives more room to the problem of the Homeric soul-words, for Homer's picture of the soul seems to be especially challenging for our conceptual schemes. The guiding suspicion during this study is that there is a temptation for modern students of this subject to (...) suppose a greater continuity between their understanding of what it is to be a soul or mind and ancient thinkers' grasp of the same experiential field than is warranted by available textual evidence. The article focuses on some of the astonishing features of the concept of psyche from Homer to Aristotle--features that are, hopefully, able to reconstruct in spite of the assimilating force of the authors' prejudices. 2012 APA, all rights reserved). (shrink)

One of the great challenges in word learning is that words are typically uttered in a context with many potential referents. Children's tendency to associate novel words with novel referents, which is taken to reflect a mutual exclusivity (ME) bias, forms a useful disambiguation mechanism. We study semantic learning in pragmatic agents—combining the Rational Speech Act model with gradient‐based learning—and explore the conditions under which such agents show an ME bias. This approach provides a framework for investigating a pragmatic account (...) of the ME bias in humans but also for building artificial agents that display an ME bias. A series of analyses demonstrates striking parallels between our model and human word learning regarding several aspects relevant to the ME bias phenomenon: online inference, long‐term learning, and developmental effects. By testing different implementations, we find that two components, pragmatic online inference and incremental collection of evidence for one‐to‐one correspondences between words and referents, play an important role in modeling the developmental trajectory of the ME bias. Finally, we outline an extension of our model to a deep neural network architecture that can process more naturalistic visual and linguistic input. Until now, in contrast to children, deep neural networks have needed indirect access to (supposed to be novel) test inputs during training to display an ME bias. Our model is the first one to do so without using this manipulation. (shrink)

L’historienne Lyndal Roper entreprend dans son ouvrage Oedipus and the Devil (1994) la reconstruction des paysages psychiques de quelques individus ayant vécu aux xvie et xviie siècles à Augsbourg. Elle y interprète de manière originale des sources provenant du Conseil municipal d’Augsbourg en ayant recours à des modèles psychanalytiques (Freud et Klein). Bien que cette méthode suscite des critiques en raison de son anachronisme, elle donne lieu à des résultats intéressants qui vont plus loin que la révélation d’obsessions sexuelles. L. (...) Roper part en effet du présupposé que la forme symbolique des fantasmes psychiques n’est pas figée. Ainsi elle entreprend l’observation de conflits intérieurs à partir de leurs représentations culturelles et détermine des différences entre hommes et femmes ancrées dans une corporalité historique. (shrink)

Bullying is a global issue that, beyond school, is present in different social contexts, such as sport environments. The main objective of this study was to get to know the experiences of victims of bullying in sport throughout their youth sport training. Semi-structured interviews to four Spanish women and seven Spanish men were carried out, within an age range of 17–27. The following main themes were established by means of a hierarchical content analysis: “bullying characterization,” “dealing with bullying,” and “consequences (...) of bullying.” The results show the presence of physical, verbal and social bullying in the sport context, with the changing room being the space where this type of behavior is most frequently developed. Most victims show an internal attribution for the bullying event, related to their motor skills and their personal physical and psychological characteristics. Double victimization can be observed, at the sport club and at the educational center. Passive strategies are used to deal with the situation, while little support is shown by sport agents. The victims, as a consequence of the bullying experience, suffer from short and long-term negative effects on a psychosocial level. The study highlights the necessity to design and implement programs focused on the prevention, detection and intervention of bullying for sport organizations, bearing in mind all the agents that make them up. Furthermore, the importance of promoting the creation of safe sport environments, free from any kind of violence, is emphasized. (shrink)

BackgroundIt is becoming increasingly apparent that the COVID-19 pandemic not only poses risks to physical health, but that it also might lead to a global mental health crisis, making the exploration of protective factors for mental well-being highly relevant. The present study seeks to investigate religious/spiritual well-being as a potential protective factor with regard to psychiatric symptom burden and addictive behavior.Materials and MethodsThe data was collected by conducting an online survey in the interim period between two national lockdowns with young (...) adults in Austria. The primary study variables were assessed through the Brief Symptom Inventory 18, the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test and the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being short version, with its sub-dimensions Hope, Forgiveness, General Religiosity, and Connectedness.ResultsWe observed HO and FO as substantial negative predictors of psychiatric symptom burden. With regard to addictive behavior, HO in particular but also GR seem to have a protective function. Furthermore, we found positive connections between CO, psychiatric symptom burden, and addictive behavior.ConclusionIn line with our assumptions, HO, FO and to a minor extent GR were confirmed as negative predictors regarding psychiatric symptom burden or addictive behavior in young adults, coping with the psychological threat of COVID-19 pandemic. These dimensions might be further considered as potential resources in clinical treatment. However, the positive prediction of mental illness parameters by increased feelings of CO could also be interpreted as an expression of exhaustion and alienation from the real world. (shrink)

Celem pracy jest omówienie rozwoju koncepcji na temat roli logiki formalnej z punktu widzenia filozofii marksistowskiej. Można zaryzykować twierdzenie, że ogólnie biorąc, każdy system filozoficzny "zmusza" wyznawców lub zwolenników do określania pozycji w odniesieniu do innych nauk. Jeśli zaś idzie o stosunek filozofii marksistowskiej do logiki formalnej to w ostatnim półwieczu znaleźć można aż trzy koncepcje na ten temat. I tak, w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych logika formalna uważana była przez marksistów za teoretyczny wyraz antydialektycznego sposobu myśli burżuazyjnej. Kolejny okres (...) - lata pięćdziesiąte i sześćdziesiąte to okres godzenia logiki formalnej i dialektyki i wreszcie w latach sześćdziesiątych i siedemdziesiątych zdecydowano się na odseparowanie tych dwóch rzeczy. (shrink)

Autor przeciwstawia się rozpowszechnionym w literaturze marksistowskiej poglądom, że prawa myślenia są tożsame z myślowym wyrażeniem praw. W związku z tym krytykuje tezę o jedności dialektyki, logiki i teorii poznania. Jego zdaniem specyficzne prawa myślenia istnieją równie obiektywnie jak prawa przyrody i społeczeństwa, regulując procesy myślowe niezależnie od wiedzy o nich. Należy więc wyraźnie odróżniać istnienie obiektywnych praw, zarówno specyficznych dla poszczególnych sfer rzeczywistości, jak też uniwersalnych (do tych należy prawa dialektyki) od powstałego w wyniku poznania ich myślowego wyrazu.

Автор пытается защищать и систематизировать ленинские утверкдения теории отражения, которую хочет охватить в единый комплекс тезисов и теоретических понятий. Эта теория выражает идею, что материальный мир существует независимо от познающего субъект, а познание субъектом этого мира является верным отражением в человеческом разуме. Подлинность этого познания подтверждена обцзтвенно-исторической практикой человечества. Только как целостность взаимосвязанных утверждений, касающихся реальности существования реального Оыта и его познания, ленинская теория отражения может быть филосовской Теорией, являющейся составной частью диалектического материализма.

This article examines specific celebration rituals of two groups of Russian émigrés during the period of the mid-1950s to early 1960s. The groups, comprised of former officers of the Russian imperial army and of graduates of schools for noble girls, often situated their festivities within a Russian Orthodox Church building located at Madison Avenue and 121st Street in Manhattan. The celebrations, spatially enclosed and separated from the outside world within this structure,suggest their privileged and exclusive nature. The staging and performance (...) of the celebration, while acknowledging displacement and exile, re-inscribed the spatial enclosure with the Russian past through the reenactment of Russian cultural traditions and social hierarchies, thereby validating the lives and identities of the celebrants. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungIn massenmedialen Darstellungen wird das Hormon Oxytocin gegenwärtig als biochemische Basis von Sozialität und wirkmächtiger neuropharmakologischer Lösungsansatz für die (Wieder‑)Herstellung der gesellschaftlichen Kohäsion verhandelt. Mit Blick auf die ursprüngliche Bedeutung des Hormons als „Körperhormon“ zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts soll im vorliegenden Artikel die außergewöhnliche Karriere von Oxytocin vom Regulator des Geburtsvorgangs hin zum Regulator der Gesellschaft nachgezeichnet werden. Woraus bezieht eine solch voraussetzungsvolle Behauptung ihre Intelligibilität und Akzeptabilität? Unsere Analyse des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses um Oxytocin (1906–1990), des massenmedialen Diskurses seit (...) den 1990er Jahren sowie dessen Rückwirkungen auf den wissenschaftlichen Diskurs im gleichen Zeitraum verweist auf eine Serie von Re-Konfigurationen von wissenschaftlichen Theorien und Praktiken, sowie der Konzeption der Substanz an sich. Nachdem es sich in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts etabliert, wird Oxytocin bereits in den 1950er Jahren zum Neurohormon, findet in den folgenden Jahrzehnten jedoch kaum wissenschaftliche Aufmerksamkeit. Erst im Zuge des massenmedialen Interesses für die postulierten Wirkungen des Hormons in Zusammenhang mit Liebe und Bindung gerät die Substanz zunehmend in den Fokus empirischer Forschung. Die Rezeption von Oxytocin als neurohormonelle Basis der individuellen Soziabilität speist sich zum einen aus dem massenmedialen Diskurs, zum anderen aus bereits in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts gemachten biopolitischen Verknüpfungen, die auf die Regulierung des Lebendigen abzielen, sowie aus einem technowissenschaftlichen Modus der Oxytocinforschung: an ihrem Schnittpunkt avanciert Oxytocin zum Sozialhormon, so unsere These. (shrink)

A large amount of research work in e‐business concerns the experiences and lessons learned from developing and implementing innovative e‐business models. The findings of this research usually concentrate on financial aspects or on the use of information and communication technologies in a specific company or industrial sector. While this is critical for understanding and replicating positive business results, we argue that it is as important to understand the societal context in which business models are developed; it is social issues that (...) define the broader context of e‐business adoption. This paper aims to draw research attention to these social issues and suggests societal factors that influence the adoption of e‐business models. Specifically, the paper argues that factors related to region/geography, culture, the legal and regulatory environment, economic, ethical and professional factors, as well as factors related to social capital/social networks and social structure influence, directly or indirectly, the way in which e‐business models are perceived, implemented and evaluated. Three cases are presented to show how these factors become evident in e‐business, followed by a discussion of their managerial implications. The aim of the paper is to sensitise managers and policy makers in shaping an enabling societal context for the proliferation of socially acceptable business models. (shrink)

This article examines strategies used by human rights advocates to lobby for policy at intergovernmental organizations. We suggest that the literatures’ central questions are about how best to organize, connect, and communicate, which are usually seen through theory on transnational advocacy networks and framing. We add that these questions should be seen as gendered, given the continued male dominance within diplomatic corps. With unusual access to their strategy, we conduct a case study of one advocate’s successful campaign to get the (...) United Nations to adopt a country-specific resolution. Like others, we found this campaigning relies upon the use of networks to overcome formal obstacles to access, human rights language to frame the problem, analysis of tally sheets of member states’ voting, and in-person lobbying. We also point out strategies key to their success that are not usually noticed by scholars, such as the gendered dynamics that get advocates in the door. (shrink)

Positive intergroup contact and cross-group friendships are known to have numerous benefits for intergroup relations in diverse schools. However, children do not always spontaneously engage in cross-group friendships, choosing rather to spend time with their ingroup peers. Several factors have previously been identified that influence children’s confidence in contact and subsequent development of cross-group friendships, including perceived intergroup similarity and reconciliation of intergroup differences. However, inducing perceived similarity may pose a threat to the person’s social identity and increase the need (...) for distinctiveness. Therefore, it remains unclear how one should manipulate perceived similarity and group boundaries when designing interventions that prepare school children for successful contact. Moreover, eliminating perceived group boundaries need not lead to the generalization of improved attitudes towards the outgroup. An optimal balance of inclusion and differentiation between the groups should be determined so as to make way for beneficial cross-group friendships. Based on a literature review, we provide recommendations for designing prejudice reduction interventions in schools from the perspective of intergroup similarity. (shrink)

Cet article aborde la réception des éditions de Pierre Poiret dans les milieux piétistes séparatistes de Berleburg. Grâce aux manuscrits conservés aux archives du château de Berleburg, il est possible de reconstruire l’expérience spirituelle du comte Casimir von Sayn-Wittgenstein, auteur d’une traduction des vingt volumes de la Sainte Bible de Mme Guyon éditée par Poiret en 1713-1715.

Croiser l'histoire de la lecture et l'histoire du genre implique des enjeux méthodologiques qui sont discutés dans cet article à partir de cas concrets situés dans le contexte de l'Italie de l'époque moderne. La signification de la circulation et de la consommation de textes ainsi que les tentatives pour contrôler le savoir et le comportement à travers, d'une part, des interdictions explicites et, d'autre part, des offres de lectures adéquates sont ici considérées en tenant compte du genre des auteurs et (...) des lecteurs. Il semble, en effet, que l'écrit joue à partir du XVIe siècle un rôle de plus en plus important dans la structuration de la relation entre hommes et femmes. Les sources montrent que la lectrice, destinataire consciemment construite comme influençable, pouvait néanmoins se libérer des formes de contrôle visant ses lectures. La double approche retenue permet de lire autrement des textes normatifs et tient compte des possibilités d'appropriation créative: la question de l'interdépendance entre production et réception des textes peut ainsi être revisitée. (shrink)

Increasing rates of obesity have fueled interest in the factors underlying food choice. While epidemiological studies report that disadvantaged social groups exhibit a higher incidence of obesity, causal evidence for an effect of social contexts on food choice remains scarce. To further our knowledge, we experimentally investigated the effect of disadvantageous social context on food choice in healthy, non-dieting participants. We used three established experimental methods to generate social contexts of different valence in controlled laboratory settings: (i) receiving varying amounts (...) of money in a Dictator Game (DG; n = 40), (ii) being included or excluded in a Cyberball Game (CBG; n = 35), and (iii) performing well, average, or poorly in a response time ranking task (RTR; n = 81). Following exposure to a particular social context, participants made pairwise choices between food items that involved a conflict between perceived taste and health attributes. In line with previous research, stronger dispositional self-control, greater cognitive control of eating behavior, and lower external eating (all assessed via questionnaires) were associated with healthier food choices. As expected, being treated unfairly in the DG, being excluded in the CBG, and performing poorly in the RTR led to negative emotions. However, we did not find an effect of the induced social context on food choice in any of the experiments, even when taking into account individual differences in participants' responses to the social context. Our results suggest that-at least in controlled laboratory environments-the influence of disadvantageous social contexts on food choice is limited. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage, issu de la thèse de doctorat de Xenia von Tippelskirch, s’ouvre sur des questions apparemment simples : que lisaient les femmes dans l’Italie des xvie et xviie siècles? Qui étaient ces lectrices et comment lisaient-elles? À partir de ces questionnements initiaux, c’est en réalité une tout autre histoire que nous propose l’auteure, celle d’une mise sous tutelle progressive de la lecture féminine dans le contexte de la réforme tridentine. Spécialiste de l’histoire culturelle, l’...

The domestic spaces of the built environment are traditionally associated with residential architecture. But the domestic spaces can also extend out, metaphorically, into familiar public spaces in which one may feel at home, and also extend inwards into self-perception, insofar as you may say that you dwell within yourself. This article begins by recalling Vitruvius’ fundamental notion of architectural utilitas concerns accommodating not a building’s owners but foreigners and strange outsiders. Vitruvius’ view on utility heavily favoured architecture’s socio-political function, and (...) the guests he believed that architecture ought to accommodate were not merely a home’s owners or their visiting friends, but those people who are more distant from a home’s owners: those who are stranger and less well understood, known as xenos and who ought to be respected under the Ancient Greek religious and ethical principle of xenia. It is on these grounds that Vitruvius makes an ethical critique of residential architecture in favour of the virtue of public architecture. Next the reach of xenia is proposed to extend towards those who are different not merely because of ethnic differences but cognitive and sensory differences. Such accommodations are today accounted for as part of accessibility design and salutogenic design. Similar conceptions are noted in Nietzsche’s notion of an “architecture for the perceptive” and the surrealist’s interpretation of the minotaur as a hybrid not only of animal and human but a hybrid of civilised citizen and barbarian outsider. Together these sketch out an expanded sense of the domestic that includes public spaces designed to accommodate strange outsiders and the hybrid forms used to signify them. (shrink)