Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, EarlyView.

We discuss the social-epistemic aspects of Catherine Elgin’s theory of reflective equilibrium and understanding and argue that it yields an argument for the view that a crucial social-epistemic function of epistemic authorities is to foster understanding in their communities. We explore the competences that enable epistemic authorities to fulfil this role and argue that among them is an epistemic virtue we call “epistemic empathy”.

Arguments for or against a trend in the evolution of complexity are weakened by the lack of an unambiguous definition of complexity. Such definitions abound for both dynamical systems and biological organisms, but have drawbacks of either a conceptual or a practical nature. Physical complexity, a measure based on automata theory and information theory, is a simple and intuitive measure of the amount of information that an organism stores, in its genome, about the environment in which it evolves. It is (...) argued that physical complexity must increase in molecular evolution of asexual organisms in a single niche if the environment does not change, due to natural selection. It is possible that complexity decreases in co‐evolving systems as well as at high mutation rates, in sexual populations, and in time‐dependent landscapes. However, it is reasoned that these factors usually help, rather than hinder, the evolution of complexity, and that a theory of physical complexity for co‐evolving species will reveal an overall trend towards higher complexity in biological evolution. BioEssays 24:1085–1094, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

ArgumentDrawing and writing number among the most widespread scientific practices of representation. Neither photography, graphic recording apparatuses, typewriters, nor digital word- and image-processing ever completely replaced drawing and writing by hand. The interaction of hand, paper, and pen indeed involves much more than simply recording or visualizing what was previously thought, observed, or imagined. Both writing and drawing have the power to translate concepts and observations into two-dimensional, manageable, reproducible objects. They help to develop research questions and they open up (...) an interaction between the gathering of phenomena and the formation of theses. Related to the manifold studies of representational activities in the sciences and the humanities, this topical issue tries to refine our understanding of the capacities of drawing and writing as research techniques; i.e. as productive epistemic practices. In particular the contributions address three aspects: the material conditions and configurations of the “scene of drawing and writing,” the involved procedures of production, and the languages of inscription. (shrink)

Humans’ attitudes towards an event often vary depending on whether the event has already happened or has yet to take place. The dread felt at the thought of a forthcoming examination turns into relief once it is over. People also value past events less than future ones – offering less pay for work already carried out than for the same work to be carried out in the future, as recent research in psychology shows. This volume brings together philosophers and psychologists (...) with a shared interest in such psychological past/future asymmetries. It asks questions such as: What different kinds of psychological past/future asymmetries are there, and how are they related? Under what conditions do humans exhibit them? To what extent do they reflect features of time itself, or particular beliefs people have about time? Are they rational, or at least rationally permissible, or should we aspire to being temporally neutral? What exactly does temporal neutrality consist in? (shrink)

Assertion is the central vehicle for the sharing of knowledge. Whether knowledge is shared successfully often depends on the quality of assertions: good assertions lead to successful knowledge sharing, while bad ones don't. In Sharing Knowledge, Christoph Kelp and Mona Simion investigate the relation between knowledge sharing and assertion, and develop an account of what it is to assert well. More specifically, they argue that the function of assertion is to share knowledge with others. It is this function that (...) supports a central norm of assertion according to which a good assertion is one that has the disposition to generate knowledge in others. The book uses this functionalist approach to motivate further norms of assertion on both the speaker and the hearer side and investigates ramifications of this view for other questions about assertion. (shrink)

D’après Henri de Lubac, « l’interprétation spirituelles des Livres saints n’apportait pas, si l’on peut dire, un surplus au capital religieux déjà possédé mais elle entrait pour une part essentielle dans la constitution de ce capital ». Cette affirmation généalogique et théologique ne vaut pas seulement pour l’exégèse patristique mais se fraie aussi son chemin au sein de l’exégèse critique moderne et contemporaine. Or, cette dernière suppose la distinction entra la Bible comme « classique » ou livre matriciel de la (...) culture européenne et l’Écriture sainte comme livre de l’Église. Une nouvelle « théorie » des sens devra tenir compte de cette différence fondamentale de deux points de vue et retracer, sans vouloir les unifier dans une vision englobante, l’itinéraire de « conversion » qui conduit de l’un à l’autre. Elle pourra dès lors distinguer un sens culturel ou anthropologique, un sens messianique ou christologique et un sens proprement théologique.According to Henri de Lubac, “the spiritual interpretation of the Holy Books did not add, if one might put it thus, anything more to the religious capital already there, but it did contribute in an essential way to the way this capital was made up.” This genealogical and theological statement is not only valid for Patristic exegesis, but also has its place within modern and contemporary critical exegesis. The latter implies a distinction between the Bible as a “classic” or matricial book in European culture and Holy Scripture as the book of the Church. Any “new” theory of meaning will have to take into account the fundamental difference between two points of view and outline – without attempting to unify them in an encompassing vision – the path of “conversion” leading from one to the other. Such a theory will then be able to distinguish a cultural or anthropological meaning, a Messianic or Christological meaning and a specifically theological meaning. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung Mittels empirischer Analysen wird die Dynamik der Sportnachfrage im Lebenslauf untersucht. Dabei stechen vier Charakteristika hervor, die den bisherigen Forschungsstand ergänzen: Es kann nicht mehr generell davon gesprochen werden, dass Frauen im aktiven Sport unterrepräsentiert sind. Vielmehr sind Frauen im mittleren Erwachsenenalter häufiger regelmäßig sportlich aktiv als Männer. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Forschungsergebnissen konnte ein deutlicher Wandel der sportartbezogenen Nachfrage im Lebenslauf ermittelt werden. Die zunächst dominierende Nachfrage nach Spielsportarten wird im Lebenslauf abgelöst von einer Nachfrage nach Fitness-Sport und (...) anschließend von einer Nachfrage nach Gesundheitssport. Damit einher gehen auch unterschiedliche Präferenzen in der Institutionenwahl. Der Sportverein stellt nur bei Jugendlichen die wichtigste Organisationsform sportlicher Aktivität dar. Ab dem frühen Erwachsenenalter wird das informelle Sportengagement zur bevorzugten Organisationsform sportlichen Engagements. Im Vergleich zu 1985 ist die Sportnachfrage bei allen Alters- und Geschlechtsgruppen deutlich angestiegen. Besonders markant ist diese Entwicklung für Frauen über 55 Jahre. Periodeneffekte beeinflussen somit die Sportnachfrage im Lebenslauf merklich. (shrink)

Buildings are frequently described as ambiguous and, indeed, they often involve the ambivalence associated with ambiguous symbols. In this paper, I develop a theory of architectural ambiguity within the framework of a Goodmanian symbol theory. Based upon Israel Scheffler’s study of verbal and pictorial ambiguity, I present a theory of denotational ambiguity of buildings which distinguishes four types of ambiguity: elementary ambiguity, interpretation-ambiguity, multiple meaning and metaphor, which proves to be a special case of multiple meaning. Denotationally ambiguous buildings are (...) exceptions, because buildings usually exemplify rather than denote. I therefore add a theory of exemplificational ambiguity. The crucial distinction between mere multiple exemplification and genuine exemplificational ambiguity leads to two versions of each of the first three types of ambiguity. The resulting extension of Goodman’s symbol theory is of interest beyond architecture. (shrink)

This volume celebrates the work of Hans-Johann Glock, a philosopher renowned for both his exegesis of Wittgenstein and his many contributions to debates in contemporary philosophy. It brings together 16 new essays by up-and-coming and distinguished philosophers engaging with Glock’s work, and it concludes with a "Reflections and Replies" chapter in which Glock responds to his interlocutors. -/- Glock’s distinctive philosophical voice features a rare combination of a Wittgenstein-inspired approach with a willingness to break away from Wittgenstein to tackle problems (...) in an open-minded way. The broad selection of essays included in this volume reflects Glock’s wide-ranging philosophical interests and demonstrates the potential of applying Wittgensteinian insights to advance current systematic debates in philosophy. The chapters discuss Wittgenstein’s philosophy, metaphilosophy, truth and language, animal minds and agency, and reasons and normativity. (shrink)

In the only surviving fragment of Bruttedius Niger’s historical work the Romans deplore Cicero’s death; collectively they pronounce the funeral speech of the pater patriae and tell each other that “there is no part of the Forum which is not sealed by some traces of one of his famous speeches”. This article contextualizes the fragment and offers a new interpretation of it. First it gives an overview of Cicero’s visual presence in early imperial Rome, especially focussing on his house as (...) a symbolic place. In a second step, it argues that Bruttedius creates a lieu de mémoire of Cicero on the Forum, which Augustus had just transformed into a symbolic space for his dynasty. Against recent interpretations, which stress the subversive potential of Bruttedius’ description, this article argues that the Tiberian historian follows Augustus’ attempt to turn the Forum into a symbolic space for synchronous and diachronous consensus. Cicero’s presence on the forum fits this strategy: he is turned into a kind of predecessor of Augustus and thus into political symbol for the republic’s alleged sublimation in the new imperial era. (shrink)

In March 2008, the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC) has passed an important, even though preliminary, decision concerning data retention. The GFCC’s decision accepts the storage of data, but greatly restricts their use to serious offenses like murder and organized crime. From an ethical point of view, it is particularly interesting to look at the justification given by the GFCC, which relies heavily on the argument that the “impartiality” (Unbefangenheit) of communication will be thoroughly damaged if feelings of being watched (...) spread in a society. This argument is examined in view of two contrasting theoretical approaches: Discourse ethics and evolutionary contractarian theory. (shrink)

This article discusses the question whether modern societies require some kind of a social glue in order to remain stable. This social glue (termed the ‘moral surplus’) is regarded as a moral capacity or capability which goes beyond the individual quest for advantages and benefits. Four positions in contemporary social philosophy which postulate a moral surplus are discussed and criticized: J. Habermas, J. Rawls, D. Gauthier and K. Binmore. The conception of order ethics is outlined as an alternative view which (...) abandons the idea of a moral surplus. (shrink)