Results for 'Microchip implant'

828 found
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  1.  51
    Ethical Issues to Consider for Microchip Implants in Humans.Roger Achille, Christine Perakslis & Katina Michael - 2012 - Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine 3 (1-3):75-86.
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  2.  27
    Wired Patients: Implantable Microchips and Biosensors in Patient Care.Keith A. Bauer - 2007 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 16 (3):281-290.
    After decades of specialization within the sciences, the development and application of implantable microchips and biosensors are now being made possible by a growing convergence among seemingly disparate scientific disciplines including, among others, biology, informatics, chemistry, and engineering. This convergence of diverse scientific disciplines is the basis for the creation of new technologies that will have significant medical potential. As of today, implantable microchips and biosensors are being used as mental prostheses to compensate for a loss of normal function, to (...)
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  3.  40
    Time capsule.Eduardo Kac - 2000 - AI and Society 14 (2):243-249.
    “Time Capsule” is a work-experience that lies somewhere between a local eventinstallation, a site-specific work in which the site itself is both my body and a remote database, a simulcast on TV and the Web, and interactive webscanning of my body. The live component of the piece was realised on November 11, 1997, in the context of the exhibition “Arte Suporte Computador”, at the cultural centre Casa da Rosas, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. “Time Capsule” was carried live on the evening (...)
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  4.  29
    Entangled Agencies: New Individual Practices of Human-Technology Hybridism Through Body Hacking.Bárbara Nascimento Duarte - 2014 - NanoEthics 8 (3):275-285.
    This essay develops its idiosyncrasy by concentrating primarily on the trend of body hacking. The practitioners, self-defined as body hackers, self-made cyborgs or grinders, work in different ways to develop functional and physiological modifications through the contributions of technology. Their goal is to develop by themselves an empirically man-technique fusion. These dynamic “scientific” subcultures are producing astonishing innovations. From pocket-sized kits that sample human DNA, microchip implants that keep tabs on our internal organs, blood sugar levels or moods, and (...)
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  5.  17
    Bio art.Eduardo Kac - 2021 - AI and Society 36 (4):1367-1376.
    In 1997, I introduced the concept and the phrase “bio art”, originally in relation to my artwork “Time Capsule”. This work approached the problem of wet interfaces and human hosting of digital memory through the implantation of a microchip. The work consisted of a microchip implant, seven sepia-toned photographs, a live television broadcast, a webcast, interactive telerobotic webscanning of the implant, a remote database intervention, and additional display elements, including an X-ray of the implant. While (...)
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  6.  32
    The natural ambiguity of the notion of "natural", and how to overcome it.Mauro Dorato - 2012 - Epistemologia 35:71-87.
    In this paper I will explore the ramification ofthe distinction between fact and values in order to show that human values enter in various ways in both science and technologies without violating Humes factlvalue distinction. Among the nanotechnologies, I will discuss the case study provided by the use of microchips implanted under our skin: though they do not obviously overcome the limits of the natura! laws , their application might in principie jeopardize our ethical principles in a way that is (...)
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  7. The Naturalness of the Naturalistic Fallacy and the Ethics of Nanotechnology.Mauro Dorato - 2015 - In Sven Ove Hansson (ed.), The Role of Technology in Science: Philosophical Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag.
    In the first part of this paper, I try to clear the ground from frequent misconceptions about the relationship between fact and value by examining some uses of the adjective “natural” in ethical controversies. Such uses bear evidence to our “natural” tendency to regard nature (considered in a descriptive sense, as the complex of physical and biological regularities) as the source of ethical norms. I then try to account for the origin of this tendency by offering three related explanations, the (...)
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  8.  85
    Is Species Integrity a Human Right? A Rights Issue Emerging from Individual Liberties with New Technologies.Lantz Fleming Miller - 2014 - Human Rights Review 15 (2):177-199.
    Currently, some philosophers and technicians propose to change the fundamental constitution of Homo sapiens, as by significantly altering the genome, implanting microchips in the brain, and pursuing related techniques. Among these proposals are aspirations to guide humanity’s evolution into new species. Some philosophers have countered that such species alteration is unethical and have proposed international policies to protect species integrity; yet, it remains unclear on what basis such right to species integrity would rest. An answer may come from an unexpected (...)
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  9.  7
    The Anaesthetic Crisis of Work and Leisure: On Byung-Chul Han’s The Palliative Society.Ethan Stoneman - 2024 - Telos: Critical Theory of the Contemporary 2024 (206):171-177.
    ExcerptDrawing on the quasi-legal human experimentation programs designed and implemented by the CIA between the 1950s and 1970s, the television series Severance envisions the possible corporate uses of brainwashing and mind control. The narrative centers on employees of a technology company, Lumon Industries, who agree to undergo a medical procedure (“severance”) that separates non-work memories from work memories by implanting a microchip into the brain. Unfolding like a science fiction psychological thriller, the narration falls somewhere between omniscient and restricted. (...)
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  10. RFID: The next serious threat to privacy. [REVIEW]Vance Lockton & Richard S. Rosenberg - 2005 - Ethics and Information Technology 7 (4):221-231.
    Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, is a technology which has been receiving considerable attention as of late. It is a fairly simple technology involving radio wave communication between a microchip and an electronic reader, in which an identification number stored on the chip is transmitted and processed; it can frequently be found in inventory tracking and access control systems. In this paper, we examine the current uses of RFID, as well as identifying potential future uses of the technology, including (...)
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  11. Cochlear Implantation, Enhancements, Transhumanism and Posthumanism: Some Human Questions.Joseph Lee - 2016 - Science and Engineering Ethics 22 (1):67-92.
    Biomedical engineering technologies such as brain–machine interfaces and neuroprosthetics are advancements which assist human beings in varied ways. There are exciting yet speculative visions of how the neurosciences and bioengineering may influence human nature. However, these could be preparing a possible pathway towards an enhanced and even posthuman future. This article seeks to investigate several ethical themes and wider questions of enhancement, transhumanism and posthumanism. Four themes of interest are: autonomy, identity, futures, and community. Three larger questions can be asked: (...)
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  12.  33
    Self-implant ambiguity? Understanding self-related changes in deep brain stimulation.Robyn Bluhm & Laura Y. Cabrera - 2022 - Philosophical Explorations 25 (3):367-385.
    Deep brain stimulation (DBS) uses electrodes implanted in the brain to modulate dysregulated brain activity related to a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions. A number of people who use DBS have reported changes that affect their sense of self. In the neuroethics literature, there has been significant debate over the exact nature of these changes. More recently, there have been suggestions that this debate is overblown and detracts from clinically-relevant ways of understanding these effects of DBS. In this paper, (...)
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  13.  20
    Self-implant ambiguity? Understanding self-related changes in deep brain stimulation.Robyn Bluhm & Laura Y. Cabrera - 2022 - Tandf: Philosophical Explorations:1-19.
    Deep brain stimulation (DBS) uses electrodes implanted in the brain to modulate dysregulated brain activity related to a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions. A number of people who use DBS have reported changes that affect their sense of self. In the neuroethics literature, there has been significant debate over the exact nature of these changes. More recently, there have been suggestions that this debate is overblown and detracts from clinically-relevant ways of understanding these effects of DBS. In this paper, (...)
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  14.  65
    Implant ethics.S. O. Hansson - 2005 - Journal of Medical Ethics 31 (9):519-525.
    Implant ethics is defined here as the study of ethical aspects of the lasting introduction of technological devices into the human body. Whereas technological implants relieve us of some of the ethical problems connected with transplantation, other difficulties arise that are in need of careful analysis. A systematic approach to implant ethics is proposed. The major specific problems are identified as those concerning end of life issues (turning off devices), enhancement of human capabilities beyond normal levels, mental changes (...)
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  15.  42
    Neurosurgical Implants: Clinical Protocol Considerations.Paul J. Ford - 2007 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 16 (3):308-311.
    As neural implants transition from engineering design and testing into human subjects research, careful consideration must be paid to the ethical elements in developing research protocols. Although these ethical aspects may be framed by the design choices of the engineering, a number of challenging choices arise. In spite of many ethical considerations for neural implant technologies being shared with generic research ethics questions, there are subsets needing special attention. Even in considerations requiring increased attention, substantial overlap can be found (...)
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  16. Fish and microchips: on fish pain and multiple realization.Matthias Michel - 2019 - Philosophical Studies 176 (9):2411-2428.
    Opponents to consciousness in fish argue that fish do not feel pain because they do not have a neocortex, which is a necessary condition for feeling pain. A common counter-argument appeals to the multiple realizability of pain: while a neocortex might be necessary for feeling pain in humans, pain might be realized differently in fish. This paper argues, first, that it is impossible to find a criterion allowing us to demarcate between plausible and implausible cases of multiple realization of pain (...)
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  17. Implants and Ethnocide: learning from the Cochlear implant controversy.Robert Sparrow - 2010 - Disability and Society 25 (4):455-466.
    This paper uses the fictional case of the ‘Babel fish’ to explore and illustrate the issues involved in the controversy about the use of cochlear implants in prelinguistically deaf children. Analysis of this controversy suggests that the development of genetic tests for deafness poses a serious threat to the continued flourishing of Deaf culture. I argue that the relationships between Deaf and hearing cultures that are revealed and constructed in debates about genetic testing are themselves deserving of ethical evaluation. Making (...)
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  18. The Implantation Argument: Simulation Theory is Proof that God Exists.Jeff Grupp - 2021 - Metaphysica 22 (2):189-221.
    I introduce the implantation argument, a new argument for the existence of God. Spatiotemporal extensions believed to exist outside of the mind, composing an external physical reality, cannot be composed of either atomlessness, or of Democritean atoms, and therefore the inner experience of an external reality containing spatiotemporal extensions believed to exist outside of the mind does not represent the external reality, the mind is a mere cinematic-like mindscreen, implanted into the mind by a creator-God. It will be shown that (...)
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  19. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis in the Gulf Cooperative Council Countries:Utilization and Ethical Attitudes.Hamza Ali Eskandarani - 2010 - Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics 15 (2):68-74.
    Objective : Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been utilized by assisted reproductive technology (ART) to genetically screen embryos before placement in the uterus. However, many objections have been raised against the genetic screening of embryos, giving the practice an uncertain ethical, legal, and social status. Our aim was, therefore, to survey the possible presence and compliance to any legislation for PGD in the existing 60 in vitro fertilization (IVF) centres in the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries as well as the (...)
     
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  20.  49
    Implantable Brain Chips? Time for Debate.G. Q. Maguire & Ellen M. McGee - 1999 - Hastings Center Report 29 (1):7-13.
    We have long used mechanical devices to compensate for physical disability. Soon, however, it may be possible to augment mental capacity—to add memory or upgrade processing power. We should ponder the enormous moral implications of the machine‐assisted mind now, before it is accomplished.
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  21. Do Predictive Brain Implants Threaten Patient's Autonomy or Authenticity?Eldar Sarajlic - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 6 (4):30-32.
    The development of predictive brain implant (PBI) technology that is able to forecast specific neuronal events and advise and/or automatically administer appropriate therapy for diseases of the brain raises a number of ethical issues. Provided that this technology satisfies basic safety and functionality conditions, one of the most pressing questions to address is its relation to the autonomy of patients. As Frederic Gilbert in his article asks, if autonomy implies a certain idea of freedom, or self-government, how can an (...)
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  22.  34
    Implantable Smart Technologies : Defining the ‘Sting’ in Data and Device.Gill Haddow, Shawn H. E. Harmon & Leah Gilman - 2016 - Health Care Analysis 24 (3):210-227.
    In a world surrounded by smart objects from sensors to automated medical devices, the ubiquity of ‘smart’ seems matched only by its lack of clarity. In this article, we use our discussions with expert stakeholders working in areas of implantable medical devices such as cochlear implants, implantable cardiac defibrillators, deep brain stimulators and in vivo biosensors to interrogate the difference facets of smart in ‘implantable smart technologies’, considering also whether regulation needs to respond to the autonomy that such artefacts carry (...)
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  23.  3
    Pre‐implantation diagnosis.Marilyn Monk - 1988 - Bioessays 8 (6):184-189.
    The access to human pre‐implantation embryos that is afforded by procedures now developed for the treatment of infertility presents the possibility of very early prenatal diagnosis, before implantation in the uterus, of certain genetic diseases. Only the normal embryos would be replaced in the mother for initiation of implantation and pregnancy. Early experiments on a mouse model for Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome (HPRT‐deficiency) show that pre‐implantation diagnosis of genetic disease is feasible.
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  24.  9
    Implantable Smart Technologies (IST): Defining the ‘Sting’ in Data and Device.Leah Gilman, Shawn H. E. Harmon & Gill Haddow - 2016 - Health Care Analysis 24 (3):210-227.
    In a world surrounded by smart objects from sensors to automated medical devices, the ubiquity of ‘smart’ seems matched only by its lack of clarity. In this article, we use our discussions with expert stakeholders working in areas of implantable medical devices such as cochlear implants, implantable cardiac defibrillators, deep brain stimulators and in vivo biosensors to interrogate the difference facets of smart in ‘implantable smart technologies’, considering also whether regulation needs to respond to the autonomy that such artefacts carry (...)
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  25. Reconsidering cochlear implants: The lessons of Martha's vineyard.Neil Levy - 2002 - Bioethics 16 (2):134–153.
    I distinguish and assess three separate arguments utilized by the opponents of cochlear implants: that treating deafness as a medical condition is inappropriate since it is not a disability; that so treating it sends a message to the Deaf that they are of lesser worth; and that the use of such implants would signal the end of Deaf culture. I give some qualified support to the first and second claim, but find that the principal weight of the argument must be (...)
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  26.  77
    Implanted Desires, Self-Formation and Blame.Matthew Talbert - 2009 - Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 3 (2):1-18.
    Those who advocate a “historicist” outlook on moral responsibility often hold that people who unwillingly acquire corrupt dispositions are not blameworthy for the wrong actions that issue from these dispositions; this contention is frequently supported by thought experiments involving instances of forced psychological manipulation that seem to call responsibility into question. I argue against this historicist perspective and in favor of the conclusion that the process by which a person acquires values and dispositions is largely irrelevant to moral responsibility. While (...)
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  27.  64
    Cochlear implants, the deaf culture, and ethics: A Study of Disability, Informed Surrogate Consent, and Ethnocide.Glenn A. Hladek - 2002 - Monash Bioethics Review 21 (1):29-44.
    The use of cochlear implants in born-deaf infants addresses the issues of disability, proxy consent, and potential ethnocide of the Deaf culture. The ethical issues explored in this paper are: 1) the disability versus trait argument of deafness, 2) parents versus Deaf community in proxy consent, 3) justification for surgical intervention in a non-life threatening condition, and 4) justification for ethnocide. Decisions for non-competent individuals should be made to assure the child of an open future, with rights that need to (...)
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  28. Cochlear implants and the claims of culture? A response to Lane and Grodin.Dena S. Davis - 1997 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 7 (3):253-258.
    : Because I reject the notion that physical characteristics constitute cultural membership, I argue that, even if the claim were persuasive that deafness is a culture rather than a disability, there is no reason to fault hearing parents who choose cochlear implants for their deaf children.
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  29.  16
    Cochlear Implants: Young Adults’ Embodied Experiences of Deafness and Hearing through Implanted Technology.Anna Chur-Hansen, Susan R. Hemer & Claire Elizabeth Harris - 2023 - Body and Society 29 (1):3-27.
    This article ethnographically considers the experiences of Australian young people who were born deaf and who hear and listen through cochlear implants to explore the intersection between the sensory body, lived experience and technology. The article draws on phenomenology to examine how experiences of deafness are productive in analysing articulations of embodiment and the meanings embedded in a body that is valued as both deaf and hearing. Leaving aside binary conceptions of deaf versus hearing, and understandings of the cochlear (...) as a remedy for sensory deficits, we instead make a case for nuanced understandings of the device and embodied experiences through technology. This analysis identifies how a cochlear implanted body navigates connections to the world and to others in turning on and off engagement. We contend that the device has an intrinsic value for recipients through enabling their access to hearing while not removing their experiences of deafness. (shrink)
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  30.  15
    Implantable Smart Technologies : Defining the ‘Sting’ in Data and Device.Catherine Rhodes & David R. Lawrence - 2016 - Health Care Analysis 24 (3):210-227.
    In a world surrounded by smart objects from sensors to automated medical devices, the ubiquity of ‘smart’ seems matched only by its lack of clarity. In this article, we use our discussions with expert stakeholders working in areas of implantable medical devices such as cochlear implants, implantable cardiac defibrillators, deep brain stimulators and in vivo biosensors to interrogate the difference facets of smart in ‘implantable smart technologies’, considering also whether regulation needs to respond to the autonomy that such artefacts carry (...)
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  31.  14
    Do Implanted Brain Devices Threaten Autonomy or the “Sense” of Autonomy?Laura Specker Sullivan - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 6 (4):24-26.
    Gilbert (2015) suggests that predictive and advisory brain implants threaten autonomy. He analyzes these threats in terms of one patient's “sense of autonomy,” reporting that the patient felt more...
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  32. L'implantation de la philosophie pour enfants en classe : une étude exploratoire dans le cadre d'un stage en enseignement.Mathieu Gagnon - 2012 - Childhood and Philosophy 8 (16):291-325.
    Schools located in underpriviledged areas have to deal with different factors, like the dropout rate among students and teachers; the culture of action, the culture of oral and a «carpe diem» culture; the low literacy rates; the type of children's knowledges — sometimes different from those promoted at school — and the learning difficulties of pupils... In light of these factors, few states have decided to adopt measures to support pupils and teachers in these communities. In this sense, several studies (...)
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  33. Implanting a Discipline: The Academic Trajectory of Nuclear Engineering in the USA and UK.Sean F. Johnston - 2009 - Minerva 47 (1):51-73.
    The nuclear engineer emerged as a new form of recognised technical professional between 1940 and the early 1960s as nuclear fission, the chain reaction and their applications were explored. The institutionalization of nuclear engineering channelled into new national laboratories and corporate design offices during the decade after the war, and hurried into academic venues thereafter proved unusually dependent on government definition and support. This paper contrasts the distinct histories of the new discipline in the USA and UK (and, more briefly, (...)
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  34.  12
    ‘Implanted in Us by Nature’: The Cognitive Science of Religion and its Importance for Theology.Ruth Gornandt - 2023 - Heythrop Journal 64 (6):745-762.
    The Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) holds that religion emerges from human cognition and its intuitions. Hence, it describes religion as a ‘natural’ belief in ‘supernatural agents’. Traditional theology also maintained that there is an ‘innate’ or ‘implanted’ knowledge of God or gods. It will be argued that CSR and theology can be related, yet not in a straightforward manner. After sketching out in what sense CSR calls religion ‘natural’ and how it describes ‘supernatural agents’, this article explores some examples (...)
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  35.  24
    Frequency Control of Microchip Lasers.Arkadiusz J. Antonczak & Krzysztof M. Abramski - 2005 - In Alan F. Blackwell & David MacKay (eds.), Power. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1064.
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  36.  11
    Delayed implantation.Marcus Wh Bishop - 1964 - The Eugenics Review 56 (2):108.
  37. Deaf Culture, Cochlear Implants, and Elective Disability.Bonnie Poitras Tucker - 1998 - Hastings Center Report 28 (4):6-14.
    The use of cochlear implants, especially for prelingually deafened children, has aroused heated debate. Members and proponents of Deaf culture vigorously oppose implants both as a seriously invasive treatment of dubious efficacy and as a threat to Deaf culture. Some find these arguments persuasive; others do not. And in this context arise questions about the extent to which individuals with disabilities may decline treatments to ameliorate disabling conditions. When they do so, to what extent may they call upon society to (...)
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  38.  32
    Implanting plasticity into sex and trans/gender: Animal and child metaphors in the history of endocrinology.Julian Gill-Peterson - 2017 - Angelaki 22 (2):47-60.
    This essay argues that the reigning medical and scientific understanding of the endocrine system, which insists on its fundamental biological plasticity, was historically constructed through a dual child–animal metaphor. The work accomplished by such organic metaphors, as Donna Haraway terms them, returns us to the endocrine laboratories and clinics in which they were built in Europe and the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. The child and animal metaphors implanted the concept of plasticity into the human (...)
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  39.  37
    Implanting a Discipline: The Academic Trajectory of Nuclear Engineering in the USA and UK.Sean F. Johnston - 2009 - Minerva 47 (1):51-73.
    The nuclear engineer emerged as a new form of recognised technical professional between 1940 and the early 1960s as nuclear fission, the chain reaction and their applications were explored. The institutionalization of nuclear engineering—channelled into new national laboratories and corporate design offices during the decade after the war, and hurried into academic venues thereafter—proved unusually dependent on government definition and support. This paper contrasts the distinct histories of the new discipline in the USA and UK (and, more briefly, Canada). In (...)
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  40.  9
    Pre-implantation Sex Selection in Japan.Gregory A. Plotnikoff - 2004 - Bioethics Examiner 8.
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  41.  29
    Embodiment and regenerative implants: a proposal for entanglement.Manon van Daal, Anne-Floor J. de Kanter, Karin R. Jongsma, Annelien L. Bredenoord & Nienke de Graeff - 2024 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 27 (2):241-252.
    Regenerative Medicine promises to develop treatments to regrow healthy tissues and cure the physical body. One of the emerging developments within this field is regenerative implants, such as jawbone or heart valve implants, that can be broken down by the body and are gradually replaced with living tissue. Yet challenges for embodiment are to be expected, given that the implants are designed to integrate deeply into the tissue of the living body, so that implant and body become one. In (...)
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  42.  18
    Implantable Devices Should Come With a Contract.Dena S. Davis - 2016 - American Journal of Bioethics 16 (8):23-25.
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  43. Neural Implants and the TRICK to Autonomy.Maximilian Kiener & Thomas Douglas - forthcoming - In Hugh LaFollette (ed.), _Ethics in Practice_ 6th edition. Wiley Blackwell.
     
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  44.  4
    Breast Implants and the Challenge of an Informed Public.R. Eugene Mellican - 1993 - Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 13 (5):255-259.
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  45. Implanted Medical Devices and End-of-Life Decisions.Michael Gill - 2015 - In Jukka Varelius & Michael Cholbi (eds.), New Directions in the Ethics of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. Cham: Springer Verlag.
     
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  46.  50
    Gender Bias in Medical Implant Design and Use: A Type of Moral Aggregation Problem?Katrina Hutchison - 2019 - Hypatia 34 (3):570-591.
    In this article, I describe how gender bias can affect the design, testing, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and clinical use of implantable devices. I argue that bad outcomes experienced by women patients are a cumulative consequence of small biases and inattention at various points of the design, testing, and regulatory process. However, specific instances of inattention and bias can be difficult to identify, and risks are difficult to predict. This means that even if systematic gender bias in implant design (...)
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  47. Ethical Issues in Cochlear Implant Surgery: An Exploration into Disease, Disability, and the Best Interests of the Child.Michael A. Grodin & Harlan L. Lane - 1997 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 7 (3):231-251.
    : This paper examines ethical issues related to medical practices with children and adults who are members of a linguistic and cultural minority known as the DEAF-WORLD. Members of that culture characteristically have hearing parents and are treated by hearing professionals whose values, particularly concerning language, speech, and hearing, are typically quite different from their own. That disparity has long fueled a debate on several ethical issues, most recently the merits of cochlear implant surgery for DEAF children. We explore (...)
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  48.  58
    Informed Consent in Implantable BCI Research: Identifying Risks and Exploring Meaning.Eran Klein - 2016 - Science and Engineering Ethics 22 (5):1299-1317.
    Implantable brain–computer interface technology is an expanding area of engineering research now moving into clinical application. Ensuring meaningful informed consent in implantable BCI research is an ethical imperative. The emerging and rapidly evolving nature of implantable BCI research makes identification of risks, a critical component of informed consent, a challenge. In this paper, 6 core risk domains relevant to implantable BCI research are identified—short and long term safety, cognitive and communicative impairment, inappropriate expectations, involuntariness, affective impairment, and privacy and security. (...)
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  49. Brain Implants to Erase Memories.Walter Glannon - 2017 - Frontiers in Neuroscience 11:e1-4.
     
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  50.  20
    Implantable Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Tags are not Tattoos.Ari Z. Zivotofsky, Naomi T. S. Zivotofsky & Alan Jotkowitz - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (8):52-53.
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