Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, this study investigated the preference of learners of English as a foreign language for four types of written corrective feedback, which are often discussed in the literature, on grammatical, lexical, orthographic, and pragmatic errors. In particular, it concerned whether such preference is influenced by two learner variables, namely, foreign language enjoyment and proficiency level. The preference for selective vs. comprehensive WCF was also examined. The participants in the study were 117 University students in a (...) Thai EFL context. Analysis of questionnaire data revealed a tendency for learners to prefer more explicit types of WCF for most error types, irrespective of their proficiency and FLE level. High proficiency level learners rated less explicit WCF types as useful to some degree, whereas their low proficiency level counterparts did not. Similar results were found for the two FLE groups. Besides, the FLE level seemed to play a role in perceiving the value of WCF in terms of scope. The results of follow-up interviews showed that the linguistic features of learners' first language, existing knowledge of the target language, affective feelings, and teacher's role were the main factors contributing to variation in learners' preferences. Possible pedagogical implications are discussed. (shrink)

While directors’ task boundaries are usually ambiguous, some of their activities or behaviors clearly constitute their formal duties, whereas others are usually perceived as organizational citizenship behavior. Applying identity theory, we present a theoretical model that demonstrates one of the key drivers for directors to engage in OCB with a focus on their role identity. We argue that an individual director’s role identity is one of the key factors that motivate directors to engage in OCB. Furthermore, we propose that two (...) board-level contingencies, board capital, and informal board hierarchy order, can moderate the effect of directors’ role-identity salience on their OCB. That is, low levels of board capital and directors’ higher positions in a board’s informal hierarchy enhance directors’ motivation to engage in OCB. (shrink)

Objective: The objective of our current research is to compare the different psychological interventions and distinguish the most effective way to treat psychological crisis according to different clinical manifestations in people affected by coronavirus disease 2019. No previous systematic review has provided a comprehensive overview by performing a Bayesian network meta-analysis of this current topic.Method: A systematic review and a Bayesian network meta-analysis were conducted on randomized controlled trials, non-RCTs, case–control studies, self-controlled case series, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies of (...) all the available interventions for psychological crisis in people affected by COVID-19. We searched the electronic databases EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library, as well as the Chinese databases such as Sinomed, Chinese Biomedicine Literature, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, WanFang Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, from 2019 to April 30, 2020. The main outcomes were self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale, patient health questionnaire, and symptom checklist. The study is registered with Inplasy, number 202050076.Result: Sixteen self-controlled case series comprising 1,147 participants compared five different psychological interventions with four different measurement scales were included in this study. For effectiveness, all the psychological therapies were significantly more effective than before intervention. Our results showed that supportive therapy, which is adjusted to the COVID-19-related mental crisis, is the best treatment compared with behavioral therapy, nursing-based psychological therapy, traditional Chinese medicine therapy, and COVID-19-related standard training at reducing the anxiety-related symptoms assessed by SAS. When measured by SDS, BT was better than ST and NBPT treatment for reducing the depression symptoms. And ST was better than BT and ST+BT as assessed by PHQ-9. In the end, the last network meta-analysis indicated that NBPT was more effective than ST by the measurement of SCL-90.Conclusion: Our research suggested the potential effectiveness of psychological interventions for decreasing psychological crisis in people affected by COVID-19 and try to introduce the best effective treatment options for clinical practice according to the clinical manifestations of psychological problems, but further confirmation from high-quality RCTs is needed. (shrink)

At present, integrated energy systems have received extensive attention, but there is no basic framework for stability analysis of coupled systems. The injection of a large amount of renewable energy also has a great impact on the stability of the system. This paper focuses on how to analyze the static stability of the coupling system with uncertainty, which mainly considers the uncertainty of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation and also considers the influence of P2G technology on the whole (...) system. Firstly, this paper analyzes the principles of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation and constructs the probability model of renewable energy power generation power. Then, the three-point estimation method is used to process the data, and the probability distribution of the unknown quantity is obtained by probabilistic power flow analysis. Finally, the probability distribution of each eigenvalue is obtained by analyzing the sensitivity of the characteristic roots to the voltage. Thus, the static stability of the system is judged. The applicability of proposed methodology is demonstrated by analyzing an integrated IEEE 14-bus power system and a Belgian 20-node gas system in this paper. (shrink)

이 책의 출판에 즈음하여 글로 쓴 초상화 - 참으로 이러하셨다 일생의 좌우명 1부 - 성현의 길 1. 학문을 말하다 뜻을 구함 뜻을 세움 스스로의 인격을 위한 공부가 중요합니다 스스로 성인이 되는 공부입니다 앎과 실천 지식과 실천 학문과 수양 학문을 실천에 옮김 진리를 깊이 파고드는 방법 진리를 따름 인간과 자연을 깊이 있게 관찰하십시오 독서 방법 선현들의 책과 의문점 널리 읽음과 요약함 숨은 공부 익숙하게 하는 것이 귀하다 스스로의 허물을 고치는 약 너무 급히 나아가려 하지 말아야 합니다 공부도 건강을 유지하면서 해야 합니다 (...) 옳은 것을 배운다는 뜻 공부가 몸에 익음 스승이 있어야 하겠더군요 옛것을 살펴 그에 의지함 성현을 눈 앞에 그려봄 덕과 학문을 익힘 학문을 말함 학문의 의지 학문의 두 방법 학문하는 요령 선비 학문의 특징 선비가 학문하는 일 기氣를 기르는 일에 대하여 『대학』이 가르치는 것 『서명西銘』이라는 글 책을 쓰는 일 가르치고 배우는 법 성현을 모시고 받듦 학문의 남모르는 즐거움 일상생활에서 익힘 배우는 사람 마음의 병 2. 마음공부를 말하다 사람의 마음 마음의 본바탕 마음이 움직일 때와 고요할 때를 함께 관철하시오 마음을 알아야 합니다 마음에는 여러 모습이 있습니다 마음 닦는 공부는 이러합니다 고요함을 기르다 마음을 하나로 하여 만 가지를 주재하는 공부입니다 진리 앞에 경건한 마음을 지켜 나가는 요령 마음을 놓느냐 잡느냐에 달려 있을 뿐입니다 마음을 공부하는 방법 마음의 병을 다스리는 요령 가족에게 화를 잘 내는 일 명의재라는 집을 읊음 2부 - 처사의 길 1. 자연과 벗하며 세상을 즐기다 토계 개울가에 집을 짓고 고향 생활 산골 생활 산과 숲에 묻혀 삶 한가이 앉다 소백산에 품겨서 강물과 암석 사이 취미 생활 시 짓기 붓글씨 기행문 쓰기 국화 길에 서리 내리다 눈 속 대나무를 노래함 달구경 대숲의 맑은 바람 매화가지 끝에 밝은 달 봄을 느끼다 연꽃을 사랑함 세상 더나 살아서 계절마다 좋은 점 월란대 절에 묵으며 감회를 적음 벼랑 위의 참나무 2. 스스로 경계하며 사람들과 함께하다 몸가짐 학자의 병 착실한 공부 입으로 하는 학문 요행을 기뻐하지 마라 끝내 성과가 없는 사람 과장하여 빛내려 하지 말라 너무 빠른 성공은 좋지 않습니다 날마다 노력함 과감한 힘 세속의 흐름을 다르지 않기 학문의 타락 스스로를 구짖음의 한계 변명하지 않음 공부를 하다 말다 하는 병폐 꿋꿋해야 합니다 공변된 마음 납작바위 이익 추구와 도의 참다운 이익 밭을 사는 일 참다운 우정 친분이 있는 사람과 없는 사람 스승과 제자 사이의 에절 어른 앞에서는 이름을 부른다 평소의 예절 도리와 인정 위생의 이치를 지킴 가난을 참으며 순리대로 살아라 칭찬 듣는 것이 걱정 퇴게 선생의 예절 생활 퇴게 선생의 협동과 검소함 남이 보지 않는 곳에서 더욱 삼가셨다 퇴계 선생이 바라는 것 평소에 품고 있는 뜻 3부 - 제가의 길, 치국의 길 1. 집안을 꾸리다 부부 사이의 존경 부부 사이의 애도하는 정과 효도 지극한 효도와 참다운 효도의 이치 몸을 훼손하여 효도하는 일 부모를 위하여 직접 음식을 만드는 일 지조 있게 부모 모시기 효도하기 위해 벼슬하는 일 부모를 욕되게 함 부모의 상례와 인정 어버이로서의 자식 걱정 어버이의 적절한 자식 사랑 남의 어버이와 나이 많은 사람 섬기기 어른을 존중하는 것이 시초이다 조상의 업적을 기록하는 일 혼인 예물을 분수에 맞게 하자 예식을 정하는 일 제사 예절 상례 예절 가정생활 가정을 거느리는 일상생활에서도...... 2. 나라를 생각하다 벼슬살이 선비의 벼슬살이 벼슬 생활 벼슬을 사양하는 이유 벼슬을 사양하는 도리 개혁의 어려움 신의와 예절 임금과 신하 사이의 예우와 도리 임금의 이기심에 대하여 임금의 정치 방법 참된 교육을 위하여 서원을 키워야 합니다 선비의 귀함 선비를 양성하는 일 「예안향약」의 조목들 나랏일 걱정 병적 조사에 대하여 백성 걱정 세금 걷는 일 대마도 주인에게 답함 왜의 사신을 끊지 말기를 바라는 상소 압록강 세 섬의 밭갈이를 금함 의주성의 지리 부록 ᆞ생애 1. 탄생 2. 학문에 뜻을 세우다 3. 벼슬살이 시절 4. 학문과 교육의 시절 5. 돌아가신 뒤 6. 근현대의 퇴계학 ᆞ경공부 입문 ᆞ퇴계의 도학 찾아보기. (shrink)

Based on the theory of commitment and trust, this paper constructs an online consumer purchase decision model, empirically studies the common values, online trust, commitment and purchase decision, and explores the influence mechanism and path of online consumer purchase decision. The results show that common values of shopping platforms and online consumers have a significant positive impact on trust and commitment, among which the common value orientation of mutual trust and commitment compliance has the most significant impact, which reflects the (...) core content of common values. Secondly, the confidentiality of buyer information, common value of ethics, accurate disclosure of information, and finally the attitude to solve problem;The establishment of online trust has a significant positive impact on commitment, and both online trust and commitment are positively related to purchase decision. In terms of research methods, the theory of commitment and trust is introduced into the study of online consumption on Chinese shopping platforms, which expands the scope of application of the theory of commitment and trust. The trust of online consumers is generated by their own shopping experience. The conclusion of this study provides a decision-making basis for the innovation of marketing model and has theoretical reference value. (shrink)

The purpose is to minimize the substantial losses caused by public health emergencies to people’s health and daily life and the national economy. The tuberculosis data from June 2017 to 2019 in a city are collected. The Structural Equation Model is constructed to determine the relationship between hidden and explicit variables by determining the relevant indicators and parameter estimation. The prediction model based on Artificial Neural Network and Convolutional Neural Network is constructed. The method’s effectiveness is verified by comparing the (...) prediction model’s loss value and accuracy in training and testing. Meanwhile, 50 pieces of actual cases are tested, and the warning level is determined according to the T-value. The results show that comparing and analyzing ANN, CNN, and the hybrid network of ANN and CNN, the hybrid network’s accuracy is higher than the other two algorithms, 89.1 and 90.1%. Also, the hybrid network has sound prediction effects and accuracy when predicting actual cases. Therefore, the early warning method based on ANN in deep learning has better performance in public health emergencies’ early warning, which is significant for improving early warning capabilities. (shrink)

The study examined the development of Chinese as a second language learners’ formulaic knowledge through comparing the processing of Chinese idioms versus non-idiomatic formulaic sequences by advanced-level learners, super-advanced learners, and native speakers. Using two phrase acceptability judgment tasks with and without think-aloud protocols, we collected data on participants’ processing accuracy, processing speed, and processing strategies of reading the two types of FSs. Four processing patterns emerged from the analyses of the datasets. First, learners’ processing accuracy and speed increased along (...) with their proficiency. Second, learners’ idiom processing ability was generally lower than that of non-idiom processing ability, but they demonstrated an improving trend as their proficiency level increased. Third, learners’ use of processing strategies did not change much as proficiency rose and demonstrated a categorical difference from NSs. Fourth, all three groups exhibited poorer productive idiom knowledge than productive non-idiom knowledge. The overall findings denote that second language learners’ formulaic knowledge can evolve beyond the lexical plateau as learners move from the advanced to a higher proficiency level, but the productive idiom knowledge can be a long-term problem. The findings provide implications for measuring and teaching Chinese formulaic knowledge at the higher-than-advanced stage. (shrink)

本卷收入胡适哲学与文化方面的论文、函牍、讲演、札记80余篇。其中包括实验主义、我们对于西洋近代文明的态度等重要文章。所收文章全面反映了胡适哲学思想、学术主张和对于中西文化的态度,对于了解和研究胡适本人 以及现代中国学术史、现代中国启蒙运动等内容。.

This chapter contains section titled: Literary Revolution and its Meaning The Naturalistic Conception of the Universe and the Experimentalist Method History of Chinese Philosophy and Systematizing the National Heritage Political Philosophy and Liberalism Hu Shi as an Enlightenment Philosopher.

I first present a brief interpretation of Sosa’s virtue epistemology by showing how it is arguably better than Goldman’s process reliabilism, why Sosa distinguishes between animal knowledge and reflective knowledge, and how Sosa’s recent account of knowing full well can deal with pragmatic encroachment. Then, I raise two worries about Sosa’s account: (a) Sosa’s claim that one might have animal knowledge without knowing reflectively or knowing full well implies that one’s true belief might manifest both competence and luck, which seems (...) to pose a challenge to Sosa’s solution to the Gettier problem; (b) intellectual virtue or competence does not seem to be a necessary condition for knowledge: there are cases where one knows without possessing the relevant intellectual virtue or competence. Finally, I suggest a responsibilist account of knowledge and show how it can not only handle the cases that pose a problem for Sosa’s account but also explain our intuitions about different grades of knowledge. (shrink)

di yi juan. Wen yi mei xue -- di er juan. Zhongguo gu dian wen yi xue -- di san juan. Bi jiao wen yi xue --di si juan. Wen hua mei xue -- di wu juan. Mei de zhui xun.

'Microphysicalism', the view that whole objects behave the way they do in virtue of the behaviour of their constituent parts, is an influential contemporary view with a long philosophical and scientific heritage. In _What's Wrong With Microphysicalism?_ Andreas Hüttemann offers a fresh challenge to this view. Hüttemann agrees with the microphysicalists that we can explain compound systems by explaining their parts, but claims that this does not entail a fundamentalism that gives hegemony to the micro-level. At most, it shows that (...) there is a relationship of determination between parts and wholes, but there is no justification for taking this relationship to be asymmetrical rather than one of mutual dependence. Hüttemann argues that if this is the case, then microphysicalists have no right to claim that the micro-level is the ultimate agent: neither the parts nor the whole have 'ontological priority'. Hüttemann advocates a pragmatic pluralism, allowing for different ways to describe nature. _What's Wrong With Microphysicalism?_ is a convincing and original contribution to central issues in contemporary philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and metaphysics. (shrink)

In this paper, I wish to defend Aristotle’s naturalness thesis. First, I argue against the claim that the city fails to meet the criteria (e.g. separability, continuity, etc.) Aristotle sets for substantiality in the Metaphysics. Second, I examine the problem of the Principle of Transitivity of End in Aristotle’s telic argument for the naturalness of the city. I argue that the city exists for its own end. Finally, I discuss the problem of the legislator in the genesis of the city. (...) I argue that the legislator is only responsible for the actualization of the potential form that Nature has set forward. (shrink)

There seem to be cases where A believes p, and B believes not-p, but neither makes a mistake. This is known as faultless disagreement. According to the epistemic account, in at least some cases of faultless disagreement either A or B must believe something false, and the disagreement is faultless in the sense that each follows the epistemic norm. Recently, philosophers have raised various objections to this account. In this paper, I propose a new version of the epistemic account and (...) show how it can handle those objections. (shrink)

Hempel seems to hold the following three views: (H1) Understanding is pragmatic/relativistic: Whether one understands why X happened in terms of Explanation E depends on one's beliefs and cognitive abilities; (H2) Whether a scientific explanation is good, just like whether a mathematical proof is good, is a nonpragmatic and objective issue independent of the beliefs or cognitive abilities of individuals; (H3) The goal of scientific explanation is understanding: A good scientific explanation is the one that provides understanding. Apparently, H1, H2, (...) and H3 cannot be all true. Some philosophers think that Hempel is inconsistent, while some others claim that Hempel does not actually hold H3. I argue that Hempel does hold H3 and that he can consistently hold all of H1, H2, and H3 if he endorses what I call the “understanding argument.” I also show how attributing the understanding argument to Hempel can make more sense of his D-N model and his philosophical analysis of the pragmatic aspects of scientific explanation. (shrink)