이 논문의 목적은 율곡 이이와 서계 박세당이 노자와 장자의 마음 비움을 가지고 조정 의 붕당과 정쟁을 막기 위하여 순언 과 남화경주해산보 를 지었음을 밝히는 것이다. 조선시대에 성리학이 무르익으면서 사대부들은 그 명분론을 바탕으로 붕당으로 나누어지고 당파로 갈라져서 정쟁을 시작한다. 성리학이 절정에 올랐음에도 불구하고 조정이 계속 분 열되고 정쟁이 심화되는 것은 성리학의 내적 수양론이 그 한계를 넘어 더 이상 그 역할을 감당할 수 없음을 드러내는 것이다. 이이가 순언 을 지어 노자의 마음 비움을 강조한 것은 사대부들에게 새로운 내적 수양 론을 제시하여 붕당이 종국으로 (...) 치닫지 않기를 염원한 것이다. 또 서계가 장자 전체를 주석해서 장자의 마음 비움을 외치는 것은 비교적 이른 나이에 조정을 떠나는 자신의 마 음을 달램은 물론 남들도 마음을 비움으로써 명분에 집착해서 더 이상 정쟁을 일삼지 않 도록 하기 위한 것이다. 그래서 이 글에서는 조선조에서 노장의 마음 비움이 유학의 새로 운 내적 수양론으로 제시됨을 논증하는 것이다. (shrink)

How does a company achieve long-term survival? This study starts with the question of why, among companies on the verge of bankruptcy, some survive and some break up. This study argues that the long-term survival of a company is determined by not only its economic performance but also its social performance. It clarifies that sustainable corporate social responsibility practices facilitate long-term survival. Thus, this study analyzed 259 CSR actions performed by eight representative long-lived companies in Korea and how the various (...) CSR actions helped these companies overcome crises and survive. The common CSR actions practiced by all the long-lived companies had a positive influence on forming social capital with primary stakeholders and securing legitimacy from secondary stakeholders, which in turn had a significant influence on maintaining survival. This study provides significant implications for the value of CSR practices that have been controversial, by presenting a model of how CSR actions facilitate corporate longevity. (shrink)

ObjectivesHostile attribution bias is reportedly common from non-clinical population to those with serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, and is known to be closely related to theory of mind. This study aimed to investigate whether ToM skills mediate the relationship among neurocognitive ability, personality traits, and attribution bias.MethodsA total of 198 non-clinical youths were recruited. To assess their neurocognitive ability and ToM skills, the participants were asked to complete Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices and the Korean version of the Reading the (...) Mind in Eyes Test. To determine their personality traits, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and interpersonal reactivity index were used. To evaluate hostile attribution bias, the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire was administered. Path analysis and bias-corrected percentile bootstrap methods were used to estimate model fit and the parameters of the mediating effects.ResultsBased on model comparison, the best model characterized two direct pathways from psychoticism and the K-RMET to hostility attribution bias and three indirect pathways, wherein SPM, perspective taking, and psychoticism influenced hostile attribution bias through K-RMET. The final model fit indices were good [x2/df = 1.126; comparative fit index = 0.996; root mean square error of approximation = 0.026; standard root mean square residual = 0.026 and Akaike information criterion = 28.251] and the K-RMET fully mediated the association between SPM, perspective taking, psychoticism, and hostile attribution bias.ConclusionThe main findings suggested that ToM skills, such as the RMET, play an important role in explaining the relationship among neurocognitive ability, personality traits, and hostile attribution bias. ToM skills and a remediation strategy may need to be developed to balance the enhanced hostility bias that underlies the paranoia. (shrink)

This study examines why individuals who are deeply embedded in the organization may engage in unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). Drawing from social identity theory and self-affirmation theory, we propose that deeply embedded employees may engage in UPB as a way of promoting or maintaining their status in the organization. We further propose that this positive relationship between organizational embeddedness and UPB, mediated through status perceptions, is stronger for employees working under managers who display low levels of ethical leadership. Using data (...) gathered in a two-wave survey from 224 working adults, the results of the study lend support for the hypothesized relationships and remained significant even after controlling for affective commitment. The study advances our understanding of both contextual and individual factors motivating employees to engage in UPB and the boundary conditions under which UPB can be reduced. (shrink)

Experiments are commonly thought to have epistemic privilege over simulations. Two ideas underpin this belief: first, experiments generate greater inferential power than simulations, and second, simulations cannot surprise us the way experiments can. In this article I argue that neither of these claims is true of experiments versus simulations in general. We should give up the common practice of resting in-principle judgments about the epistemic value of cases of scientific inquiry on whether we classify those cases as experiments or simulations, (...) per se. To the extent that either methodology puts researchers in a privileged epistemic position, this is context sensitive. (shrink)

『춘추보편』은 조선조 『춘추』 경학의 독창성을 보여주는 대표적인 책이다. 이 책은 기존의 대표적인 『춘추』 주해서와는 달리, 성리학이라는 새로운 방법론으로 『춘추』에 대한 이해를 시도하였다. 이 책은 성리학적 『춘추』 이해를 위한 일종의 표준 교본이라고 할 수 있다. 당시의 『춘추』 해석은 주로 『춘추』 삼전과 호안국의 책에 의지했지만, 각각의 이론이 서로 달라서 학자들의 혼란만을 초래하였다. “『춘추』는 천리의 표준이자 왕도의 잣대이며, 성인이 마음을 전한 대법”임에도 불구하고, 표준으로 삼을 만한 해석이 없어서 제대로 이해할 방법이 없다는 것이 박세채 문제의식이었다. 그는 정자와 주자의 이론 중에서 핵심적인 내용을 발췌하고, 그것을 (...) 상호 유기적으로 인용하여 배치함으로써 성리학이라는 하나의 일관된 관점으로 『춘추』를 이해할 수 있는 토대를 제공하였다. 특히 그가 정자와 주자의 많은 이론 중에서 자기 나름의 기준과 시각으로 선별했다는 점은 매우 주목할 만하다. 주요한 쟁점이 무엇이고, 또 그 쟁점에 대한 정자와 주자의 핵심 이론이 무엇인지 정확하게 간파하지 못했다면 그들의 말을 체계적이고 일목요연하게 인용하는 것은 불가능하기 때문이다. 따라서 『춘추』 해석의 새로운 방향성을 제시했다는 점에서 조선조 춘추학 분야의 큰 성과일 뿐만 아니라, 학술적인 가치도 매우 크다고 평가할 수 있다. (shrink)

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Problem des malum. Während wir in der Regel ohne Zögern davon ausgehen, daß wir von Natur aus nach dem Guten streben, drängt sich dennoch zugleich die Frage nach dem Wesen, dem Ursprung und dem Sinn des malum unmittelbar auf. Aber die Frage nach dem malum ist ein immer noch offenes Problem. Aus diesem Grunde soll hier versucht werden, das Problem des malum im Hinblick auf die Geschichte der Philosophie zu erörtern. In Zentrum dieser Arbeit (...) soll die Lehre vom malum bei Thomas von Aquin stehen. Es wird dabei vor allem der Grund für ein sachgemäßes Verständnis des thomistischen Ansatzes gelegt, wie er in den Schriften De malo, Summa Theologiae und De veritate vorliegt. Er zeichnet sich vor allem durch eine differenzierte Analyse des malum aus, das als 'moralisch Schlechtes', 'Fehler in der Erkenntnis' und 'natürliches und technisches Fehlen' in Betracht gezogen wird. (shrink)

이 논문은 박세당(朴世堂)의 {新註道德經}과 하야시라잔(林羅山)의 {老子抄解} 비교 연구를 위한 기본 자료를 정리한 정리형 논문이다. 필자는 ‘박세당의 {신주도덕경}과 하야시라잔의 {老子抄解} 비교 연구’에서 주목했던 점은 첫 번째, “박세당과 하야시라잔 둘 모두 당면한 시대의 사상적 도그마를 극복하려고 했다는 점”이며, 두 번째, “박세당과 하야시라잔이 지향한 공통적 사유, 곧 ‘기성의 질서를 넘어서’라는 사상적 도전 과정에 그들의 {노자} 주석이 그 역할의 일부를 수행하고 있다”라는 것이다. 하야시라잔의 {노자} 해석은 임희일의 {노자권재구의}로부터 많은 영향을 받고 있으며, 노장 이해도 임희일의 연장선에 있었던 것으로 보인다. 하야시라잔은 {노자}에 대한 유가적 해석을 견지하고 (...) 있는 반면, {장자}에 대해서는 유가적으로 해석하려는 어떠한 시도도 하지 않았다. 결국 하야시라잔에게 있어서 ‘임희일의 노장 이해에 대한 반전’은 일어나지 않았던 것이다. 하야시라잔의 도가 사상 수용은 일차적으로는 ‘{노자} 수용’을 의미하며 좀 더 세밀하게 지적한다면 ‘도가 일반’이나 ‘{노자} 일반’이 아닌 특정한 하나의 관점 곧 ‘임희일의 {노자권재구의}’를 수용했던 것이라고 이해할 수 있다. 반면 박세당의 {신주도덕경}은 임희일 주석에 대한 의존도가 높지 않다. 그는 {노자}와 {장자}에 대한 유가적 해석을 진행하면서 유가 경전이나 임희일의 주석을 답습하는 간접적 해석 방식을 지양하고 유가와 도가의 사상적 공유지점을 ‘修身治人’으로 지목하고, 이어서 {장자}「제물론」 成心의 개념적 내포를 성선론적 性의 개념적 내포와 동치시키는 보다 직접적 방식을 통해서 도가 경전에 대한 유가적 해석을 진행하고 있다’라고 정리할 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 임희일이나 하야시라잔이 ‘유가적 입장에서 {노자}를 수용했던 것과 달리 박세당은 유가적 입장에서 {노자}와 {장자}를 수용했다고 비교 정리할 수 있을 것이다. (shrink)

Wittgenstein frequently uses the word 'aspect' (Aspekt) in his writings from 1947 to 1949. There he uses the word along with aspect-seeing and aspect-change, so that readers are misled into thinking his primary concern in using the word is something like Gestalt psychology or philosophy of psychology per se. However, Wittgenstein's late treatment of aspect is only a special case of a more general problem, namely phenomenology. In the middle-period writings, the word 'aspect' refers to a phenomenological object. Basically, Wittgenstein's (...) aspect means the way an object appears to us. For him, an 'aspect' is a phenomenological object. (shrink)

Se analizan las políticas medio ambientales e indígenas durante el período 1990- 2010 de gobiernos de la Concertación, los tratados internacionales sobre el medio ambiente que inciden en el uso de recursos naturales en territorios huilliche. Se concluye que la política pública medioambiental, por su naturaleza reactiva, en el contexto de los mercados globales, se ha visto sobrepasada por la hegemonía del poder de las transnacionales que invierten en los commodities forestal, minero, agropecuario, amparadas por una legislación ambiental débil y (...) un discurso político obsecuente. (shrink)

This article attempts to explore some current theoretical problems within the field of postcolonial studies. In particular, I address Ato Quayson's recent complaint that postcolonial theorists generally have failed to ‘provide a persuasive account of literature and history simultaneously’, a problem which I link to what I see as the field's theoretical obsession with the concept of ‘representation’; I argue that the field's disciplinary ambition to represent, authoritatively, the postcolonial per se necessarily but also problematically circumscribes and limits its relation (...) to discourses of historical representation and literary representation. On an aesthetic level, this problematic is expressed through postcolonial studies’ troubled relationship with literary realism as an aesthetic form. In a wider perspective, I connect the field's disparagement of literary realism with Lazarus's notion of the ‘postcolonial unconscious’, i.e. postcolonial studies’ failure to grasp and address some of the deeper global-political contradictions. (shrink)

Résumé La passion des Chinois pour les pierres est un trait fondamental de leur culture qui remonte à la préhistoire, a traversé les siècles et perdure encore aujourd’hui ; cette dévotion s’enracine dans leur conception philosophique du monde où minéraux, végétaux animaux et êtres humains sont animés des mêmes énergies vitales (le « qi »). Les Chinois construisent des jardins remplis de rocailles et de fleurs qui favorisent la méditation et l’union avec le souffle vital. Bien que la pensée occidentale (...) soit diamétralement opposée, il y a eu, après les épicuriens et les stoïciens de la Grèce antique, des philosophes occidentaux, au xix e siècle, tels que Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Emerson, Thoreau, qui se sont faits, dans leurs œuvres, l’écho de la pensée taoïste du yin et du yang, et de la non différenciation entre l’animé et l’inanimé. L’auteur, enfin, regrette que la modernisation due aux pressions économiques éloigne les Chinois de ces croyances et il pense que le respect sacré de l’environnement, qui va par ailleurs dans les sens des préoccupations écologiques actuelles, pourrait aujourd’hui sauver la planète. (shrink)

Kichul Kim, né en 1969 à Séoul, a ceci de remarquable qu’il prétend — et réussit — à sculpter le son. En effet, il a une formation de sculpteur. Mais il se fascine très tôt pour le son, pour des raisons spirituelles. L’énigme du bodhisattva Gwan-eum qui, selon l’étymologie de son nom, « voit ou fait voir les sons », l’intrigue. Une intuition lui révèle — pense-t-il — de quoi il s’agit. Il va s’efforcer de le faire voir à son (...) tour. Le son fait voir, visualiser, évoquer, et on peut donc, en ce sens, voir le son. Ses installations sonores sont en général réalisées dans des formes minimales et simplifiées. Ces formes pures ne correspondent qu’au son qu’il veut diffuser. C’est le son qu’émettent des haut-parleurs, un son qu’il a enregistré et qui parle. En effet, le son, tout invisible et intangible qu’il est, par l’espace qu’il recrée et modèle, est tridimensionnel, et sculptable. Le spectateur ne peut certes pas voir ce travail sonore par ses yeux de chair, pas plus qu’il ne peut le toucher de sa main, mais son œil de l’imagination, son imagination visuelle, le construit, et en ce sens il le perçoit bien : à partir du son se crée une image, une image dont l’intensité frôle l’illusion. On a là un véritable environnement créé par le son. Inspiré par l’Extrême-Orient ancien, son art et sa pensée, Kichul Kim puise dans ses sites historiques, religieux souvent, et dans la nature, son inspiration et ses enregistrements. L’environnement particulier d’origine est rendu présent par son son, si puissamment que l’auditeur devient spectateur, recréant activement la scène originelle : spect-acteur. Plongé si profondément en lui-même, il est graduellement conduit aux portes d’une sorte de méditation, ici et ailleurs à la fois, comme hors du temps. Kichul Kim, born in 1969 in Seoul, is remarkable in that he claims—and succeeds—to carve the sound. He trained as a sculptor but was fascinated very early with the sound, for spiritual reasons. The enigma of the Bodhisattva Gwan-eum which, according to the etymology of its name, “sees or makes one see sounds”, intrigued him. He understood intuititvely what it means and tried to examplify it himself. The sound makes you see, visualize, evoke, and you can, in this sense, see the sound. His sound installations are generally performed in minimal and simplified forms. These pure forms correspond only to the sound he wants to produce. This is the sound emitted through loudspeakers, a sound that he recorded and that speaks. Indeed, the sound, as invisible and intangible as it is, thanks to the space it recreates and models, becomes three-dimensional, and “sculptable”. The spectator certainly cannot see this sonic work through his/her eyes of flesh, any more than he/she can touch it with his/her hand. But his/her eye of the imagination, the visual imagination, builds it, and in this sense he/she perceives it well: from the sound is created an image whose intensity borders on illusion. This is a real environment created by sound. Inspired by the ancient Far East, its art and thought, Kichul Kim draws from historical sites, often religious, and from nature, for his inspiration, and recordings. The particular environment of which the sounds originates is made present by the sound, so powerfully that the listener becomes a spectator, actively recreating the original scene: spect-actor. So deeply immersed in himself, he is gradually led to the gates of a kind of meditation, here and elsewhere at once, as if out of time. (shrink)

Deep Brain Stimulation is currently being investigated as an experimental treatment for patients suffering from treatment-refractory AN, with an increasing number of case reports and small-scale trials published. Although still at an exploratory and experimental stage, initial results have been promising. Despite the risks associated with an invasive neurosurgical procedure and the long-term implantation of a foreign body, DBS has a number of advantageous features for patients with SE-AN. Stimulation can be fine-tuned to the specific needs of the particular patient, (...) is relatively reversible, and the technique also allows for the crucial issue of investigating and comparing the effects of different neural targets. However, at a time when DBS is emerging as a promising investigational treatment modality for AN, lesioning procedures in psychiatry are having a renaissance. Of concern it has been argued that the two kinds of interventions should instead be understood as rivaling, yet “mutually enriching paradigms” despite the fact that lesioning the brain is irreversible and there is no evidence base for an effective target in AN. We argue that lesioning procedures in AN are unethical at this stage of knowledge and seriously problematic for this patient group, for whom self-control is particularly central to wellbeing. They pose a greater risk of major harms that cannot justify ethical equipoise, despite the apparent superiority in reduced short term surgical harms and lower cost. (shrink)

En este trabajo se explora la comprensión del espacio político en Hannah Arendt. Primero, se estudiará la estrecha relación entre espacio y poder, tomando como ejemplo la apropiación del People’s Park por los estudiantes de Berkeley mencionado en Sobre la Violencia. Acto seguido, se da cuenta de cómo y por qué la reacción de las autoridades se centra en la recuperación y desalojo del parque ocupado, en tanto que espacio de poder, y se intenta reducir a la impotencia a (...) los estudiantes que protestaban. En la tercera parte del texto se conecta lo anterior con lo que esta autora entiende por “desierto” y “oasis” y se explica cómo el mundo se encuentra amenazado por un proceso de desertización que extingue lo político. Finalmente, se explica que los espacios, para ser políticos, dependen de su carácter relacional y que por eso no pueden ser identificados con un solo tipo de espacio determinado. (shrink)

En este trabajo se explora la comprensión del espacio político en Hannah Arendt. Primero, se estudiará la estrecha relación entre espacio y poder, tomando como ejemplo la apropiación del People’s Park por los estudiantes de Berkeley mencionado en Sobre la Violencia. Acto seguido, se da cuenta de cómo y por qué la reacción de las autoridades se centra en la recuperación y desalojo del parque ocupado, en tanto que espacio de poder, y se intenta reducir a la impotencia a (...) los estudiantes que protestaban. En la tercera parte del texto se conecta lo anterior con lo que esta autora entiende por “desierto” y “oasis” y se explica cómo el mundo se encuentra amenazado por un proceso de desertización que extingue lo político. Finalmente, se explica que los espacios, para ser políticos, dependen de su carácter relacional y que por eso no pueden ser identificados con un solo tipo de espacio determinado. (shrink)

El presente artículo se desarrolla en dos direcciones temporales opuestas. En la primera recurro a la contracultura drag negra y latina de los Estados Unidos para releer la negativa de Rosa Parks a ceder su asiento en el autobús. A continuación, se plantea una genealogía queer de los usos de la teatralidad en las formas contemporáneas del activismo urbano. A partir del encuentro entre ambas líneas temporales defiendo, en diálogo con la obra reciente de Judith Butler, la importancia de la (...) dimensión performativa de las intervenciones individuales en espacios de protesta para entender el alcance movilizador de la acción colectiva. (shrink)

Se suele plantear que a comienzos del siglo XX las investigaciones acerca del control social abandonan la prisión como tema central para pensar el problema del orden a partir de la ciudad. Sin embargo, poco se ha dicho de la conexión, a veces subterránea, que ello guarda con la obra de Franz Kafka. Consideramos posible rastrear en la literatura del autor checo el proceso por el cual la ciudad va convirtiéndose en un eje en el cual se desarrollan un sinnúmero (...) de sucesos, justamente cuando en la Escuela de Chicago comenzaban a elaborarse las bases para una teoría ecológica de la organización social. (shrink)

Resumo: Um parque cultural urbano é um símbolo da cultura urbana regional, além de refletir o acúmulo da cultura humana. Ele pode se tornar uma forma importante de herdar o patrimônio cultural e histórico regional e de promover o excelente espírito cultural tradicional chinês. Entretanto, o papel cultural desempenhado pelos parques culturais é bastante insatisfatório e ainda necessita de melhorias. É extremamente importante resolver esses problemas e promover o design dos parques culturais urbanos, a fim de mostrar melhor suas ideias (...) culturais e suprir as necessidades de disseminação e desenvolvimento culturais. Por isso, este artigo introduziu elementos de montanhas e analisou a simbólica importância deles no design de parques culturais urbanos. Esta investigação tentou interpretar as ideias contidas nos parques culturais urbanos modernos, a partir das perspectivas de parques culturais urbanos e elementos de montanhas, e elaborou estratégias de design, métodos de expressão, técnicas de expressão e troca de ideias sobre parques culturais urbanos. As pesquisas mostraram que introduzir elementos de montanhas no design de parques culturais pode torná-los mais agradáveis esteticamente, com formatos mais complexos, de modo a destacar melhor as ideias de temas para interpretações e expressões culturais regionais. Esta pesquisa oferece mais projetos de design e elementos para o design de parques culturais urbanos, estudando os elementos de montanhas, enriquecendo a expressão e o significado ideológicos de parques culturais urbanos, ajudando a promover o patrimônio e o desenvolvimento da cultura e fornecendo mais base teórica para o design de paisagens. (shrink)

La noción de interpretación desarrollada en el racionalismo crítico de Karl R. Popper muestra atributos específicos que la distinguen de modo sustancial de la interpretación constitutiva de la experiencia que tanto N. R. Hanson como Th. Kuhn defienden en sus respectivas propuestas. Se muestra que la interpretación del modelo popperiano queda atrapada en una epistemología de corte empirista que la separa de modo radical de toda hermenéutica filosófica. The notion of interpretation developed in the critical rationalism of Karl R. Popper (...) displays specific attributes that substantially distinguish it from the constituent interpretation of experience defended in both N. R. Hanson and T. Kuhn proposals. The article shows that the interpretation of Popper's model is trapped in an empiricist epistemology that radically separates it from all hermeneutic philosophy. (shrink)

1. Tan'gun sinhwa ŭi wŏnhyŏngjŏk segyegwan kwa p'ungnyu chŏngsin -- 2. Wŏnhyo ŭi hwajaeng sasang kwa muaehaeng ŭi silch'ŏn -- 3. Ŭisang ŭi 'Hwaŏm ilsŭng pŏpkyedo' e nat'anan Hwaŏm sasang -- 4. Chinul ŭi Tono chŏmsu wa Chŏnghye ssangsu sasang -- 5. Sambong Chŏng To-jŏn ŭi Pulgyo paech'ŏk ŭi naeyong kwa sŏngkyŏk -- 6. T'oegye Yi Hwang ŭi ch'ŏrhakchŏk ipchang kwa 'Kyŏng' sasang -- 7. Kobong Ki Tae-sŭng ŭi hangmun chŏngsin kwa ch'ŏrhak sasang -- 8. Ugye Sŏng Hon ŭi Tohakchŏk (...) sam kwa hangmun yŏnwŏn -- 9. Yulgok Yi I ŭi Taedong sahoeron kwa ch'ŏrhakchŏk chihyang -- 10. Sŏgye Pak Se-dang ŭi Sirhakchŏk sayu ŭi kich'o -- 11. Namdang Han Wŏn-jin ŭi yŏksa insik kwa Chosŏn chunghwajuŭi -- 12. Sŏngdam Song Hwan-gi ŭi 'T'aegŭk tosŏl' haesŏk ŭi kibon ipchang -- 13. Kanjŏng Yi Nŭng-hwa 'Chosŏn Togyosa' ŭi haksulsachŏk ŭiŭi wa han'gye -- 14. Manhae Han Yong-un i pon chuch'e ŭi munje wa minjok chagyŏl ŭi wŏnch'ik -- purok. T'algyŏnggye sidae ŭi Han'guk ch'ŏrhak ŭi inmunhakchŏk ŭiŭi wa chŏnmang: Yulgok ŭi ch'ŏrhak. (shrink)

Theorizing in ecology and evolution often proceeds via the construction of multiple idealized models. To determine whether a theoretical result actually depends on core features of the models and is not an artifact of simplifying assumptions, theorists have developed the technique of robustness analysis, the examination of multiple models looking for common predictions. A striking example of robustness analysis in ecology is the discovery of the Volterra Principle, which describes the effect of general biocides in predator-prey systems. This paper details (...) the discovery of the Volterra Principle and the demonstration of its robustness. It considers the classical ecology literature on robustness and introduces two individual-based models of predation, which are used to further analyze the Volterra Principle. The paper also introduces a distinction between parameter robustness, structural robustness, and representational robustness, and demonstrates that the Volterra Principle exhibits all three kinds of robustness. *Received September 2006; revised May 2007. ‡Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Australasian Association of Philosophy, the London School of Economics, and the University of Bristol. The authors wish to thank those audiences as well as Patrick Forber, Ken Waters, Deena Skolnick Weisberg, Uri Wilensky, and Bill Wimsatt for many helpful comments. Special thanks to Giacomo Sillari for his assistance in translating Volterra's original paper and his insightful thoughts about Volterra's aims and methods. Some of the research in this paper was supported by NSF grant SES-0620887 to MW. †To contact the authors, please write to: Michael Weisberg, Department of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, 433 Logan Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104; e-mail: [email protected]; Kenneth Reisman, Pluribo, Inc., 100 Park Avenue, Suite 1600, New York, NY 10017; e-mail: [email protected]. (shrink)

Great theoretical value has always been attached toBoveri's discovery as regards chromatin diminution inAscaris, for this discovery appeared to expose the mechanism causing the propagative cells, in which all chromatin remains, to originate an entirely new organism, whereas the soma cells of which the chromosomes have been diminished are only capable of specific differentiation.Boveri was further able to show that, not only do the soma and propagative nuclei differ from each other, but that rather the character of the cell-plasma decides (...) whether the nucleus diminishes or not. Considerations are brought forward to prove that the “diminisher” hypothesis as given byKing andBeams, is untenable. Diminution has always been supposed to result in the loss of the totipotence of the diminished nuclei. In the light of recent chromosome research this course of events does not seem probable. Therefore the following theory is brought forward: When the egg ofAscaris is split, blastomeres originate, which differ from each other as to the plasma. In proportion to the quality of the surrounding plasma, now these now other genes of the totipotent nucleus react in different cells, thus originating the specific differentiation of the cell in question. This cooperation between plasma and nucleus is, however, at first obstructed in the large collective chromosomes ofAscaris, by the presence of their thickened ends. In order to keep up this cooperation a certain quality of plasma is needed, situated in a certain horizontal zone of the egg. As soon as, in the course of the division, nuclei come to rest in different zones, a diminution occurs, and differentiation of the cells in question sets in. Towards the end of the embryonic development the ends of the chromosomes are lost in the propagative cells, and also in these cells differentiation occurs.On a toujours attribué une haute signification théorique à la découverte deBoveri, de la diminution des chromatines chez l'ascaris puisqu'elle semblait expliquer le mécanisme qui cause que les cellules propagatrices où séjourne, la totalité de l'effectif des chromatines, font de nouveau sortir d'elles-mêmes un organisme entier, pendant que les cellules somatiques, dont les chromosomes ont été diminués, ne sont plus capables qu'à produire une différenciation spécifique. De plus,Boveri a pu démontrer, que les noyaux somatiques et propagateurs ne sont pas, à peu de chose près, différents, mais que c'est bien plus la qualité du plasme des cellules qui décide si les noyaux qui leur ont été distribués, diminuent ou non. Des arguments sont apportés, qui démontrent que l'hypothèse du „diminisher” échafaudée parKing etBeams est insoutenable. En général on s'est représenté. l'action de la diminution de telle façon que la totipotentialité des noyaux diminués a été perdue. Cependant, le fait n'est pas acceptable quand on le considère à la lumière de la recherche moderne sur les chromosomes. Par conséquent, nous proposons l'opinion suivante: Dans l'œuf de l'ascaris, des blastomères différant plasmatiquement les uns des autres prennent naissance pendant le fendage. Selon l'état du plasme environnant, dans les cellules individuelles on voit réagir certain gène, dans les autres un autre gène du noyau totipotentiel, causant ainsi la différenciation des cellules visées. Cette collaboration entre le plasme et le noyau est cependant premièrement bloquée dans les grands chromosomes collectifs de l'ascaris par la présence des bouts de chromosomes épaissis. Pour leur conservation une certaine qualité de plasme est requise qui se trouve dans une zone horizontale déterminée de l'œuf. Dès que, dans le procès du fendage, des noyaux arrivent dans d'autres zones du plasme, la diminution a lieu, et la différenciation des cellules visées s'opère. Cependant, après la conclusion du développement embryonal, les bouts des chromosomes se perdent dans les cellules propagatrices et la différenciation a lieu aussi dans ces cellules. (shrink)

The pessimistic induction holds that successful past scientific theories are completely false, so successful current ones are completely false too. I object that past science did not perform as poorly as the pessimistic induction depicts. A close study of the history of science entitles us to construct an optimistic induction that would neutralize the pessimistic induction. Also, even if past theories were completely false, it does not even inductively follow that the current theories will also turn out to be completely (...) false because the current theories are more successful and have better birth qualities than the past theories. Finally, the extra success and better birth qualities justify an anti-induction in favor of the present theories. (shrink)

South Korean industrial conglomerates (chaebols) are discussed in the context of value-based management (VBM). Recent economics and finance literature on the diversion of corporate resources from the firm to the controlling shareholders (tunneling), for which chaebols are notoriously known, is discussed. Chaebols have engaged in empire building and expropriation of minority shareholders, distorting the process of efficient resource allocation in South Korea, and became the root cause of the 1997 financial crisis. We argue that the 1997 crisis should be viewed (...) as a consequence of chaebols’ systematic deviation from the guiding principles of VBM. We use tunneling within chaebols as an example of the need to directly address prohibition of the expropriation of minority shareholders as a primary postulate of VBM. We argue that VBM should require that the value generated by the firm not be expropriated from minorities, or any stakeholders, by dominant shareholders. We also examine moral and ethical considerations and present explanations as to why the unethical practice of tunneling has been tolerated by the South Korean public. We show that public opinion on tunneling is changing and that the treatment of minority shareholders by chaebols’ controlling families is becoming increasingly unacceptable to South Koreans. (shrink)

The purpose of this study was to investigate external whistleblowers’ experiences of workplace bullying by superiors and colleagues, and to analyze how the bullying was influenced by factors such as the support they received from government or NGOs, and whether colleagues understood the reasons for the whistleblower’s actions. For bullying by colleagues, we also examined to what extent this was influenced by superiors’ behavior towards the whistleblower. We reviewed the relevant literature on workplace bullying and whistleblowers’ experiences of negative or (...) retaliatory actions and developed three hypotheses, which we tested using data gathered from Korean external whistleblowers. Results revealed that external whistleblowers experienced work-related bullying by superiors and social relation-related and person-related bullying by colleagues more frequently, and found it more distressing, than other types of workplace bullying. Superiors’ bullying was a dominant factor affecting bullying by colleagues. Colleagues’ understanding of the reason for the whistleblower’s actions was significant in reducing bullying frequency while support from government and NGOs was not significant in reducing it. Based on these findings, practical implications are discussed. (shrink)

What attitude should we take toward a scientific theory when it competes with other scientific theories? This question elicited different answers from instrumentalists, logical positivists, constructive empiricists, scientific realists, holists, theory-ladenists, antidivisionists, falsificationists, and anarchists in the philosophy of science literature. I will summarize the diverse philosophical responses to the problem of underdetermination, and argue that there are different kinds of underdetermination, and that they should be kept apart from each other because they call for different responses.

Business Ethics: A European Review, EarlyView.

Last year in June, British doctors went on strike for the first time since 1975. Amidst a global economic downturn and with many health systems struggling with reduced finances, around the world the issue of public health workers going on strike is a very real one. Almost all doctors will agree that we should always follow the law, but often the law is unclear or does not cover a particular case. Here we must appeal to ethical discussion. The General Medical (...) Council, in its key guidance document for practising doctors, Good Medical Practice, claims that ‘Good doctors make the care of their patients their first concern’. Is this true? And if so, how is this relevant to the issue of striking? One year on since the events, we carefully reflect and argue whether it was right for doctors to pursue strike action, and call for greater discussion of ethical issues such as the recent strikes, particularly among younger members of the profession. (shrink)

Does science move toward truths? Are present scientific theories (approximately) true? Should we invoke truths to explain the success of science? Do our cognitive faculties track truths? Some philosophers say yes, while others say no, to these questions. Interestingly, both groups use the same scientific theory, viz., evolutionary theory, to defend their positions. I argue that it begs the question for the former group to do so because their positive answers imply that evolutionary theory is warranted, whereas it is self-defeating (...) for the latter group to do so because their negative answers imply that evolutionary theory is unwarranted. (shrink)

The reflection on the current period of transition in Serbian society indicates deep contradictions between the urge for European integration and the delay of institutional transformation that fuse with the indolence of a large part of the people. The crisis of values is conspicuous almost everywhere. Continuous changes have had hard consequences on Serbian society. During these changes moral patterns, values, spirituality were destroyed, rebuilt, and lost again. Hence, Serbian society now lies on the ruins of past 'traditions', general values, (...) collective identities, and a common purpose. In everyday life, it is noticeable very often as, for example, in the Belgrade 'park-scape' whose photos obviously illustrate these problems. Razmatranje tekuceg perioda tranzicije drustva u Srbiji otkriva duboku protivrecnost koja postoji izmedju imperativa integracije i upornog odlaganja institucionalnih promena povezanog s indolencijom velikog broja ljudi. Skoro svuda u drustvu primetna je kriza vrednosti. Stalne promene ideoloskih nacela ostavile su teske posledice na drustvo u Srbiji. U tim promenama ruseni su, iznova gradjeni, te opet gubljeni moralni uzori, vrednosti, duh tako da se drustvo u Srbiji sada nalazi na rusevinama proteklih tradicija opstih vrednosti, kolektivnog identiteta, zajednickog cilja. U svakodnevnom zivotu Srbije to je upadljivo veoma cesto, kao na primer, u jednom beogradskom parku cije fotografije i vizuelno ilustruju ove probleme. (shrink)

A historical investigation of the exclusion of Africa and Asia from modern histories of philosophy.

McKitrick (2003) proposes that an object has a disposition if and only if there are a manifestation, the circumstances of the manifestation, a counterfactual true of the object, and an overtly dispositional locution referring to the disposition. A disposition is extrinsic if and only if an object has it, but a perfect duplicate of the object might not have it. I present an alternative definition that an object has a disposition if and only if a counterfactual is true of the (...) object that under a certain condition, it would interact with another object in a certain manner. There are three reasons for thinking that my definition is better than her definition. 1. Ockham’s razor favors my definition over McKitrick’s definition. My definition is consistent, while her definition is not, with Lewis’s and her definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic properties. 3. My definition goes well, while her definition does not, with our intuition that an object has a disposition even in a possible world where there is nothing but that object. (shrink)

Journal of Chinese Philosophy, EarlyView.

This study examines the influence of an observer’s value orientation and personality type on attitudes toward whistleblowing. Based on a review of the literature we generated three hypotheses to explain the relationship between these two factors and attitudes toward whistleblowing, and these were tested using data collected from 490 university students in South Korea. The survey comprises two parts, a measure of MBTI personality types, and a section assessing value orientations and attitudes toward whistleblowing. Regression analysis was conducted to clarify (...) the influence of the independent variables. The study offers two main contributions. First, it examines what role an observer’s value orientation and personality type play in determining the attitudes. Second, it provides insights into designing customized ethical training programs and developing policy aimed at changing negative attitudes toward whistleblowing. (shrink)