Most research studying the corporate social performance –corporate financial performance link has utilized developed country samples. Also, this literature has generally focused on a wide variety of industries, ignoring the fact that certain sectors – such as controversial industries – have graver social and environmental issues. Hence, a gap exists in this tradition when it comes to emerging markets and controversial industries. This paper attempts to fill this void by providing preliminary evidence and insight on the matter. Based on an (...) exploration in six Latin American countries and five controversial industries, we find a negative bidirectional association between CSP and CFP. These results tend to contradict the mainstream conclusion of a positive bidirectional link, suggesting that institutional and market-level forces play a major role in shaping this relationship. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende mostrar: 1) que la praxis filosófica epicúrea, con sus postulados conceptuales, és en gran medida aceptada por Nietzsche y afines a él; 2) que ese reconocimiento hacia Epicuro tiene que ver con su modelo de vida eudemonista, presentista y menos intelectualizante que el socrático-platónico; 3) que, aun desde la concepción nietzscheana de una cierta filosofía griega en cuanto vía de decadencia antiartística, el quehacer epicúreo se considera un programa de afirmación vital, capaz de soslayar en parte (...) el carácter opresivo de la racionalidad y de conciliar al ser humano con la felicidad y la plenitud corporales. Para ello, se esboza el tratamiento nietzscheano de Sócrates con su doble perspectiva; se estudia la propuesta de cuidado anímico que hizo el maestro de Platón, inspiradora de la filosofía helenística, cuando el griego se convierte en individuo y súbdito y se recluye en sí mismo; se investiga luego la presencia y la doble consideración de Epicuro en las obras de Nietzsche, y se analizan, por último, los rasgos notables del cuidado anímico epicúreo y su recepción valorativa por parte del filósofo alemán, tomando en consideración la filiación socrática y los puntos de convergencia o divergencia que muestran los programas filosóficos del tábano y del samio. (shrink)

This paper inquires the systematical consequences in the Nietzschean critics of the biological determination of life. We proposed an analysis about central topics of this determination: the finalism, the life and chaos. This approach allows us to relieve a systematical conception of what Nietzsche understands by “necessity”. This conception of necessity is not metaphysic in the traditional sense, but implies a subversion of all special metaphysic. Beyond this, it entails a critical to the transcendental and normative version, own of Kantian (...) thought, about the question of life. These confrontations seek to clarify the gnoseological and ontological areas put in check, on the status of the concept of life. (shrink)

Recension: LÓPEZ VIGIL, Maria; LÓPEZ VIGIL, José Ignacio. Just Jesus. New York: Crossroads, 1997. [LÓPEZ VIGIL, Maria; LÓPEZ VIGIL, José Ignacio. Un tal Jesús . Salamanca: Lóguez Ediciones, 1982] LÓPEZ VIGIL, Maria; LÓPEZ VIGIL, José Ignacio. Outro Dios es posible: 100 entrevistas exclusivas con Jesucristo en su segunda venida a la Tierra. Quito: Gráficas Silva, 2008.

A systematic effort to rethink Freud's theory of the unconscious, aiming to separate out the different forms of unconsciousness.

The Mondragon Corporation, a group of cooperatives, is a thriving example of how cooperatives can succeed. The authors describe six features of the corporation and five 'successful cooperative actions' that they consider to be crucial in explaining its accomplishments. Both the specific features and the successful actions are contrasted with those of standard capitalist companies, to show how this case is unique in the field of corporate organization and management. Through a combination of democratic principles, the values of solidarity, and (...) strong competitiveness, Mondragon has simultaneously achieved both efficiency and equity and has become an alternative to the organizational and governance models of traditional capitalist firms. (shrink)

There are two different notions of seed at work in the Generation of Animals: seed as the spermatic residue, which concerns only the male and the female generative contributions, and seed as the kuêma and first mixture of the two generative contributions. The latter is a notion of seed common to plants and animals. The passage in GA I.18, 724b12–22 where Aristotle distinguishes between these two notions of seed has been mistakenly discredited as inauthentic or simply as irrelevant for understanding (...) the seeds of animals. On the other hand, recent studies have rather focused on the seed as spermatic residue, paying little attention to the notion of seed as kuêma. In this paper I defend the authenticity and relevance of this passage and show how understanding the notion of seed as kuêma is essential to have a complete picture of Aristotle’s account of seed. This common notion of seed makes sense of Aristotle’s otherwise puzzling use of the word “sperma” to designate the seeds of plants, the kuêma, the fertilized eggs, and the first mixture of the two generative contributions. It also proves helpful in determining what the word ‘sperma’ stands for in key passages, such as Metaph. IX.7. (shrink)

In this essay we argue that the notion of machine necessarily includes its being designed for a purpose. Therefore, being a mechanical system is not enough for being a machine. Since the experimental scientific method excludes any consideration of finality on methodological grounds, it is then also insufficient to fully understand what machines are. Instead in order to understand a machine it is first required to understand its purpose, along with its structure, in clear parallel with Aristotle’s final and formal (...) causes. Obviously, purpose and structure are not machine components that can physically interact with other components; nonetheless they are essential to understanding their operation. This casts an interesting light on the relationship between mind and body: for just as an artifact’s finality and structure explain its operation, so also consciousness is the explanation—not the efficient cause—of specifically human behavior. What machines and human beings have in common is that, in order to understand them, it is necessary to appeal to the principle of finality. Yet while finality is given and extrinsic in the case of machines, we human beings are characterized by the ability to self-propose our own ends. Since the principle of finality is essential to understanding the production of machines, the traditional view in modern Western philosophy that finality lies beyond the scope of objective/scientific knowledge should be rectified to allow for a genuine science of the artificial. We think a correct understanding of final causality will overcome current resistance to this principle. (shrink)

In his influential paper Legal Reasons, Sources and Gaps' reprinted in The Authority of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), Raz says that legal gaps only exist when law speaks with uncertain voice or when it speaks with many voices, but there are no gaps when law is silent. In this later case, rules of closure, which are analytically true, prevent from the occurrence of gaps. According to Raz, if there is a gap in a legal system, then both the (...) claim that there is a conclusive legal reason to perform a certain action, and its negation are neither true nor false. Therefore, one of the Raz's most important contributions to the solution of the problem of legal gaps is to remark that legal discourse is not altogether governed by the principle of bivalence. However, philosophers often claim that the denial of bivalence leads to a logical inconsistency. If this claim were true, then Raz's solution to the problem of gaps would be seriously threatened. In this paper we show ‐ with the aid of a sophisticated analytical tool, i.e. von Wright's Truth Logic ‐ that the rejection of bivalence only commits us to accept the trivial conclusion that propositions can lack truth‐values. For this reason, Raz's paper can still be regarded as a good starting‐point for analyzing the relationships among norms, practical reasoning and legal gaps. However, we also show that in order to admit propositions which are neither true nor false, Raz's theses must be reformulated. Otherwise, the claim that there is no gap when law is silent would not be compatible with the rejection of bivalence. (shrink)

The concept of Smart Healthy Age-Friendly Environments (SHAFE) emphasises the comprehensive person-centred experience as essential to promoting living environments. SHAFE takes an interdisciplinary approach, conceptualising complete and multidisciplinary solutions for an inclusive society. From this approach, we promote participation, health, and well-being experiences by finding the best possible combinations of social, physical, and digital solutions in the community. This initiative emerged bottom-up in Europe from the dream and conviction that innovation can improve health equity, foster caring communities, and sustainable development. (...) Smart, adaptable, and inclusive solutions can promote and support independence and autonomy throughout the lifespan, regardless of age, gender, disabilities, cultural differences, and personal choices, as well as promote happier and fairer living places. The New European Bauhaus initiative gathers “beautiful, sustainable, and inclusive projects and ideas” to inspire a positive transformation around us. The New European Bauhaus 2024 Festival took place between 9-13 April. “Designing the perfect New European Bauhaus neighbourhood: New European Bauhaus meets SHAFE” was a Satellite Event of the Festival, held as an online workshop, organised by the SHAFE Foundation on April 9th, 2024. At the event, a group of 50 participants with a multidisciplinary background discussed how to meet the challenges of the European Garcia family to enable them to live in a perfect neighbourhood. The White Paper presents the findings of the participants with the New European Bauhaus inspiring projects and ideas to house the European Garcia family in their neighbourhood. The White Paper recommends developers, designers, planners, and policymakers to include person-centred design of social and physical environments and technologies. Although awareness of person-centred design is growing, many initiatives still hamper the inclusion of citizens or end-users throughout the development of products and services. (shrink)

This article begins with Feuerbach’s critique of religion in order to recover the humanist sense of such critique, which is more than an affirmation of atheism or a denial of God’s existence, it is a defense of dignity and freedom Human. Throughout this study Feuerbach’s thinking is placed beyond the discussion between atheism and theism, establishing a dialogue that set aside the limitations of this dichotomy. In the history of philosophy, the importance of Feuerbach’s thought for the later philosophy of (...) suspicion has been emphasized, but in this case a less explored path is followed: his relation to dialogical thinking and the religion of love. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza el fenómeno migratorio intrarregional abordando dinámicas de inclusión social informal al interior del sistema laboral. A partir del análisis de 32 relatos de vida a inmigrantes peruanos que han ascendido laboralmente en Chile, se propone que la baja ubicación de peruanos en el sistema de estratificación social chileno, condiciona su grado de dependencia a una inclusión informal al sistema laboral. Sin embargo, como efecto de la regularización de su estatus migratorio, del mayor conocimiento del campo laboral y (...) de la formalización de su capital social, es posible el despliegue de reacciones agenciales en función de una trayectoria ascendente en el mercado del trabajo. (shrink)

La solidaridad, entendida como una operación social y comunicativa destinada a mantener la cohesión de las personas en el marco de la sociedad moderna, pone en evidencia la permanencia de un orden social estratificado que produce exclusión de ciertos derechos sociales. El presente artículo, intenta discutir más a fondo esta definición ofreciendo un análisis empírico y multidimensional de las conductas solidarias en Chile. Mediante análisis bivariados y de MANOVA de los datos de la “Encuesta de solidaridad 2010” (N=1389) generada por (...) el centro de medición MIDE UC de la Pontificia Universidad Católica, llegamos a la conclusión que existen ciertas variables del esquema de estratificación social que en la actualidad predicen y direccionan la orientación de la solidaridad en Chile. Esto sugiere que la solidaridad no solamente responde a una esquematización estratificada de la sociedad moderna, sino además agrega que diferentes ejes de estratificación social influencian las dimensiones de la solidaridad. (shrink)

Althought is an autor today not much readed, Lukács give us some theoretical implements too valuables. Exactly in his monumental Aestheticss sketch the idea that the religiosity constitues a specific orientation or vital attitude wich rise, bur without surprass, the forms of thought peculiar of the everyday life, with its characteristic pragmatism of short reach and it’s view of the world as teleologyly orientated in relation with the subject. Similar thesis suppose to send the religious phenomenon to certain anthropological needs, (...) beyond any sociological reductionism, but at the same time, to become aware of the coyuntural and surmontable nature of such needs, front to any essentialist conception about the human nature. By itself, its theory is capable of combine with that of the autors very differents, such as Jean Piaget and his vision of the cognitive rise as an incessant surmounting of the egocentrical tendency. (shrink)

It may be quite rightly stated that the EFQM Model of the European Foundation for Quality Management is the basic reference model for those organisations whose aim is to achieve excellence. It offers an integral and integrating approach to the most relevant dimensions of the reality of the organisation and permits the establishment of framework that is both objective and rigorous and based on a structured diagnosis. The EFQM Excellence Model is based on a humanist approach that situates the client (...) (in all aspects/senses) as the centre and ultimate reason of the activity of the organisation, emphasizing the role of the latter as a responsible member of the community. An ethical approach is therefore adopted as the best way to serve the long-term interest of the organisation and the people that integrate it (as well as their sustainability in time), exceeding expectations and the policy of society in general. This article analyses in depth, and from the point of view of ethics (one of the key aspects in the search for excellence), the possible ethical implications in the deployment of the nine basic criteria of the EFM Excellence Model which facilitate the understanding of the most relevant dimensions of the reality of an organisation. (shrink)

Es wird versucht, die Camapsche Definitions- und Begriffslehre darzustellen, die er bei der Entwicklung seiner Konstitutionstheorie aufstellte. Camap unterscheidet zwei Hauptteile der Definitions- und Begriffslehre: den Abschnitt, der zum Konstitutionssystem gehört, und den Abschnitt, der nicht dazu gehört. Die Definitionslehre besteht wiederum aus zwei zentralen Definitionsarten: der Strukturbeschreibung, mit der das Konstitutionssystem aufgebaut wird, und der impliziten Definition, die außerhalb des Konstitutionssystems steht. Auch die Begriffslehre läßt sich in zwei Hauptgruppen unterteilen: in die eigentlichen Begriffe, die die Begriffe des Konstitutionssystems (...) bilden, und in die uneigentlichen, die nicht zum Konstitutionssystem gehören. (shrink)

Respect for human life is central to medicine. In terminal patients, refractory symptoms are a niche of palliative sedation. This paper identi es, based on scienti c evidence, the survival in patients who received palliative sedation as compared to those who didn’t. We conducted a search for systematic reviews from 2000 to 2016, which were methodologically analyzed, and the results were then compared. For methodological reasons, meta-analysis could not be performed. It is concluded that terminal palliative sedation does not shorten (...) patients’ lives. The implementation of the principle of double effect related to the possible shortening of life was reformulated; the unwanted evil is the loss of consciousness. (shrink)

A commentary on “Models of Consent to Return of Incidental Findings in Genomic Research,” by Paul S. Appelbaum, Erik Parens, Cameron R. Waldman, Robert Klitzman, Abby Fyer, Josue Martinez, W. Nicholson Price II, and Wendy K. Chung, in the July‐August 2014 issue.

Se muestra cómo K. Marx establece en el marxismo y en la filosofía política en general una ambivalencia constitutiva entre la crítica y la imaginación política, pues desarrolla un realismo político que derrumba los artificios del idealismo al denunciar los intereses dominantes que lo sostienen, y que constituye una nueva figura del presente. En El Capital y en los Grundrisse lleva a cabo un desmontaje de las apariencias del mundo de las mercancías, y al mismo tiempo indica cómo los montajes (...) colectivos constituyen la manera en que la realidad y la praxis proletaria no pueden dejar de aparecer. The article shows how K. Marx stablishes a constitutive ambivalence between critique and political imagination in Marxism and in political philosophy in general, for he develops a political realism which overthrows idealism's artifices as he denounces the dominant interests which support it. In this way, he reveals a new figure from the present. In Capital and the Grundrisse, he carries out a disassembly of the world of merchandises' appearances and at the same time, he points out how the collective assemblies constitute the way in which reality and proletarian praxis can not stop appearing. This constitutes a big problem which is waiting to be resolved by political theory an practice. (shrink)

This textbook for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of Evolutionary Game Theory covers recent developments in the field, with an emphasis on economic contexts and applications. It begins with the basic ideas as they originated within the field of theoretical biology and then proceeds to the formulation of a theoretical framework that is suitable for the study of social and economic phenomena from an evolutionary perspective. Core topics include the Evolutionary Stable Strategy and Replicator Dynamics, deterministic dynamic models, and stochastic (...) perturbations. A set of short appendices presents some of the technical material referred to in the main text. Evolutionary theory is widely viewed as one of the most promising appraoches to understanding bounded rationality, learning, and change in complex social environments. New avenues of research are suggested by Vega-Redondo, and plentiful exmples illustrate the theory's potential applications. The recent boom experienced by this dscipline makes the book's systematic presentation of its essential contributions vital reading for newcomer to the field. (shrink)

Dieser Band enthält die vier Arbeiten Freges: Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildeten Formelsprache, 1879; Anwendungen der Begriffsschrift, 1879; Über den Briefwechsel Leibnizens und Huggens mit Papin, 1881; Über den Zweck der Begriffsschrift, 1883; Über die wissenschaftliche Berechtigung einer Begriffsschrift, 1882. Frege's research work in the field of mathematical logic is of great importance for the present-day analytic philosophy. We actually owe to Frege a great amount of basical insight and exemplary research, which set up a new standard also in other (...) fields of knowledge. As the founder of mathematical logic he severely examindes the syllogisms on which arithmetic is built up. In doing so, Frege recognized that our colloquial language is inadequate to define logic structures. His notional language corresponded to the artaivicial logical language demandes by Leibniz. Frege's achievement in the field of logic were so important, that they radiated into the domain of philosophy and influenced the development of mathematical logic decisively. (shrink)

L. Polo es un buen maestro, más preocupado por descubrir la verdad que por ser entendido. Su pensar es paciente, la atención, concentrada. Mantiene la congruencia entre el nivel del método cognoscitivo que emplea y los temas reales conocidos que estudia. En él destacan tres cualidades: la audacia en el buscar, la convivencia con la verdad y la apertura universal al saber.

We propose a semiotic framework to underpin a posthumanist philosophy of education, as contrasted to technological determinism. A recent approach to educational processes as semiotic phenomena lends itself as a philosophy to understand the current interplay between education and technology. This view is aligned with the transhumanist movement to defend techno-scientific progress as fundamental to human development. Particularly, we adopt a semiotic approach to education to tackle certain tensions in current debates on the human. Transhumanism scholars share the optimistic belief (...) that there is no limit to how the ethical use of technology can help alleviate suffering and increase our health and wisdom. From this perspective, it appears possible to acquire capacities that require rethinking the notion of human altogether. For others, this undermining of essentialist concepts of humanity entails serious risks, especially related to ethical egalitarianism. We adopte the perspective of edusemiotics, a framework that brings together semiotics, educational theory and philosophy of education. As a theoretical-practical framework, edusemiotics affords a hermeneutic and semiotic method for our approach. Peirce’s logic of signs is used to analyze socio- educational interactions as environmental. We observe two lines of thought. On the one hand, technological transhumanism enhances Cartesian mind–body dualism. On the other hand, philosophical posthumanism seeks to overcome this dichotomy. The former proposal construes human transformation as an artifactualization derived from techno-scientific enhancements. The latter position proposes an integrative posthumanism, capable not only to include edusemiotic theory but also to rethink the concept of learning as mutual to that of human. (shrink)

Fichte’s hostility towards Napoleon, as expressed in his lectures of 1813 on the theory of the state, has its origin at the level of principles, and his always very strong admiration for the figure of Napoleon is at the same time so negatively loaded, that Napoleon becomes for Fichte something like an arch-enemy, the enemy par excellence. Napoleon has turned the old European political world upside down in favor of a re-structuration of this order according to the principles of the (...) French Revolution. This is, at least, how Napoleon was seen by the traditional powers that he had caused to fall or that he had shaken them with lasting political and historical consequences. Goethe, Hegel and Fichte have seen him in this perspective with very different attitudes. In this context, Fichte’s hostility towards Napoleon can be considered, at least partially, as a hostility towards the principles of the Revolution. But if these principles represent something like the normative self-understanding of political modernity at all, then the political philosophy of Fichte can be understood as strongly critical to these principles, if not simply as reactionary. It is worthwhile to consider why such a critical and even reactionary position can be derived in a completely consistent way from this philosophy, which has as its center a radicalized concept of freedom, and which at the beginning had even welcomed the outbreak of the Revolution.Die Feindschaft Fichtes gegen Napoleon, so wie sie später in seinen Vorlesungen von 1813 über die Staatslehre Ausdruck findet ist eine Feindschaft, die ihren Ursprung auf der Ebene von Grundsätzen hat, und die die immer sehr starke Bewunderung Fichtes für die Figur von Napoleon so negativ belastet, dass dieser am Ende zwar zu einem tief bewunderten, aber auch zu einem prinzipiellen Erzfeind wird. Nun hat Napoleon die alte europäische politische Welt auf den Kopf gestellt zugunsten einer Umstrukturierung dieser Ordnung nach den Prinzipien der französischen Revolution. So wenigstens ist Napoleon von den traditionellen Mächten, mit denen er sich auseinandergesetzt und die er zum Sturz oder ins Schwanken gebracht hat, empfunden worden. Und so haben Hegel, Goethe und auch Fichte ihn gesehen. Die Feindschaft Fichtes gegen Napoleon muss sich also zumindest teilweise als eine Feindschaft gegen die Prinzipien der Revolution verstehen lassen. Wenn aber diese Prinzipien so etwas wie die normative Selbstauffassung der politischen Moderne überhaupt bestimmen, dann ist die politische Philosophie Fichtes sehr kritisch zu dieser Selbstauffassung oder einfach reaktionär. Und es lohnt sich zu prüfen, warum gerade aus dieser Philosophie, in deren Mittelpunkt ein radikalisierter Begriff von Freiheit steht und die am Anfang den Aufbruch der Revolution sogar begrüßt hat, eine so kritische oder gar reaktionäre Einstellung, und zwar auf eine sehr konsequente Weise sich ergibt. (shrink)

Es casi un lugar común de la sintaxis griega el aludir a la polifuncionalidad de la conjunción de subordinación ὡς, de tantos como son sus empleos. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos plantear su construcción con valor final en Homero, con la mera intención de exponer los datos de que disponemos con la prevención y el rigor debidos, para así contrastarlos con las teorías a propósito del carácter de dicha construcción.

Legaz Lacamba, L. José Ignacio de Alcorta, filósofo de nuestro tiempo.--Semblanza del profesor Alcorta.--Rodríguez Resina, A. El realismo trascendental, introducción a la filosofía de J. I. de Alcorta.