Die Bedeutung des Spiels in der Lebenswelt der mittelalterlichen Klöster und Orden ist bislang nicht als Phänomen von kultureller Tragweite erörtert worden, denn der (scheinbare) Antagonismus aus kontemplativem Leben einerseits und heiterem Spiel andererseits verhinderte, dass der religiosus ludens wissenschaftlich Beachtung fand. Die im Band vereinigten, interdisziplinären Analysen der theologischen, liturgischen, kunstgeschichtlichen, rechtlichen und sozialen Dimensionen von Ball-, Würfel-, Brett-, Karten- und Wissensspielen verdeutlichen erstmals die gestalterische Kraft der Ordensleute zur Erfindung, Adaption und Vermittlung von Spielen wie deren Sinngehalten innerhalb (...) der vormodernen Gesellschaft. Im Aufzeigen der innovativen und mannigfaltigen Wege der Legitimation und Delegitimation monastischen und außermonastischen Spiels, aus denen Ordensleute zudem wegweisende und gesamtgesellschaftlich tragfähige Kategorisierungen des ludus entwickelten und nahezu sämtliche Lebensentwürfe der Vormoderne erklärten, stellt der Band nicht nur eine neuartige Perspektive auf das Spiel und die vita religiosa vor. Zugleich öffnet er ein noch unbekanntes Fenster zum Verständnis kultureller Mechanismen im Mittelalter. (shrink)

This article sets the dancing of religious and saints and their role models in the perspective of imitation in terms of an essential cultural technique of the Middle Ages. Since the religious were compelled in their search for God by the imitation of Christ and the saints, their dancing was also to be integrated into the symbolic order of the monastery. Given that dance and religious practice are both governed equally by two fundamental categories – regularity and ritualization on the (...) one hand, and ecstasy, unboundedness from all being and in result ascension to God on the other – this heterogeneous phenomenon could not be seamlessly integrated into another phenomenon. Here, it clashed with the symbolic ordering of the monastery; the ambiguities contained in this dualism could be reinforced or cancelled out. With the individual and his or her conscience becoming more appreciated, and the ushering-in of a more plural society, as well as the rearrangement of old role models which had been typical of mysticism towards Christ, had clear consequences for the image of God, which in the Late Middle Ages received a new more human face with the ‘playing’ God. As a result, believers re-anchored dance and all its facets in the order-oriented thinking of the European-Christian Middle Ages. Christ had become the best of all dancers, someone every believer had to imitate, at least in his or her soul. (shrink)

In this chapter, we discuss a selection of current views of the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC). We focus on the different predictions they make, in particular with respect to the role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) during visual experiences, which is an area of critical interest and some source of contention. Our discussion of these views focuses on the level of functional anatomy, rather than at the neuronal circuitry level. We take this approach because we currently understand more about experimental (...) evidence at this coarse level and because these results are appropriate for arbitrating between current theoretical frameworks. We discuss the Two-Visual-Systems Hypothesis (Milner & Goodale 1995; 2006), Local Recurrency (Lamme 2010; Lamme 2006), Higher Order (Lau 2008; Lau & Rosenthal 2011) and Global Workspace theories (Baars 1997; Baars 2005; Dehaene & Naccache 2001; Dehaene 2014). Despite the apparent stark differences between conscious and unconscious perceptual processing, available evidence suggests that their neural substrates must be largely shared. This indicates that the difference in neural activity between conscious and unconscious perceptual processing is likely to be subtle and highly specialized. We argue that current experimental evidence about the involvement of specific activity in prefrontal cortex supports the higher order neural theory of consciousness. In consequence, imaging techniques that focus only on marked differences between conscious and unconscious level of activity are likely to be insensitive to the relevant neural activity patterns that underlie conscious experiences. Finally, it follows from the evidence we discuss that the functional advantages of conscious over unconscious perceptual processing may be more limited than commonly thought. (shrink)

Consciousness and confidence seem intimately related. Accordingly, some researchers use confidence ratings as a measure of, or proxy for, consciousness. Rosenthal discusses the potential connections between the two, and rejects confidence as a valid measure of consciousness. He argues that there are better alternatives to get at conscious experiences such as direct subjective reports of awareness (i.e. subjects’ reports of perceiving something or of the degree of visibility of a stimulus). In this chapter, we offer a different perspective. Confidence ratings (...) in general, and metacognitive measures in particular, may offer important advantages over subjective ratings. The arguments we offer here are supported by empirical, practical and socio-strategic considerations. However, we do not suggest consciousness and confidence are interchangeable. We recognize the limitations of confidence ratings in some experimental designs and for some research questions. Nevertheless, we also address a potential conceptual link between consciousness and confidence that stems from Rosenthal’s very own work on mental quality space theory. (shrink)

When a circular coin is rotated in depth, is there any sense in which it comes to resemble an ellipse? While this question is at the center of a rich and divided philosophical tradition (with some scholars answering affirmatively and some negatively), Morales et al. (2020, 2021) took an empirical approach, reporting 10 experiments whose results favor such perspectival similarity. Recently, Burge and Burge (2022) offered a vigorous critique of this work, objecting to its approach and conclusions on both philosophical (...) and empirical grounds. Here, we answer these objections on both fronts. We show that Burge and Burge’s critique rests on misunderstandings of Morales et al.’s claims; of the relation between the data and conclusions; and of the philosophical context in which the work appears. Specifically, Burge and Burge attribute to us a much stronger (and stranger) view than we hold, involving the introduction of “a new entity” located “in some intermediate position(s) between the distal shape and the retinal image.” We do not hold this view. Indeed, once properly understood, most of Burge and Burge’s objections favor Morales et al.’s claims rather than oppose them. Finally, we discuss several questions that remain unanswered, and reflect on a productive path forward on these issues of foundational scientific and philosophical interest. (shrink)

Arguably the most foundational principle in perception research is that our experience of the world goes beyond the retinal image; we perceive the distal environment itself, not the proximal stimulation it causes. Shape may be the paradigm case of such “unconscious inference”: When a coin is rotated in depth, we infer the circular object it truly is, discarding the perspectival ellipse projected on our eyes. But is this really the fate of such perspectival shapes? Or does a tilted coin retain (...) an elliptical appearance even when we know it’s circular? This question has generated heated debate from Locke and Hume to the present; but whereas extant arguments rely primarily on introspection, this problem is also open to empirical test. If tilted coins bear a representational similarity to elliptical objects, then a circular coin should, when rotated, impair search for a distal ellipse. Here, nine experiments demonstrate that this is so, suggesting that perspectival shapes persist in the mind far longer than traditionally assumed. Subjects saw search arrays of three-dimensional “coins,” and simply had to locate a distally elliptical coin. Surprisingly, rotated circular coins slowed search for elliptical targets, even when subjects clearly knew the rotated coins were circular. This pattern arose with static and dynamic cues, couldn’t be explained by strategic responding or unfamiliarity, generalized across shape classes, and occurred even with sustained viewing. Finally, these effects extended beyond artificial displays to real-world objects viewed in naturalistic, full-cue conditions. We conclude that objects have a remarkably persistent dual character: their objective shape “out there,” and their perspectival shape “from here.”. (shrink)

'Sound Effects' collects original articles on English and American prose fiction which analyse vocal phenomena by using the psychoanalytic concept of the object voice - introduced by J. Lacan and theorised by M. Dolar - as their interpretative tool.

La hermenéutica de Dilthey ha legado a la historia de la filosofía una profunda tematización del problema de la vivencia humana. En ella, se lleva a cabo un análisis de la experiencia desde el juego dado entre la totalidad de la vida histórica y la vivencia concreta y particular. Tomando estas ideas como base, la filosofía de la vivencia elaborada por dicha tradición se orienta hacia la dilucidación de una ontología de la vida, cuya pretensión es la de indagar en (...) la naturaleza fáctica de la propia experiencia. Esta herencia es apreciable en la hermenéutica de la facticidad explicitada por Heidegger y en la ontología hermenéutica planteada por Gadamer. El objetivo del presente ensayo será el de recuperar la reflexión diltheyana que da cuenta de un modo de comprensión específico de la experiencia. Ello nos permitirá desvelar las dinámicas propias de la comprensión y la vivencia, distinguiendo este análisis frente al modelo fenomenológico. (shrink)

English summary: According to a current prejudice, the God of reason does not have a home in Protestantism. On the basis of model studies on the connection between biblical, Platonic and Aristotelian themes in the development of the Christian concept of God in late antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the authors of this volume show that the reformers did not at all flatly dismiss the rationality of faith. The articles focus on the modern transformations of the concept of (...) God in the 18th and 19th centuries. The volume, a collection of case studies of the history of the problem of the Christian concept of God, concludes with prominent syntheses of revelation and reason in the 20th century. German description: Einem gangigen Vorurteil zufolge hat der Gott der Vernunft im Protestantismus keine Heimat. Nach exemplarischen Studien zur Verbindung von biblischen mit platonischen und aristotelischen Motiven bei der Entfaltung des christlichen Gottesgedankens in Spatantike, Mittelalter und Renaissance zeigt der vorliegende Band aber, dass die Reformatoren der Vernunft des Glaubens keineswegs pauschal den Abschied gaben. Der Schwerpunkt der Beitrage liegt auf den neuzeitlichen Transformationen des Gottesgedankens im 18. und 19. Jh. Prominente Synthesen von Offenbarung und Vernunft im 20. Jh. schliessen den Band ab, der Fallstudien zu einer Problemgeschichte des christlichen Gottes-Denkens versammelt. Mit Beitragen von: Martin Arneth, Christine Axt-Piscalar, Ulrich Barth, Markus Buntfuss, Jorg Dierken, Douglas Hedley, Thomas Kaufmann, Dietrich Klein, Dietrich Korsch, Martin Laube, Jorg Lauster, Friederike Nussel, Bernd Oberdorfer, Joachim Ringleben, Friedemann Voigt, Dorothea Wendebourg, Gunther Wenz. (shrink)

Die Beitrage des Sammelbandes widmen sich aus theologisch-philosophischer Perspektive der historischen Rezeption und der systematischen Relevanz des Freiheitsstreits zwischen Martin Luther und Erasmus von Rotterdam. Im systematischen Zentrum steht das jeweilige freiheitstheoretische Verstandnis des Menschen, seiner epistemischen und voluntativen Vermogen und seines metaphysischen Ortes innerhalb der Schopfung, besonders sein Verhaltnis zu Gott. Aus historischer Perspektive wird die Rezeption von Luthers Freiheitsbegriff durch Leibniz, Kant, Hegel, Schelling und in der analytischen Philosophie untersucht. Mit Beitragen von Christine Axt-Piscalar, Frank Dettinger, Thomas Frisch, (...) Volker Gerhardt, Friedrich Hermanni, Amit Kravitz, Jorg Noller, Wolfhart Pannenberg, Birgit Recki, Georg Sans SJ, Ruben Schneider und Gunther Wenz. (shrink)

Leibniz was probably the last universal scholar in modern times who made original and innovative achievements in all the essential fields of knowledge of his time: as a reform-oriented lawyer, a multilateral thinking diplomat, as a mathematician of infinitesimal calculus, as the inventor of a calculating machine and in the mining of horizontal wind power, as an organizer of science and as one of the first historians who strived for source-critical methodical objectivity. However, this baroque diversity can only be understood (...) from the center of a monadological philosophy, which wants to establish the unity of scientific worldview and metaphysical concept of the world. It is distorted in the classical reception because only Leibniz the Theodicy was known. The topicality of Leibniz today consists in re-exposing the original basic idea of unity in diversity and asking how it can be made fruitful for philosophical and political thought in the 21st century. This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Leibniz und die Folgen by Jörg Zimmer, published by J.B. Metzler, imprint of Springer-Verlag GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2018. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors. (shrink)

Sprachkritik ist die linguistisch begründete, positive wie negative Würdigung der menschlichen Sprache und ihrer Leistungen. Diese Einführung konzentriert sich auf das System, die Normen und den Gebrauch grammatischer und lexikalisch-semantischer Strukturen der deutschen Sprache. Die Kritik der Leistungen des Deutschen in Bezug auf die Aneignung, Wahrnehmung, Erkenntnis und Darstellung der so genannten außersprachlichen Wirklichkeit wird aus drei Perspektiven fokussiert: Aus der Perspektive der Linguistik steht der sprachliche Ausdruck im Mittelpunkt, dessen kommunikative Funktion als Element des sprachlichen Handelns unter dem Aspekt (...) der Angemessenheit bewertet wird. Aus der Perspektive der Sprachdidaktik wird Sprachkritik als die sprachdidaktisch fundierte und unterrichtsmethodisch modellierte kritische Auseinandersetzung mit Sprache und Sprachgebrauch zum Zweck des sprachlichen Lernens sowie, hauptsächlich, der sprachlichen Bildung in den Blick genommen. Ansätze und Methoden sprachkritischen Denkens und Handelns in der laienlinguistischen Öffentlichkeit schließlich werden als Kritik an Sprachgebrauchsnormen beschrieben, der nicht linguistische, sondern meist ästhetische oder politische Motive zugrunde liegen. (shrink)

Does an inclination towards incest exist and why is incest prohibited? There are mainly two points of view: that of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, and that of Edward Westermarck, a Finnish-British anthropologist. Freud is of the opinion that men have a profound desire for incest, whereas Westermarck presumes an instinctive aversion against it. Nowadays the discussion has received fresh impulse due to a modem interpretation of Westermarck’s theory and the controversy over the sexual abuse of children in their (...) families. The author is in favour of the Westermarck theory and tries to explain the prohibition of incest based on a natural inhibition towards incest. (shrink)

Los presentes textos procuran subrayar la hondura, la originalidad y el influjo de algunos autores que fueron o son filósofos, aunque tal condición no se encuentre entre sus propósitos expresos. Tratan de filosofía vuelta invisible o no vista por sus comentaristas, no tematizada ni señalada con precisión, lo cual impide que se consagre su merecido reconocimiento. Esos aspectos no frecuentados adquieren el perfil que bien puede expresar la palabra "invisibilidad" en tanto funcione no como adjetivo sino como denominación de una (...) veta no reconocida en la obra de un pensador. Sea como fuere, esa veta crece en los textos como pensamiento trascendente, aunque en algunos casos la obra no pase de un libro o de una colección de artículos dispersa en la prensa o en revistas. (shrink)

What constitutes personhood? How are persons and their bodies related? What is the relationship between personhood and value? The Unity of a Person: Philosophical Perspectives explores the current debates surrounding the philosophy of personal identity and offers a fresh approach to this important topic. It is original in bringing together three approaches to personal identity that are traditionally treated separately: the metaphysical, the phenomenological and the social. By examining these three areas this volume establishes connections between the underlying metaphysical issues (...) surrounding personal identity and the specific forms of personal existence such as self-consciousness, action, and normativity. Topics discussed include personhood and animalism, process ontology, self-identity over time, sociality and personhood, and the normative status of personhood. With chapters by an outstanding international roster of contributors, this collection will be of great interest to those studying personal identity and the nature of the self in metaphysics, philosophy of mind and phenomenology. (shrink)

En la obra de Nicol existe una concepción original de biopolítica que difiere de las teorías más conocidas. Parte de una concepción de la humanidad caracterizada por la tensión entre «comunidad histórica» y «especie natural»; y plantea una diferencia sustancial entre el mundo de la cultura-técnica-libertad vs. naturaleza biológica y necesidad. Nicol sostiene que en nuestra era la libertad humana decae, ya que la humanidad se está reduciendo a comportarse como una especie natural en lucha por su supervivencia ante la (...) posibilidad de un colapso civilizatorio. Por ello, formula una concepción de biopolítica que no solo consiste en un mecanismo para imponer control biológico sobre poblaciones humanas, pues descubre una nueva dimensión biopolítica surgida del predominio de la «razón de fuerza mayor», razón sistemática de extrema necesidad, que surge como consecuencia del posible colapso civilizatorio que se extiende globalmente, y que ha sido desencadenada por la expansión del poder tecnológico y la destrucción ecológica. El desenlace de este colapso sería un impensable retroceso de la humanidad al nivel de una especie biológica en lucha por su supervivencia colectiva, con la consecuente pérdida de fines históricos y decisiones libremente elegidas. Se analizan estas tesis críticamente y se evalúa su validez y sus consecuencias teóricas. (shrink)

Expropriation is a hotly debated issue in international investment law. This is the first study to provide a detailed analysis of its norm-theoretical dimension, setting out the theoretical foundations underlying its understanding in contemporary legal scholarship and practice. Jörg Kammerhofer combines a doctrinal discussion with a theoretical analysis of the structure of the law in this area, undertaking a novel approach that critically re-evaluates existing case-law and writings. His approach critiques the arguments for a single expropriation norm based on custom, (...) interpretation and arbitral precedents within international investment law, drawing also on generalist international legal thought, to show that both cosmopolitan and sovereigntist arguments are largely political, not legal. This innovative work will help scholars to understand the application of theory to investment law and help specialists in the field to improve their arguments. (shrink)

In konsequentialistischenKonsequentialismusTheorienEthikdeontologische (s. a. Pflichtenethik) hängt die moralische Richtigkeit oder Falschheit einer Handlung nur davon ab, wie gut oder schlecht ihre Konsequenzen (verglichen mit den Konsequenzen der anderen HandlungsalternativenKonsequentialismusHandlungskonsequentialismus) sind. Aus dieser definierenden Eigenschaft konsequentialistischer Theorien ergibt sich fast zwingend als weitere typische Eigenschaft die Maximierung des Guten, die in einer schwächeren Form als Maximierungserlaubnis und in einer stärkeren Form als Maximierungsgebot vertreten werden kann: Wenn die Richtigkeit einer Handlung nur von den Konsequenzen abhängt, liegt es nahe anzunehmen, dass es (...) niemals moralisch falsch und folglich immer moralisch erlaubt ist, die Handlung mit den besten Konsequenzen auszuführen. Diese Maximierungserlaubnis unterscheidet konsequentialistische Theorien insbesondere von deontologischen Theorien, in denen die Handlung mit den besten Konsequenzen oft verboten ist: Da in deontologischen Theorien die Richtigkeit nicht nur von den Konsequenzen, sondern auch von anderen Faktoren (z. B. der intrinsischen Schlechtheit bestimmter Handlungsweisen) abhängt, kann es Situationen geben, in denen ein solcher Faktor die Gutheit der Konsequenzen überwiegt und es deshalb verboten ist, die Handlung mit den besten Konsequenzen auszuführen. (shrink)

La investigaci n filos fica sobre el mundo tecnol gico constituye un verdadero imperativo tico de nuestro tiempo. el prop sito fundamental de este libro es contribuir a dicha tarea. Para ello, el autor se apoya en la exploraci n de las ideas de cinco pensadores que intentaron realizar un diagn stico y un pron stico global del mundo tecnol gico, y que advirtieron sobre la presencia de un riesgo mayor Para el futuro de una vida aut nticamente humana en (...) la tierra. (shrink)

This paper analyzes the institution of benefit payments from the constitutional economics point of view. Benefit payments cannot be legitimized only by the veil of uncertainty about the personal future income position. From the constitutional economics perspective, they are only justified if externalities of poverty as a genuine public good problem are taken into account. A system of public benefit payments raise up two problems: first it has to overcome the problem of free-riding with regard to transfer payments, and secondly (...) it should not provide incentives for the beneficiary to restrain the own efforts to work. Hence a double commitment is necessary: On the one hand, this commitment must regulate, in which way a citizen is engaged in the financing transfer payments, and on the other hand it has to include obligations for the potential recipients of the transfer payments to immediately return to working life. (shrink)

A partir de uma sugestão de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari – a de que todos os filósofos ocidentais terminaram construindo, no interregno do seu pensamento, personagens conceituais, uma espécie de assinatura do filósofo – este livro objetiva identificar esse traço a partir da obra de Michel Foucault. A tese em questão é que este autor não se enquadra em uma imagem única, como a do Juiz em Kant, ou a do sedutor em Kierkegaard, mas em uma imagem híbrida e (...) triádica, fazendo coro com muitos filósofos chamados de transversais e que se instalaram no horizonte de filosofias chamadas de pós-estruturalistas, como Deleuze. (shrink)

Every action decision made by an actor is preceded by a special definition of the situation that first structures the preferences and expectations from which the selection of an action proceeds in a second step. In a conception based on the ‚subjective expected utility‘ (SEU) Esser 1996 modelled the definition of a situation as a dual structure comprising two stages of selection: the selection of the model and the selection of the mode of information processing. In this paper it is (...) shown how a link to a threedimensional picture of the situation emerges from the formal assumptions of these two selection steps. Depending on the selected utility ratios this picture then represents the choice of the mode of information processing as a function of subjective probabilities. (shrink)

En estas páginas, Jorge Tamames relee a Karl Polanyi, Ernesto Laclau y Chantal Mouffe para analizar la historia política reciente de España y Estados Unidos.Así rastrea la evolución de los partidos y movimientos de izquierda desde los primeros días del neoliberalismo en la década de 1970, pasando por la crisis financiera de 2008 y el ciclo de protestas posterior a 2011, hasta la actualidad.La brecha y los cauces ofrece una mezcla necesaria de ideas teóricas, históricas y prácticas para los interesados (...) en el potencial radical del populismo de izquierdas. (shrink)

Lehren und Lernen, verstanden als komplexe Vermittlung und Verarbeitung von Inhalten, finden immer in räumlichen Kontexten statt, die hinderlich oder förderlich sein können. Diese Räume können von ganz verschiedener Art sein und sie müssen sich keineswegs auf den Hörsaal und Seminarraum beschränken. Der Sammelband, der aus zwei Symposien des Münchner-Dozierenden-Netzwerks in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 hervorgegangen ist, möchte diese Räume erkunden, medial reflektieren und zugleich neue Räume für die Lehre eröffnen. Folgende Fragen stehen dabei im Zentrum: Welche Lehr- und (...) Lernräume innerhalb und außerhalb der Hochschule haben sich bislang bewährt? Wo liegen ihre Grenzen, wo ihre Möglichkeiten? Wie lassen sich Lehr- und Lernräume gestalten? Welche Materialien, welche Technik und welche Medien haben sich bewährt oder bieten neue Möglichkeiten? Die Herausgebenden PD Dr. Jörg Noller lehrt Philosophie an der LMU München. Dr. Christina Beitz-Radzio ist Tierärztin und Trainerin (Sprachraum eG)und arbeitet im Studiendekanat der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der LMU München. Melanie Förg, M.A., promoviert in Philosophie an der Universität zu Kielund arbeitet an der Technischen Universität München (TUM) im Team der TUM Talent Factory. Dr. Sandra Eleonore Johst ist Philosophin, wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin der FernUniversität in Hagen und selbstständige Beraterin. Dr. Daniela Kugelmann ist akademische Oberrätin am Lehrstuhl für vegetative Anatomie und Zellbiologie an der LMU München. Dr. Sabrina Sontheimer ist freiberufliche Trainerin für Hochschuldidaktik, E-Learning, wissenschaftliches Schreiben und Kommunikation. Am Schreibzentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München ist sie für die Weiterbildung der Lehrenden zuständig. Dr. Sören Westerholz ist Biologe und lehrt am Biomedizinischen Centrum der LMU München. (shrink)

This book gathers an interdisciplinary group of thinkers to ask if intersubjective acts of relating can be transferred to artificial beings without remainder. Using the uncanny valley model developed by Masahiro Mori, this significant contribution to performance philosophy presents a clear framework to consider aesthetic experience beyond mimesis.