The paper begins with the prerequisite assumption that social deprivation is a fragile and porous category. Thus, our hypothesis is, that how people are affected by the restrictions against the spreading of the coronavirus is often discussed in far too general and simplistic terms. It is often taken as a given, that the virus and the restriction measures not only have caused severe difficulties for us all (due to social distancing, fear, affected health, etc.), but that the measures have exacerbated (...) already previously existing forms of social deprivation. Therefore, it is assumed that marginalized groups are particularly affected by these effects of the pandemic. Two major German studies show the alleged effects of the relevant measures on adolescents and emerging adults (COPSY and FIBS) against the backdrop of social and economic deprivation; their results confirmed that social deprivation entails a higher degree of being affected by the pandemic.However, this picture becomes thwarted by considering the results of 10 narrative interviews, that were conducted by us with emerging adults in a German vocational training institute between April and August 2021 and showed variegated forms of experiencing issues related to the pandemic. In our analysis, we used the method of objective hermeneutics. In this paper, we present our considerations by outlining two contrastive experiences with the Covid-19 pandemic, in order to highlight the divergent ways in which the pandemic has been experienced even among individuals who previously had been affected by social deprivation – at least at first glance – in similar ways. The conceptual lens through which we interpret these two examples is, firstly, the one of precariousness and precarity (Butler 2009). And secondly, the concept of recognition derived from Honneth’s pertinent theory and Butler’s account of recognizability will play a pivotal role. While Honneth’s approach allows us to emphasize the normative and existential role of the fulfilment of our basic desire for recognition and the detrimental implications of disregard, Butler provides us with the means to thoroughly analyse the socio-historical conditions of misrecognition and social invisibility. Moreover, Butler focuses specifically on the recognizability of precariousness (Honneth’s triad of love, being respected as a rights bearer and solidarity shows a different focus). Combining qualitative research on precarious live circumstances with a theoretical perspective on recognition can also be found in a stunning research on couples in atypical working relations (Wimbauer and Motakef 2019). Proceeding from these theories and ‘applying’ them to our empirical material, we seek to call into question a too generalizing and hegemonic picture of how people were affected by pertinent restrictions. Qualitative interviews are able to point us to significant differences in the experience of the restrictions.In terms of an outlook, we suggest that a sensitization for previously excluded kinds of experiences forms a crucial basis for a less normalizing, that is, more inclusive account of interpreting the affectedness and needs of variegated social groups; the pandemic has influenced and altered structures of the recognition of vulnerability and, by the same token, made them more explicit. It thus is an occasion for a critical engagement with the recognizability of needs, deprivation, discrimination, and related phenomena. (shrink)

Burkhard Nonnenmacher analysiert Kants Verhältnisbestimmung von Vernunft und Glaube von Grund auf, stellt Kants fundamentaltheologische Weichenstellungen dar und zeigt, zu welchen materialdogmatischen Konsequenzen diese führen. Der Autor fragt, welche methodologischen Probleme in Kants Entwurf enthalten sind und was diese für die Systematische Theologie der Gegenwart bedeuten.

Lange Zeit hielt sich der westliche Mensch für besonders frei und autonom. Menschen anderer Kulturen hingegen beschrieb und beurteilte er oft als gefangen in verwandtschaftlichen, sozialen, kulturellen, wirtschaftlichen, religiösen und politischen Zwängen. In seinen Essays hinterfragt Burkhard Schnepel dieses Selbst- und Fremdbild. So bricht er die damit einhergehenden Verzerrungen des 'exotischen' und 'orientalischen' Anderen auf. Der Autor betrachtet unterschiedliche Manifestationen und Typen von Personen in Afrika, Indien und in der Welt des Indischen Ozeans. Neben Königen, Narren und Träumern stellt (...) er auch den Tänzer und den Touristen in den Blickpunkt seiner ethnologischen Untersuchungen. (shrink)

Laut Hegel muss jede Darstellung des Absoluten als Selbstdarstellung begriffen werden. Doch was heißt das? Dass das Absolute überhaupt nur als sich Manifestierendes begriffen werden kann? Und wenn ja, welche Konsequenzen hat das für den Begriff des Absoluten? Burkhard Nonnenmacher zeigt, welche Antwort Hegels Logik und reifes System auf diese Fragen entwickeln.

This article compares Sartre’s and Blumenberg’s theoretical approaches to the phenomena of shame and human attention, especially with reference to Sartre’s ontological and Blumenberg’s anthropological notion of visibility. In Sartre’s ontological view, our visibility as such gives rise to shame whereas Blumenberg maintains that this phenomenon can be adequately dealt with only with respect to specific (and contingent) anthropological conditions. Consequently, Blumenberg’s post-phenomenological philosophy of human visibility does not proceed any longer ‘back to the things themselves’. Instead, it draws on (...) anthropological descriptions of what it means to become visible in our mundane existence. In this respect, everything depends on our attention and on our attention to attention as such. (shrink)

Proliferation of data processing and data storage devices in the Internet of Things poses significant privacy risks. At the same time, faster and faster use-cycles and obsolescence of devices with electronic components causes environmental problems. Some of the solutions to the environmental challenges of e-waste include mandatory recycling schemes as well as informal second hand markets. However, the data security and privacy implications of these green policies are as yet badly understood. This paper argues that based on the experience with (...) second hand markets in desktop computers, it is very likely that data that was legitimately collected under the household exception of the Data Protection Directive will “leak” into public spheres. Operators of large recycling schemes may find themselves inadvertently and unknowingly to be data controller for the purpose of Data Protection law, private resale of electronic devices can expose the prior owner to significant privacy risks. (shrink)

Definition of the problem: In Germany, clinical ethics is still in the state of development. Ethics consultation is very new and rare in the clinical setting in German university hospitals. Therefore this paper describes the clinical ethics activities at the Medical Center of Philipps University, Marburg, regard to ethics consultation in a case report. Clinical ethics rounds at the Surgical Intensive Care Unit are organized according to the theory and practice of the ethics consultation service at the Medical Center of (...) the University of Virginia, established by J.C. Fletcher, F.G. Miller and J.J. Fins. (shrink)

We present a necessary and sufficient condition for the embeddability of a finite principally decomposable lattice into the computably enumerable degrees preserving greatest element.

We investigate homomorphisms of degree structures with various relations, functions and constants. Our main emphasis is on pseudolattices, i.e., partially ordered sets with a join operation and relations simulating the meet operation. We show that there are no finite quotients of the pseudolattice of degrees or of the pseudolattice of degrees 0′, but that many finite distributive lattices are pseudolattice quotients of the pseudolattice of computably enumerable degrees.

We seek an evolutionary explanation for why in some situations humans maintain either optimistic or pessimistic attitudes toward uncertainty and are ignorant to relevant aspects of their environment. Players in strategic games face Knightian uncertainty about opponents’ actions and maximize individually their Choquet expected utility with respect to neo-additive capacities allowing for both an optimistic or pessimistic attitude toward uncertainty as well as ignorance to strategic dependencies. An optimist overweighs good outcomes. A complete ignorant never reacts to opponents’ changes of (...) actions. We focus on sub- and supermodular aggregative games and provide monotone comparative statics w.r.t. optimism/pessimism. With qualifications, we show that in finite populations, optimistic complete ignorance is evolutionary stable and yields a strategic advantage in submodular games with aggregate externalities. Moreover, this evolutionary stable preference leads to Walrasian behavior in these classes of games. (shrink)

The influence of background music on cognitive functions is still a matter of debate. In this study, we investigated the influence of background music on executive functions (particularly on inhibitory functions). Participants completed a standardized cued Go/NoGo task during three different conditions while an EEG was recorded (1: with no background music, 2: with relaxing or 3: with exciting background music). In addition, we collected reaction times, omissions, and commissions in response to the Go and NoGo stimuli. From the EEG (...) data, event-related potentials (ERPs) were calculated for the Go and NoGo trials. From these ERPs, the N2 and P3 components were specifically analyzed since previous studies have shown that these components (and particularly the Go-NoGo difference waves) are strongly associated with inhibitory functions. The N2 and P3 components of the difference waves (N2d and P3d) were used for statistical analyses. The statistical analyses revealed no differences between the three conditions in terms of amplitudes and latencies of the N2d and P3d components. In addition, reaction times, omissions, and commissions were comparable across all conditions. Our results suggest that in the context of this paradigm, music as background acoustic stimulation has no detrimental effects on the performance of a Go/NoGo task and neural underpinnings. (shrink)

There is now a renewed concern for moral psychology among moral philosophers. Moreover, contemporary philosophers interested in virtue, moral responsibility and moral progress regularly refer to Plato and Aristotle, the two founding fathers of ancient ethics. The book contains eleven chapters by distinguished scholars which showcase current research in Greek ethics. Four deal with Plato, focusing on the Protagoras, Euthydemus, Symposium and Republic, and discussing matters of literary presentation alongside the philosophical content. The four chapters on Aristotle address problems such (...) as the doctrine of the mean, the status of rules, equity and the tension between altruism and egoism in Aristotelian eudaimonism. A contrast to classical Greek ethics is presented by two chapters reconstructing Epicurus' views on the emotions and moral responsibility as well as on moral development. The final chapter on personal identity in Empedocles shows that the concern for moral progress is already palpable in Presocratic philosophy. (shrink)

The book provides a collection of scientific papers which are dedicated to the memory of Burkhard Mojsisch. The collection includes highly qualified papers on ancient, medieval and early modern philosophy, and demonstrates the importance of the historical research of philosophy at the beginning of the 21st century and its current trends. It documents historical aspects of important philosophical discussions of contemporaneity (e.g. in the fields of intercultural philosophy and interdisciplinary philosophy, such as philosophy of neuroscience).

Muße ist ein freies Verweilen in der Zeit jenseits von Zweckrationalismus. Die Eigenzeitlichkeit wird zum Freiraum simultaner Möglichkeiten unserer Lebensgestaltung. Muße zielt auf ästhetisch und räumlich inszenierte Lebensformen, die in der Zeit nicht der Herrschaft der Zeit unterliegen. Konzepte von Muße sind stets eingebettet in ihre historischen und kulturellen Kontexte. Der Band beleuchtet historische Paradigmen der Muße in ihren literarischen Inszenierungen, diskursiven Verflechtungen und performativen Effekten. Die Beiträge aus der Philosophie, Klassischen Philologie, Alten Kirchengeschichte, germanistischen Mediävistik, neueren deutschen Literatur, Anglistik, (...) Soziologie, Geschichtswissenschaft, Archäologie, Kunstgeschichte, Ethnologie und Sinologie untersuchen Muße als anthropologisches und kulturgeschichtlich distinktes Phänomen, das sich Zeitzwängen widersetzt und Freiräume eröffnet. Analysiert werden unterschiedliche Semantisierungen, Ähnlichkeiten und Umbesetzungen, wie beispielsweise 'Freizeit', die Überschneidungen, aber auch gravierende Abgrenzungen zur Muße aufweisen. (shrink)

We are living in an algorithmic age where mathematics and computer science are coming together in powerful new ways to influence, shape and guide our behaviour and the governance of our societies. As these algorithmic governance structures proliferate, it is vital that we ensure their effectiveness and legitimacy. That is, we need to ensure that they are an effective means for achieving a legitimate policy goal that are also procedurally fair, open and unbiased. But how can we ensure that algorithmic (...) governance structures are both? This article shares the results of a collective intelligence workshop that addressed exactly this question. The workshop brought together a multidisciplinary group of scholars to consider barriers to legitimate and effective algorithmic governance and the research methods needed to address the nature and impact of specific barriers. An interactive management workshop technique was used to harness the collective intelligence of this multidisciplinary group. This method enabled participants to produce a framework and research agenda for those who are concerned about algorithmic governance. We outline this research agenda below, providing a detailed map of key research themes, questions and methods that our workshop felt ought to be pursued. This builds upon existing work on research agendas for critical algorithm studies in a unique way through the method of collective intelligence. (shrink)

This essay starts from recent, polemical debates about relations between different generations and proceeds to a notion of human generativity that requires generative and intergenerational solidarity in a human world. In this perspective the author poses the question if a historical life for one another can emerge out of a mere sequence of lives which engenders ‘others’.