Militant atheism suffers from the same evil that originates from Judeo-Christian religious fanaticism. He holds the truth. And as a hallmark of this good news, it must convert the uninformed or alienated and deceived, preaching their unbelief to the six corners of the Earth. Before the problem of whether God exists or not, there is the problem of dogmatism, fundamentalism, fanaticism, whatever it is. If all believers lived in peace among themselves, and among atheists, and these with those, there would (...) be no reason to justify a complete proof of the existence or not of God. But the desire for truth compromises and empties dialogue, establishing an eternal climate of intolerance and disrespect for others. (shrink)

The prevalent interpretation of Gödel’s Second Theorem states that a sufficiently adequate and consistent theory does not prove its consistency. It is however not entirely clear how to justify this informal reading, as the formulation of the underlying mathematical theorem depends on several arbitrary formalisation choices. In this paper I examine the theorem’s dependency regarding Gödel numberings. I introducedeviantnumberings, yielding provability predicates satisfying Löb’s conditions, which result in provable consistency sentences. According to the main result of this paper however, these (...) “counterexamples” do not refute the theorem’s prevalent interpretation, since once a natural class ofadmissiblenumberings is singled out, invariance is maintained. (shrink)

In this paper we examine various requirements on the formalisation choices under which self-reference can be adequately formalised in arithmetic. In particular, we study self-referential numberings, which immediately provide a strong notion of self-reference even for expressively weak languages. The results of this paper suggest that the question whether truly self-referential reasoning can be formalised in arithmetic is more sensitive to the underlying coding apparatus than usually believed. As a case study, we show how this sensitivity affects the formal study (...) of certain principles of self-referential truth. (shrink)

This article analyses the evolutionist discourses on the senses that emerged in the late 19th century, when theories on the evolution of species were in full sway. Drawing on newspapers, essays and medical literature, this article aims to set face to face the two currents of thought that I have identified regarding sensory evolution: the one that stressed the value of the progressive specialisation of the senses as evidence for human evolution mainly supported by Max Nordau, and the one which (...) regarded the sensory regrouping, exemplified by the phenomenon of synaesthesia, as the true symptom of evolution, strongly supported by Victor Segalen. A close examination of their arguments will provide clues concerning their relative position vis-à-vis the theory that stressed the exceptional nature of humankind among all living beings. Based on newspapers, essays and medical literature, this paper, which straddles several fields (history of science, philosophy, cultural history and aesthetics) aims to set both positions face to face, examining their arguments in detail and establishing their genealogies. This will lead to a better understanding of the scope and range of evolutionist discourses in the fin de siècle culture and on their impact upon artistic practices. (shrink)

O presente resumo expandido refere-se ao trabalho de pesquisa que buscou utilizar as caraterísticas do jazz, enquanto manifestação cultural musical, como referência para elaboração de questões no campo da Ciência da Informação. Para tanto, coloca-se o jazz como expressão que, dentro do mundo globalizado, consagrou dinâmicas de produção que, mesmo que absorvidas pela hegemonia, são antagonistas às formas do pensamento ocidental. Para os fins do presente trabalho, interessa-nos a característica, no jazz, da irreprodutibilidade como valor intrínseco de sua existência. Esse (...) esforço de construção textual tem o objetivo de analisar a irreprodutibilidade como dinâmica partindo do contexto do jazz e suas implicações para o campo da Ciência da Informação. Nesse sentido, com base na teoria de pensadores como Walter Benjamin e outros como Eric J. Hobsbaw e Kevin McGarry, apresentamos uma pesquisa na forma de ensaio teórico, de caráter bibliográfico. A metodologia é composta pela leitura e interpretação de conceitos, com reflexões encadeadas e expostas no formato de texto ordenado, referenciando as leituras e autores de modo construir um caminho lógico e válido, buscando construir as características da irreprodutibilidade a partir do jazz, entendendo como a irreprodutibilidade implica outros modos perpetuação no tempo e propor questões a serem movimentadas no campo da Ciência da Informação a partir dos resultados das questões anteriores. O resultado das reflexões desenvolvidas é de que a compreensão de dinâmicas não hegemônicas de manutenção de memória, como a irreprodutibilidade, são fundamentais para o entendimento do valor de culturas que estão à margem das tecnologias e das culturas consagradas e já adequadas ao discurso científico. Entendemos que a criação do campo de estudo da Ciência da Informação é fruto direto do desenvolvimento tecnológico e das necessidades de gestão operacional dos dados decorrentes da tecnologia de comunicação. Esse caminho, pela perspectiva das possibilidades de reprodução, vai ao encontro da análise da sociedade capitalista proposta por Walter Benjamin ao tratar da reprodutibilidade técnica. Mesmo não tratando, no caso dos estudos informacionais, da obra de arte, a afirmação do filósofo alemão conversa perfeitamente com a noção de um desenvolvimento técnico permanente em torno das possibilidades de reprodução. A própria razão de ser da Ciência da Informação é baseada na lógica, colocada também por Benjamin em relação à obra de arte, da democratização do objeto por meio do seu acesso imediato: a recuperação da informação e o contato com seu usuário. Esse propósito, inclusive, se inicia, tecnologicamente, na invenção da imprensa e suas possibilidades de difusão pela reprodução. (shrink)

This paper investigates the conditions under which diagonal sentences can be taken to constitute paradigmatic cases of self-reference. We put forward well-motivated constraints on the diagonal operator and the coding apparatus which separate paradigmatic self-referential sentences, for instance obtained via Gödel’s diagonalization method, from accidental diagonal sentences. In particular, we show that these constraints successfully exclude refutable Henkin sentences, as constructed by Kreisel.

When and why do we need the indexical ‘I’? Perry (1979) thinks that ‘I’ is an essential ingredient to the explanation and prediction of action. We need ‘I’ to classify the kind of belief that causes an agent to produce a new action. In his view, classifying the agent’s belief in terms of ‘I’ makes sense because, when asked to explain her behavior, the agent will be disposed to say ‘I’. Here, we argue that this dispositional assumption is problematic. The (...) disposition to act according to an essential indexical and the disposition to make a speech act that contains ‘I’ are two very different things that are not always related. The most common circumstances in which we need to say ‘I’ to explain ourselves involve other agents: when we coordinate in joint actions or when we engage in self-talk to save face before the eyes of potential witnesses. Finally, we revisit Perry’s famous messy shopper anecdote to offer a better story about why its main character is disposed to say ‘I’. (shrink)

O ingresso na universidade acarreta mudanças na vida dos estudantes universitários, fato que pode levar à adoção de hábitos não saudáveis que podem resultar em impactos negativos na saúde e na qualidade de vida (QV) desses jovens. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da prática de Yoga na QV de estudantes universitários participantes do programa de extensão universitária intitulado “Yoga: Awaken ONE”. O estudo caracterizou-se como pré-experimental, do tipo antes e depois. Os participantes foram submetidos (...) a aulas práticas de Yoga duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. As aulas tiveram duração de 60 minutos. Para avaliação da QV pré e pós intervenção foi utilizado o questionário WHOQOL-bref. No que diz respeito aos Domínios da QV e QV global, não houveram diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variáveis investigadas (p>0,05). Com base nos achados do presente estudo, conclui-se que duas práticas semanais de Yoga não tiveram efeito significativo na QV dos estudantes investigados. Dessa forma, encoraja-se novos estudos com maior tempo de intervenção e com número maior de participantes. (shrink)

A finales del siglo XIX, la economía capitalista y las nuevas formas de consumo que trae implícitas tratando de seducir al individuo urbano con multitud de estímulos suponen un cambio en el modo en que este experimenta la ciudad. Esto conlleva la aparición de nuevas patologías, como la neurastenia, producto de un supuesto exceso de demanda del cerebro. Estos efectos fueron abordados en la época por Georg Simmel, quien se interesó por la reacción que sobre el individuo produce la urbe (...) capitalista ligada a la “intensificación de la vida nerviosa”. En el presente artículo se indaga en la lectura que Simmel plantea de los efectos que la ciudad moderna ejerce en el ciudadano. Me centro particularmente en la cuestión de la saturación de estímulos para tratar de entender no solo cómo creía que la ciudad afectaba al ciudadano en la época sino también el novedoso papel que otorga a la sensibilidad como intermediaria del vínculo entre individuo y ciudad. (shrink)

Ana Mae Barbosa presenteia o leitor com uma palestra que descobriu nos arquivos de Arte-Educação da Miami University, dirigida a professores de Arte e Trabalhos Industriais. Um belo exemplo da visão de Dewey sobre a importância da Arte no desenvolvimento humano.

A Filosofia Política de Arendt afunda raízes no pensamento existencial de Heidegger e Jaspers. Este trabalho tenta mostrar a apropriação crítica que Arendt faz dos seus mestres, salientando a aproximação e o distanciamento do pensamento arendtiano em relação à filosofia existencial na formação de sua original filosofia política.

This work has its origin in a master's research about Brazilian Education. The approach that we present in this text reveals the perspectives of caring perceived in a five-year-olds classroom in the daily life in a municipal center for Early Childhood Education in Fortaleza. The theoretical discussions on the theme involved a dialogue between Pedagogy and Philosophy of Education based on the contributions of Kramer, Pagni, Foucault, Rancière, Kohan and Boff. It was a qualitative research of phenomenological inspiration, which method (...) of data creation was participant observation. The analysis revealed that: in the interactions occurred in pedagogical practices, teachers and children take care of each other; the meaning of caring for children can be perceived in the minutia of their daily actions, as well as in affective involvement, in playing together, in speaking and listening to others, in sharing life on a daily basis; as for the meaning of caring for the adults, it is influenced by the way they were cared for, by their subjectivation and their choices in their way of being; caring humanizes teaching practices, inspiring emancipation; the policy on results that has aimed at "improving educational indices" may represent a danger to Early Childhood Education by minimizing the sharing of specific childhood experiences to training in order to achieve expected results. The study emphasized the need to reflect on the meaning of education and therefore proposes that caring be valued as an ethical decision and as an option for reflection on the way of living and interacting. (shrink)

Em Ser e Tempo, Heidegger argumenta que o conhecimento primordial do Dasein se dá no manuseio de entes mundanos. Merleau-Ponty, por sua vez, descreve na Fenomenologia da Percepção que o conhecimento é, antes de tudo, uma intencionalidade corporal intraduzível em termos proposicionais. Mais tarde, em What Computers Can’t Do, Hubert Dreyfus usa a obra de ambos para apontar os equívocos do paradigma cognitivista, isto é, a abordagem dominante do então nascente campo da inteligência artificial. Finalmente, em The Embodied Mind: Cognitive (...) Science and Human Experience, a noção de enativismo - elaborada por Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson e Eleanor Rosch - surge como uma tentativa de tomar do cognitivismo e do conexionismo a hegemonia nas ciências cognitivas. Dito isso, o objetivo do artigo consiste em descrever o enativismo e apontar sua herança fenomenológica. (shrink)

No final da década de 1950, Merleau-Ponty desloca seu foco de investigação da fenomenologia à ontologia. Tal transição envolve a articulação de seus estudos prévios acerca da percepção e da corporeidade com os desdobramentos filosóficos dos postulados da física e da biologia da primeira metade do século. A partir de uma reformulação do conceito de natureza, fomentada não só pelas ciências supracitadas como pela metafísica de Whitehead, Merleau-Ponty propõe a admissão da natureza como um fluxo de expressividade temporal autoprodutora de (...) sentido, incorporando ao âmago do ser a temporalidade e a negatividade antes exclusivas ao para-si. A carne de Merleau-Ponty, como veremos, está em harmonia com a noção de processo de Whitehead, apontando assim um certo hilozoísmo pré-socrático na ontologia de ambos. Dito isso, o objetivo do artigo consiste em examinar a ontologia indireta de Merleau-Ponty, indicando sua convergência com a filosofia de Whitehead para, finalmente, introduzirmos uma crítica incipiente a partir da obra de Francisco Varela. Defende-se aqui que o conceito de autopoiesis pode indicar uma alternativa à noção merleau-pontiana de natureza. (shrink)

O artigo mostra a importância da expansão de periódicos no Brasil no contexto da independência, formando redes de comunicação, e os significados que a palavra impressa ganhou nesse momento inicial de formação de um espaço público no qual as discussões políticas tomavam as ruas. O foco são as diversas teias narrativas que podem ser vistas nos próprios periódicos e que revelam suas filiações ideológicas e as significações que atribuem aos seus posicionamentos políticos e à palavra impressa. Do ponto de vista (...) metodológico, percorremos os textos dos jornais para também interpretar as razões de proliferação dos impressos, percebendo nos pormenores indiciais dos escritos os múltiplos sentidos atribuídos à ação de fazer circular publicações. Portanto, o foco central do texto são as teias comunicacionais que emergem, procurando interpretar contextos com base na centralidade do comunicacional. (shrink)

There is a well-known gap between metamathematical theorems and their philosophical interpretations. Take Tarski’s Theorem. According to its prevalent interpretation, the collection of all arithmetical truths is not arithmetically definable. However, the underlying metamathematical theorem merely establishes the arithmetical undefinability of a set of specific Gödel codes of certain artefactual entities, such as infix strings, which are true in the standard model. That is, as opposed to its philosophical reading, the metamathematical theorem is formulated (and proved) relative to a specific (...) choice of the Gödel numbering and the notation system. A similar observation applies to Gödel’s and Church’s theorems, which are commonly taken to impose severe limitations on what can be proved and computed using the resources of certain formalisms. The philosophical force of these limitative results heavily relies on the belief that these theorems do not depend on contingencies regarding the underlying formalisation choices. The main aim of this paper is to provide metamathematical facts which support this belief. While employing a fixed notation system, I showed in previous work (_Review of Symbolic Logic_, 2021, 14(1):51–84) how to abstract away from the choice of the Gödel numbering. In the present paper, I extend this work by establishing versions of Tarski’s, Gödel’s and Church’s theorems which are invariant regarding _both_ the notation system and the numbering. This paper thus provides a further step towards absolute versions of metamathematical results which do not rely on contingent formalisation choices. (shrink)

A guinada de Arendt para a política tem início com sua adesão à luta de emancipação judaica. Suas primeiras reflexões políticas tratam da questão judaica. Arendt defende o direito político do judeu viver como judeu sem abrir mão de suas tradições e modo de vida contra as ideologias do antissemitismo e do assimilacionismo, mas critica a postura anti-política dos judeus que se negaram historicamente, com algumas exceções, a se engajar na ação política.

O artigo discute a questão da redução da existência humana à vida natural no pensamento de Hannah Arendt, analisando as práticas totalitárias de exclusão dos apátridas das esferas jurídica e política e a dominação totalitária nos campos de concentração, quando o governo totalitário operou a transformação da vida humana até atingir a aniquilação da liberdade humana e produzir um resíduo antropológico em que os seres humanos foram reduzidos à elementaridade da vida.

This paper seeks to explore the processes involved in becoming a teacher in this particular historical moment of global pandemic in Brazil. What are the challenges, limitations, possibilities and opportunities that the pandemic presents to the process of teaching work and teacher formation? A review of the literature that included contributions from Caponi, Kohan, Larrosa, Neuscharank, Vaz, Arroyo and Abramowicz suggests a dialogue between pedagogic theory, philosophy of education and the contemporary experience of political and social events in the pandemic (...) period The discussions reviewed explore the profound extent to which Covid-19 has affected our way of living, working and relating to others, and the psychological effects of social isolation. The situation demands from the Brazilian teacher an attitude of openness to change, specifically in the use of new technologies, and the extent to which they are or are not able to replace face-to-face interactions. The situation also challenges us to reconstruct, beyond the logic of neoliberalism, our notions of the type of school we have and type of school we want, the type of teachers we are and the type of teacher we want to be. We conclude that this process of thinking school again depends, if it is to escape neoliberal logic, on the capacity of understanding the vocation of the teacher to be one of “becoming-child” in the sense of experiencing an openness to and a desire for the new. As such, the “becoming-teacher” is one who allows herself to be addressed by another logic, another more sensitive and more aesthetic temporality, and who finds, in encounter with others, with art, with childhood, with becoming itself, the capacity to think, to resist, to fight for the realization of that logic. (shrink)

On business ethics of Papuan peoples in Indonesia.

La filosofía, más que ser una tarea que busca crear e instaurar una teoría absoluta de la verdad, como fue el caso, en la historia de la filosofía misma, del pensamiento cartesiano, el hegeliano,el husserliano, entre otros, es una actividad, es decir, una praxis dialógica que se entiende como introducirse en el medio de un camino que ya otros han recorrido, lo cual presupone, inmediatamente, una concepción de la filosofía como un camino de experiencia siempre abierto. Así, el presente artículo (...) busca analizar el hacer filosófico como una práctica hermenéutica que no sólo se presenta como familiarización con la tradición, la cual se ejemplifica en el texto con la teoría de la reminiscencia platónica, sino también bajo la forma del rompimiento inherente a dicha familiarización. Por tanto, el artículo busca presentar el saber y el hacer filosófico desde una visión hermenéutica, lo que de suyo implica concebirlo como una acción dialógica mediante la cual se estimula el hacer filosófico como recuerdo, es decir, no sólo como mera aprehensión de conceptos e instauración de verdades totalizantes, sino como praxis humana, que es donde la filosofía y, en suma, la experiencia hermenéutica, encuentran su verdadero topos. (shrink)

Resumo: Este estudo objetiva retomar o diálogo efetuado entre a tradição da ontologia hermenêutica heideggeriana e a psicanálise freudiana, a fim de discutir se ele ainda tem lugar na atualidade e, em caso positivo, problematizar como ele tem sido construído. Apesar de existirem muitos argumentos que questionam a possibilidade de articulação entre esses dois campos, eles não encerram consensualmente essa discussão e exigem ser atualizados. No cenário mais recente, algumas pesquisas têm acenado para o estabelecimento de pontos de conexões entre (...) elas, sem, contudo, desconsiderarem a especificidade dos campos teóricos em questão. Essa forma de interlocução parece o grande desafio aos pesquisadores na atualidade.: This study aims to retake the dialogue made between the tradition of the heideggerian hermeneutic ontology and freudian psychoanalysis, in order to discuss whether it still has a place in the actuality and, if so, to problematize how it has been constructed. Despite having a lot of arguments which question the possibility of articulation between both fields, they don't enclose consensually this debate and require an updating. In the last scenario, some researches go towards the establishment of connection points among them, without, however, disregarding the specificity of the theoretical fields in question. This way of interlocution seems the great challenge of the researchers nowadays. (shrink)

The formation of the human being is a fundamental subject in Saint Augustine’s thinking. In his first works references to liberal arts are highlighted, and the dialogue form appears as a privileged vehicle of the educative process. In De Ordine, Saint Augustine represents a clear example of the interest and the appropriation of dialogue as a philosophical exercise, which has the double purpose of taking his listeners to the truth and to introduce the reader to the same dynamic.

Drawing on two long-term ethnographic fieldworks with social entrepreneurs, this article starts to uncover the multilayered nature of the motivations underlying the creation of social enterprises. We investigate the following research question: what types of self-oriented motivations might drive social entrepreneurs? Departing from previous research and popular opinion, which foregrounds the primacy of prosocial intentions, we show the critical role played by self-oriented motives. To explain this finding, we advance three analytical categories of self-oriented motives—entrepreneurial lifestyle, repurposing expertise, and solving (...) a social or environmental puzzle. We then illuminate these categories through the illustrative examples of six social entrepreneurs. Based on our findings, we contend that creating a social enterprise can also be the unintended consequence of adopting entrepreneurial behavior, leading to the creation of a venture guided by these three types of self-oriented motivations. Finally, we consider the implications of this study for the field of social entrepreneurship. (shrink)

The prevalence and negative impact of brain disorders are increasing. Clinical Neuropsychology is a specialty dedicated to understanding brain-behavior relationships, applying such knowledge to the assessment of cognitive, affective, and behavioral functioning associated with brain disorders, and designing and implementing effective treatments. The need for services goes beyond neurological diseases and has increased in areas of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, among others. In Europe, a great deal of variability exists in the education and training of Clinical Neuropsychologists. Training models include (...) master’s programs, continuing education courses, doctoral programs, and/or post-doctoral specialization depending on the country, with no common framework of requirements, although patients’ needs demand equal competencies across Europe. In the past five years, the Standing Committee on Clinical Neuropsychology of the European Federation of Psychologists’ Association has conducted a series of surveys and interviews with experts in the field representing 30 European countries. The information, along with information from the existing literature, is used in presenting an overview of current and relevant topics related to policy and guidelines in the training and competencies in Clinical Neuropsychology. An option for the way forward is the EuroPsy Specialist Certificate which is currently offered in Work- and Organizational psychology and Psychotherapy. It builds upon the Basic Certificate and complements national standards without overriding them. General principles can be found that can set the basis for a common, solid, and comprehensive specialty education/training, sharpening the Neuropsychologists’ competencies across Europe. The requirements in Clinical Neuropsychology should be comparable to those for the existing specialty areas in the EuroPsy model. Despite the perceived challenges, developing a Specialist Certificate appears a step forward for the development of Clinical Neuropsychology. Recommendations are proposed towards a shared framework of competencies by the means of a common level of education/training for the professionals in Europe. Benchmarking training standards and competencies across Europe has the potential of providing protection against unqualified and ethically questionable practice, creating transparency, raising the general European standard, and promoting mobility of both Clinical Neuropsychologists and patients in Europe, for the benefit of the professional field and the population. (shrink)

This paper presents Integrated Information Theory (IIT) 4.0. IIT aims to account for the properties of experience in physical (operational) terms. It identifies the essential properties of experience (axioms), infers the necessary and sufficient properties that its substrate must satisfy (postulates), and expresses them in mathematical terms. In principle, the postulates can be applied to any system of units in a state to determine whether it is conscious, to what degree, and in what way. IIT offers a parsimonious explanation of (...) empirical evidence, makes testable predictions, and permits inferences and extrapolations. IIT 4.0 incorporates several developments of the past ten years, including a more accurate translation of axioms into postulates and mathematical expressions, the introduction of a unique measure of intrinsic information that is consistent with the postulates, and an explicit assessment of causal relations. By fully unfolding a system's irreducible cause-effect power, the distinctions and relations specified by a substrate can account for the quality of experience. (shrink)

Neste artigo, discutimos a trajetória política e intelectual de Monique Wittig. O objetivo é compreender as proposições dessa importante autora e ativista lésbica em seu contexto de produção. A partir do campo da história intelectual, discorremos sobre suas redes de sociabilidade e filiações teórico-políticas. Além de abordar suas elaborações sofisticadas sobre a noção de “lésbica”, a heterossexualidade como regime político e o conceito de pensamento straight, criticamos a ausência de uma perspectiva interseccional na obra de Wittig. Entendemos que trabalhos como (...) o nosso, que valorizam as memórias lésbicas, contribuem para o campo das lesbianidades, tanto na teoria como na prática.Palavras-chave: Monique Wittig. Pensamento straight. Teoria lésbica. História intelectual. AbstractIn this article we discuss Monique Wittig's political and intellectual trajectory. The objective is to understand the propositions of this important author and lesbian activist in her context of production. Based on the field of intellectual history, we analyze her networks of sociability and theoretical-political affiliations. We address her sophisticated elaborations on the notion of “lesbian”, heterosexuality as a political regime and the concept of the straight mind. Additionally, we criticize the absence of an intersectional perspective in Wittig’s work. We understand that works like ours, which value lesbian memories, contribute to the field of lesbianities, both in theory and in practice.Keywords: Monique Wittig. Straight mind. Lesbian theory. Intellectual history. (shrink)

Since the later decades of the 20 th century, Brazilian psychologists have been questioning a theoretical and interventional model in educational contexts, which consider psychological phenomena apart from their cultural contexts, in order to develop an approach based on a contextualized viewpoint. Despite progress having been made in educational psychology, as a result of this critical paradigm, this area still has problems to overcome: Psychologists are becoming increasingly separate from schools, and it is now common to find psychologists who are (...) professionally unprepared to perform in this context and furthermore, school principals do not always understand the role of psychologists in educational settings. However, educational demands exist in psychologists’ daily work in a range of contexts, indicating the relevance of this field and the urgency to improve psychologists' qualifications. Considering that Brazilian professional development programs for educators and psychologists are usually restricted to technical learning, often ignoring professionals’ real needs and claims, this research aimed to develop a special type of professional development program looking at the group as a source of development, in order to rethink professional development process from within a collaborative perspective. Research data was generated from a professional development program offered for psychologists and professionals who work within educational settings. This programme involved collaborative group work and was organized and conducted in such a way as to create conditions for change. Concepts of cultural-historical theory – social situation of development, crisis and perezhivanie – were used as analytic tools for data analysis. Analysis indicated the importance of the group as a source of development through dialogue and the co-construction of new ideas and possibilities. (shrink)