Zusammenfassung An keiner Stelle in seinen Schriften diskutiert Aristoteles das athenische Liturgiesystem, sondern setzt bei seinen wenigen Informationen dazu dessen Kenntnis voraus. An seiner Kritik der athenischen Liturgien im 4. Jahrhundert als ungerechter Belastung der Reichen läßt er allerdings keinen Zweifel. Welches sind die Gründe für seine Ablehnung, und wie sollten die Liturgien Aristoteles zufolge besser organisiert sein? Wir vergleichen Aristoteles’ Aussagen und Bewertung des Liturgiesystems mit Informationen aus externen Quellen und kommen zu dem Schluß, daß viele seiner Vorstellungen in (...) der Verfassung des Demetrios von Phaleron verwirklicht worden sind. Unsere Diskussion beleuchtet die Entwicklung von der privat finanzierten Liturgie zum öffentlichen Amt sowie die problematische Frage, wie in einer Demokratie die nötigen Eigenmittel zur Erledigung der Aufgaben generiert werden konnten, die zuvor von Liturgen ausgeführt wurden, eine Entwicklung, die zu den von Euergeten finanzierten Amtsliturgien in der hellenistischen Zeit führte. (shrink)

Hearing loss has been identified as a major modifiable risk factors for dementia. Adult candidates for cochlear implantation represent a population at risk of hearing loss-associated cognitive decline. This study investigated the effect of demographics, habits, and medical and psychological risk factors on cognition within such a cohort. Data from 34 consecutive adults with post-lingual deafness scheduled for CI were analyzed. Pure tone audiometry and Speech Discrimination Score were recorded. The Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status for Hearing impaired (...) individuals was used to measure cognition. Demographics, habits, and medical factors were evaluated. Depression was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and social inhibition with the Type D questionnaire. All participants suffered from severe to profound hearing loss. The mean RBANS-H total score was 83 ± 16. Participants reported a mean of years of formal education of 12 ± 5 years. The prevalence of habits and medical risk factors was: physical inactivity, body mass index >30, traumatic brain injury, hypertension, heavy alcohol consumption, smoking, and diabetes. Regarding psychological factors, the mean scores of social inhibition and depression were 10 ± 6 and 6 ± 5, respectively. The number of years of education was significantly correlated with the RBANS-H total score, and with the domains “Immediate memory”, “Visuospatial/constructional”, and “Attention”. The mean RBANS-H total score in participants who had university studies or higher level was 97 ± 9, with the remaining participants reporting a mean score of 75 ± 15. Men performed better in the “Visuospatial/constructional”. Physical inactivity was associated with lower scores in the “Delayed memory” ; hypertension correlated with lower RBANS-H total scores and “Attention”. Depression and social inhibition were negatively correlated with RBANS-H total score and with the “Immediate memory,” “Visuospatial/constructional,” and “Attention”. In adults with late-onset deafness scheduled to CI, educational level has a significant effect. Additionally, sex, physical inactivity, hypertension, and psychological traits of social inhibition and depression may also influence cognitive status. Long-term studies with more participants would enable us better understand the effects different risk factors on cognitive status. (shrink)

‘Wrongdoing does not remain isolated in time’. In February 2013 the McAleese Report confirmed that more than 11,000 women and girls were incarcerated in Ireland’s Magdalen laundries between 1922 and 1996. These women were arguably the scapegoats of Ireland’s national shame as it struggled to develop its identity as a morally pure state following independence, of familial shame as communities fought to hide abuse and illegitimacy, and of male shame, as men sought to have their cake and eat it. What (...) does ‘atonement’ – a concept that embodies connection and integration mean in the context of shame – a state that signifies rupture, separation and isolation? This paper will explore the role of shame in the dis-integration of relationships and lives and ask whether the Christian concept of atonement can be utilized to put this right. In a moral climate where past abuses in church-run institutions are increasingly coming to light, what value does atonement have in the way we respond to the on-going reverberations of shaming and shameful wrongdoing? (shrink)

In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant criticizes his predecessors, specifically Locke and Leibniz, in their one-sided reductions of representation to a single faculty. In his 1802 dialogue Bruno, Schelling develops this discussion into a criticism of Kant’s own one-sided idealism. Focusing on these developments makes clear the manner in which Schelling sees himself as advancing beyond both pre-Critical realisms and Kant’s transcendental idealism. He subsumes realism and Kantian idealism within his own absolute standpoint, providing a ground and rationale for (...) both types of philosophical system as independent approaches, and he asserts that the ultimate foundation and unity of these systems of philosophy is in the absolute which is beyond conceptual thought. (shrink)

Dans la foulée de l’oeuvre du théologien français Claude Geffré, cet article réfléchit au rapport entre l’Évangile et les cultures. L’Évangile apparaît comme un «au-delà intérieur» à la culture; ceci n’est possible que parce que la culture est ouverte, par sa dynamique même, à une «transcendance sans nom» . Le rapport entre les deux est envisagé comme une dialectique se résolvant dans la «réponse chrétienne», c’est-à-dire dans les diverses manières dont les croyants, individuellement et collectivement, interprètent en paroles et actes (...) la Parole entendue. (shrink)

In contemporary philosophy of science many theories of explanation are rooted in positivist or post-positivists accounts of explanation. This paper attempts to ground a phenomenological account of scientific explanation by using the works of Werner Heisenberg and Patrick Heelan. To explain something for Heisenberg is to describe what can be intersubjectively observed and conceptualized in an adequate language. However, this needs to be qualified, as not any adequate account will do. While Heisenberg thinks that Kant is right to think that (...) a priori concepts are the conditions which make science, and thus explanation, possible, he also believes pure a priori concepts have a limited range of applicability. Neils Bohr shared this belief with Heisenberg, but thinks human thought can go no further. However, Heisenberg never gave up on the idea that we could create new concepts that act as a priori grounds for quantum entities. To go beyond Heisenberg, I believe that we should look to Husserl’s account of Evidenz and the material a priori to help us think about a phenomenological account of explanation. (shrink)

The purpose of this research was to determine if there is a significant difference in the attitudes of students toward situations involving ethical decisions before and after taking a course in Business and Society. A simulated before and after design was used with Clark's personal business ethics and social responsibility scale serving as the measurement instrument. The result of the study indicated that the Business and society class had no statistically significant impact on student attitudes.

ABSTRACTDaoist ethics are difficult to pinpoint in a Western ethical framework. At times classic Daoist texts advocate for certain ways of life over others, yet at other times they rebel against the notions of right and wrong. This attitude about right and wrong, leads some to believe that Daoists are moral relativists who believe that right and wrong are merely an arbitrary valuing within the mind and that there is no justification for external moral critique. Others believe that there is (...) a Daoist ethic, but it advocates only not acting, in the literal sense, when we are faced with ethical choices. This paper attempts to show a coherent, universal ethic that can be inferred from a close reading of these texts. (shrink)

InCarm.4.1 Horace asks Venus to stop waging war against him, who is now over fifty (1–7), and suggests that she should set her aim instead on Paulus Maximus, a young and passionate nobleman who will be happy to obey Venus' orders (9–20).

Im Ausgang von Ernst Cassirers methodischen Überlegungen zur Geschichtsschreibung werden dichterische, ästhetische und künstlerische Intentionen der geschichtlichen Darstellung bei David Hume, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Heinrich von Treitschke, Benedetto Croce und Hayden White hinsichtlich ihrer Möglichkeiten und Gefahren nachgezeichnet. Die Abhandlung schließt mit kritischen Stellungnahmen von Thomas Nipperdey und Joachim Fest zur gegenwärtigen Geschichtsschreibung. Zur Diskussion steht, ob die Aufnahme ästhetischer Kriterien in die Geschichtsschreibung den Anspruch einlösen kann, Wahrheit in der Geschichte darzustellen, ob diese Kriterien nicht eher zu einer Abschwächung (...) und Verdunkelung dieses Anspruchs beitragen, und ob nicht vielmehr davon auszugehen ist, daß sich ästhetische und wissenschaftliche Kategorien geschichtlicher Darstellung gegenseitig ausschließen. (shrink)

Am Beispiel der Uhrenmetapher, deren Entstehung und Gestaltwandel ein bestimmtes Welt- und Staatsverständnis widerspiegelt, soll das Verhältnis von Metapher und Wirklichkeit deutlich werden. Die Geschichte der Uhrenmetapher, die u. a. über Cusanus, Kepler, Kopernikus, Leibniz, Hobbes, Descartes, Diderot, Voltaire, Wolff verfolgt wird, zeigt, dass sie schon im Mittelalter als Träger des Maschinenbegriffs verstanden wird und mit der Erfindung des Computers ihr Endstadium erreicht. Im Zeichen der Uhr als Symbol der Mechanik entfaltet sich im 17. Jahrhundert die Kontroverse zwischen Determinismus und (...) Willensfreiheit. Mit der Erfindung der mechanischen Uhr bildet sich ein abstrakter Begriff von Zeit heraus. Das mechanische Denken prägt bis in die Gegenwart hinein unser Wissenschaftsverständnis. (shrink)

In der philosophischen Tradition nehmen geschichtsphilosophische Gesichtspunkte wie die Wahrnehmung von Geschichte, der Begriff von Wissen und Vernunft, das sich daraus ergebende Folgeproblem von Einheit und Vielheit und die Rolle und Funktion des Subjektes eine grundlegende Bedeutung ein. In der Postmoderne erfahren diese Aspekte in ihrem philosophischen Stellenwert eine deutliche Profilveränderung. Diese Veränderung, die auf ein ,,entdifferenzierendes Denken" innerhalb der Postmoderne zurückzuführen ist, wird kritisch überprüft.

Arthur Schopenhauer hat Theodor Lessings Denken nachhaltig beeinflußt. Dies gilt auch für das Konzept der Struktur eines Subjekts. Schopenhauer spaltet die Leistungskraft des Subjektes auf in ein empirisch-wollendes und ein ,,reines Bewußtsein", Lessing unterscheidet das empirisch-psychologisch wollende Vermögen des Subjektes von dem der intuitiven Vernunft. Dem Subjekt wird bei Schopenhauer und Lessing zugunsten des irrationalen Willens die Autonomie abgesprochen. Das denkende Bewußtsein, ein prinzipienmächtiges freies Subjekt kann hier gegenüber dem Willen keine Priorität mehr beanspruchen. Der Bedeutung und Funktion dieses nur (...) als Faktum begriffenen Subjektes wird in der Geschichtsauffassung von Schopenhauer und Lessing nachgegangen. Dieses Subjekt vermag eine Authentizität und Objektivität von Geschichte und damit auch von sich selbst nicht mehr zu vermitteln. (shrink)

In der Gegenwart hat die Existenzphilosophie wie auch das Denken Karl Jaspers' an Ausstrahlung und prägender Kraft verloren. Bedenkt man jedoch die etwa vor zwei Jahrzehnten angestoßene philosophische Diskussion um das Subjekt, so bedeuten die für Jaspers grundlegenden Gesichtspunkte von Subjekt und Existenz auch heute noch eine Herausforderung für jedes Nachdenken über den Begriff der Subjektivität. Im Hinblick auf die durch Freiheit und Transzendenz bestimmte Existenz wird der Jaspers'sche Begriff des Subjektes kritisch untersucht.

The aim of this study is to analyse a passage of the pseudoepigraphic Carmen de resurrectione which relates to insipientes, interpreted as those who do not accept that the rational observation of nature proves the existence of a unique creator God. Such a refusal is believed to make them worthy of eternal damnation. The resulting concept of sapientia involves both ratio and voluntas; it is also connected with gnoseology and soteriology. A similar concept can be found in the Aquitanian poetry (...) of the fifth century and in the theology of the so-called Semipelagians. This similarity calls into question the traditional dating and the supposed area of origin of the Carmen. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to determine the historical and cultural context of the pseudoepigraphic Carmen de resurrectione. The Carmen treats poetically many subjects of Christian eschatology: the second coming of Christ, the final judgement, heaven and hell, the universal conflagration. The author believes that the end time is imminent. This perception is common to all the Christians who experienced tribulations: persecutions, natural calamities, barbarian invasions. These painful events urged the Christians to undertake a path of true conversion, in (...) the religious and moral sense. Unlike other poets, the Anonymous author emphasises the virtuous value of the hope of divine reward rather than the fear of divine punishment. The same perspective can be found in the poets and in the monks of early fifth-century Gaul, who suffered the barbarian invasion of 406. (shrink)

Remnants of ancient retroviral infections during evolution litter all mammalian genomes. In modern humans, such endogenous retroviral (ERV) sequences comprise at least 8% of the genome. While ERVs and other types of transposable elements undoubtedly contribute to the genomic “junk yard”, functions for some ERV sequences have been demonstrated, with growing evidence that ERVs can be important players in gene regulatory processes. Here we focus on one particular large family of human ERVs, termed HERVH, which several recent studies suggest has (...) a key regulatory role in human pluripotent stem cells. Remarkably, this is not the first instance of an ERV controlling pluripotency. We speculate as to why this convergent evolution might have come about, suggesting that it may reflect selection on the virus to extend the time available for transposition. Alternatively it may reflect serendipity alone. (shrink)

The pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) is best known for its role in the regulation of lactation. Recent evidence furthermore indicates PRL is required for normal reproduction in rodents. Here, we report on the insertion of two transposon-like DNA sequences in the human prolactin gene, which together function as an alternative promoter directing extrapituitary PRL expression. Indeed, the transposable elements contain transcription factor binding sites that have been shown to mediate PRL transcription in human uterine decidualised endometrial cells and lymphocytes. We (...) hypothesize that the transposon insertion event has resulted in divergent (pituitary versus extrapituitary) expression of prolactin in primates, and in differential actions of pituitary versus extrapituitary prolactin in lactation versus pregnancy respectively. Importantly, the TE insertion might provide a context for some of the conflicting results obtained in studies of PRL function in mice and man. (shrink)

Geleneksel bir bakış açısıyla İsrailoğullarının Tevrat’taki ilk kadın peygamberi olan Miryam, Harun ve Musa’nın kız kardeşi olup Mısır’dan çıkışın önemli figürlerinden biridir. Ancak eleştirel ve farklı bakış açısından Miryam ile ilgili kutsal kitap ve midraşlardaki anlatılara bakıldığında onun üç farklı portreye sahip olduğu görülmektedir. İlk portre, sepet içinde suya bırakılan Musa’yı uzaktan seyreden ve ismi belirtilmeyen abladır. İkinci tasvirde o, Mısır’dan çıkış esnasında Harun’un kız kardeşi peygamber Miryam olarak betimlenmektedir. Bu tasvir daha yakından incelendiğinde Mısır’dan çıkışta dilinde (...) ezgisi, elinde tefi ile dans ederek İsrailoğullarına liderlik eden Miryam’ın, peygamber olmaktan ziyade Mısır’dan izler taşıyan rahibe olmaya daha yakın durduğu görülmektedir. Nitekim Miryam’ı bir rahibe olarak görmek Cüzzamlı Miryam kıssasını daha anlaşılır kıldığı gibi onun fiziki kusurla cezalandırılması Mısır’daki bir rahibenin görevden uzaklaştırılmasıyla uyumluluk arz etmektedir. Rabbani literatür başta olmak üzere Yahudi geleneğinin Miryam algısı ise ona üçüncü bir portre kazandırmaktadır. Midraş literatürün Miryam portresi, ölümünden hemen önce Tevrat’ın ondan aldığı saygınlığı iade çerçevesinde olup, onu diğer önemli anneler arasında görmek üzerine kuruludur. (shrink)