O texto aborda a correlação de democracia, diversidade e educação a partir da condição própria às minorias político-culturais que são efetivamente construídas desde a tríade racismo biológico, fundamentalismo religioso e eurocentrismo-colonialismo, rediviva política e culturalmente pela ascensão do fascismo como eixo estruturante das instituições e da vida sociopolítica brasileira hodierna enquanto consequência e estágio último de nossa modernização conservadora. Nosso problema de investigação pode ser definido com a seguinte pergunta: como é possível desconstruir-se a tríade racismo, fundamentalismo e colonialismo, base (...) de nossa modernização conservadora, a partir da condição, da história e dos valores próprios às minorias político-culturais? Nossa resposta, construída a partir de reflexões fundadas na teoria social e no pensamento negro, indígena e queer, é dupla: minorias político-culturais permitem a pluralização dos sujeitos, das histórias, das experiências, das práticas e dos valores constitutivos de nossa sociedade, desnaturalizando e politizando sua evolução e suas condições presentes; e é necessário que essa consolidação pública, política e cultural das e pelas minorias possa ser institucionalizada em termos de formulação de currículos, conteúdos, práticas e valores próprios à educação básica pública, uma vez que a militância social por elas assumida depende, para sua efetividade, tanto dessa institucionalização a ser assumida pela escola básica pública quanto, a partir daqui, da dinamização de processos educativos que, baseados exatamente na condição e no sentido dessas minorias político-culturais dentro do amplo processo de modernização conservadora brasileira, atinjam nossa coletividade como um todo, moldando uma nova cultura democrática, pluralista, equalizada e reflexiva. (shrink)

Argumentamos, no artigo, a partir de uma análise sistemática da produção literária de escritores/as indígenas brasileiros/as, que, desde a segunda metade do século XX, os povos indígenas passaram a afirmar a e a utilizar-se da esfera pública, sob a forma de ativismo, de militância e de engajamento, enquanto a estratégia e o lugar por excelência para a tematização da questão indígena no país, como forma de reação a processos de expansão socioeconômica e de negação político-cultural que punham em xeque a (...) sua própria existência, bem como em termos de recusa seja do paternalismo tecnocrático, seja da ideia de responsabilidade relativa a eles impostos. Com o objetivo de consolidarem-se como sujeitos público-políticos atuantes, eles optaram pela educação escolar e pela apropriação de ferramentas epistemológicas e técnicas digitais que lhes permitissem inserir-se na socialização nacional, modernizar-se política, cultural e epistemologicamente para, com isso, dinamizar uma perspectiva de crítica de nossa modernização conservadora a partir da auto-organização comunitária interna e desde a construção de uma rede de interação entre as nações indígenas. Rompe-se, por meio disso, com a imagem produzida cultural e normativamente pela colonização do/a índio/a selvagem, rude e bárbaro/a, confinado/a ao mais recôndito de nossas matas, incapaz de civilização; e, em seu lugar, consolida-se exatamente esse/a indígena socializado/a, modernizado/a, no pleno uso de sua cidadania política, produzindo e publicizando conhecimento, cultura e arte próprias. Da apropriação da educação escolar e dessas ferramentas e técnicas epistemológico-digitais passa-se, portanto, a uma postura ativista, militante e engajada na esfera pública, política e cultural, por meio da correlação de Movimento Indígena e de literatura indígena, em que a promoção da singularidade étnico-antropológica está na base da própria crítica à modernidade constituída e realizada pelos povos indígenas, seus/as intelectuais e escritores/as. (shrink)

Neste artigo, desenvolveremos a crítica de Ailton Krenak à modernidade-modernização ocidental como uma monocultura de ideias que se constitui como uma estrutura autorreferencial, autossubsistente, endógena, autônoma e autossuficiente, não necessitando do outro da modernidade em termos de ajuda e de crítica. Utilizando a ideia de colonialismo como teoria da modernidade, identificaremos cinco problemas fundamentais apresentados pela teoria da modernidade-modernização ocidental de Jürgen Habermas que justificam a crítica de Ailton Krenak, a saber: a modernidade como uma sociedade-cultura marcada por uma singularidade (...) absoluta, enquanto universalismo-globalismo pós-metafísico via racionalidade cultural-comunicativa, diferente de todo o resto das sociedades-culturas como tradicionalismo em geral via fundamentações essencialistas e naturalizadas; a compreensão do processo de constituição e de desenvolvimento da modernidade europeia como um movimento-princípio endógeno, autônomo, autossuficiente e fechado relativamente ao outro da modernidade, plenamente capaz de autocompreensão, autorreflexividade e autocorreção desde dentro, por seus próprios meios, sem necessidade de ajuda externa; a redução da dinâmica constitutiva e caracterizadora da modernidade como correlação, separação e tensão-contradição entre modernidade cultural e modernização econômico-social, com o silenciamento sobre o e o apagamento do colonialismo como movimento, princípio e consequência do processo de modernização ocidental; a compreensão restritiva do caminho constitutivo e evolutivo da modernidade-modernização ocidental, como um processo reto, direto e linear que vai da Europa moderna ao Primeiro e Segundo Mundos, mais uma vez silenciando-se sobre e apagando o Terceiro Mundo enquanto parte constitutiva e consequência da modernidade-modernização ocidental como um todo; e, finalmente, a correlação de modernidade cultural com/como o gênero humano, do gênero humano como um grande processo de modernização e de cada sociedade-cultura particular como uma proto-modernidade, o que sustenta e respalda exatamente a modernidade-modernização ocidental como ápice da evolução humana e, assim, seu sentido e sua vocação universalistas-globalistas, característica negada ao outro da modernidade. (shrink)

Resumo: Apresenta-se, neste texto, a perspectiva de uma crítica da modernidade, por parte do pensamento indígena brasileiro, a partir da sua denúncia da modernização como movimento expansivo totalizante que tem, na imbricação de eurocentrismo-colonialismo-racismo e/como fascismo, seu núcleo estruturante e dinamizador. Defende-se a proposta de um pensamento-práxis indígena que oferece uma explicação alternativa da modernização, enquanto guerra de colonização calcada no racismo estrutural e tendo como consequência o etnocídio-genocídio planificado, o qual também propõe um papel epistêmico-político-normativo aos indígenas, por eles (...) e desde suas formas de ser e estar no mundo, a saber, pacificar o branco. Com isso, inverte-se uma tripla lógica da modernidade: a modernidade como uma perspectiva endógena, autorreferencial e autossubsistente; a modernidade como movimento expansivo linear e reto, rumo ao universalismo pós-tradicional - e como universalismo pós-tradicional - via racionalidade cultural-comunicativa; e a modernidade como a condição exclusiva e necessária da crítica da modernização, da crítica do outro da modernidade e do sustento de uma noção universal de direitos humanos, os quais os outros da modernidade não conseguiriam gerar e nem sustentar.: We develop the perspective of a criticism of modernity by Brazilian Indigenous thinking, from its denounce of modernization as an expansive and totalizing movement that has in the imbrication of eurocentrism-colonialism-racism and/as fascism its structuring and streamlining core. We will argue the proposal of an Indigenous thinking-praxis that offers and alternative explanation of modernity as war of colonization based on structural racism and having as consequence the institutional ethnocide-genocide against Indigenous and Blacks; and also that proposes an epistemic-political-normative role to Indigenous since their forms of being in the world, that is, to pacify the White man. Therefore, we have the inversion of a triple logic of modernity: the modernity as an endogenous, self-referential and self-subsistent perspective; the modernity as a lineal and direct expansive movement towards post-traditional universalism - and as post-traditional universalism - from cultural-communicative rationalization; and the modernity as the exclusive and necessary condition for the criticism of modernity, for the criticism of the others of modernity and for the basement of an universal notion of human rights, tasks that the others of modernity cannot generate or sustain. (shrink)

Criticamos, no artigo, duas exigências fundamentais postas pelo paradigma normativo da modernidade como condição da crítica, da reflexividade e da emancipação, a saber, a racionalização epistemológica dos sujeitos, das práticas e dos valores como critério da justificação e da validade, e o procedimentalismo imparcial, neutro, formal e impessoal como práxis da fundamentação ético-política. Argumentaremos que essas duas exigências teórico-práticas levam a dois graves problemas para uma teoria social crítica e para uma práxis política emancipatória relativamente à modernidade: primeiro, sujeitos epistemológico-políticos (...) marginalizados pela modernidade teriam de abandonar a carnalidade e a vinculação ao seu contexto e sua situação de vítimas da modernidade como condição de uma perspectiva crítica frente à própria modernidade como universalismo epistemológico-moral autêntico; segundo, uma perspectiva político-metodológica imparcial, neutral, formal e impessoal conduz tanto à apoliticidade e à despolitização dos sujeitos da fundamentação quanto à correlação de institucionalismo forte, cientificismo e lógica sistêmica, já que, nesse segundo caso, apenas as instituições e desde uma dinâmica lógico-técnica têm condições de assumir uma atuação e um enquadramento sociais nesses requisitos de imparcialidade, impessoalidade, neutralidade e formalismo. Como alternativa, apontaremos para a necessidade, por parte das vítimas da modernização, de uma voz- práxis política-politizante, carnal e vinculada, que tem como ponto de partida sua condição de marginalização e sua pertença social e antropológica como base da autoafirmação, da resistência e da luta e que se processa sob a forma de um anarquismo estético-político anti-sistêmico, anti-institucionalista e anti-cientificista, aberto, inclusivo e participativo. Palavras-chave: Modernização. Institucionalismo. Lógica sistêmica. Excluídos. Anarquismo estético-político. (shrink)

In empirical modeling, mathematics has an important utility in transforming descriptive representations of target system into calculation devices, thus creating useful scientific models. The transformation may be considered as the action of tools. In this paper, I assume that model idealizations could be such tools. I then examine whether these idealizations have characteristic properties of tools, i.e., whether they are being adapted to the objects to which they are applied, and whether they are to some extent generic.

This book is the most comprehensive and rigourous critique of the ways disciplinary boundaries still inhibit knowledge-production and integration.

Julie Houts has cultivated a devoted following as "Instagram's favourite illustrator" (Vogue) by lampooning the conflicting messages and images women consume and share with the world every day. A collection of darkly comic illustrated essays, Literally Me chronicles the daily exploits of "slightly antisocial heroines" (Refinery29) in vivid, excruciatingly funny detail, including: -The beauty routine of a deranged bride who aspires to be "truly without flaws" on her wedding day -What happens when Kylie Jenner has an existential crisis and (...) can no longer "step out" -A journey to Coachella by the Four Horsewomen of the Apocalypse -The true dating confessions of a fembot -The terrifying description for Alice Staunch's book How to be the Perfect Feminist -The diary of Fiddle Ficus, a tree that lives inside a CÉLINE store, and much more. Literally Me marks the launch of a brilliant new social satirist. Julie's singular voice and beautiful illustrations reveal the truth about the absurdity of life in the social media age: the line between becoming a total `Girlboss' and a 21st-century American Psycho is razor-thin."--Dust jacket. (shrink)

Some interesting exceptions notwithstanding, the traditional logic of economic efficiency has long favored hierarchical forms of organization and disfavored democracy in business. What does the balance of arguments look like, however, when values besides efficient revenue production are brought into the picture? The question is not hypothetical: In recent years, an ever increasing number of corporations have developed and adopted socially responsible behaviors, thereby hybridizing aspects of corporate businesses and social organizations. We argue that the joint pursuit of financial and (...) social objectives warrants significant rethinking of organizational democracy’s merits compared both to hierarchy and to non-democratic alternatives to hierarchy. In making this argument, we draw on an extensive literature review to document the relative lack of substantive discussion of organizational democracy since 1960. And we draw lessons from political theory, suggesting that the success of political democracy in integrating diverse values offers some grounds for asserting parallel virtues in the business case. (shrink)

This article discusses what is involved in having full moral status, as opposed to a lesser degree of moral status and surveys different views of the grounds of moral status as well as the arguments for attributing a particular degree of moral status on the basis of those grounds.

"Faith Has Its Reasons" shows readers how struggles, heartache, and tears can transform from a nightmare into a ministry. This book contains the encouragement to take the first steps out of grief and climb the mountain out of the valley of the shadow of death. This book will also inspire those that may question heaven. A child's amazing visits to heaven gave him the courage to tell others about Jesus. His bravery and boldness after dying and losing his father will (...) open your eyes to how God can use an unthinkable tragedy for His glory. If you have endured a catastrophic loss and questioned God, this book will show you how to persevere and find happiness again. (shrink)

Globalizing Feminist Bioethics is a collection of new essays on the topic of international bioethics that developed out of the Third World Congress of the International Association of Bioethics in 1996. Rosemarie Tong is the primary editor of this collection, in which she, Gwen Anderson, and Aida Santos look at such international issues as female genital cutting, fatal daughter syndrome, use of reproductive technologies, male responsibility, pediatrics, breast cancer, pregnancy, and drug testing.

A 2011 National Academies of Sciences report called for an “Information Commons” and a “Knowledge Network” to revolutionize biomedical research and clinical care. We interviewed 41 expert stakeholders to examine governance, access, data collection, and privacy in the context of a medical information commons. Stakeholders' attitudes about MICs align with the NAS vision of an Information Commons; however, differences of opinion regarding clinical use and access warrant further research to explore policy and technological solutions.

From the Supreme Court to the bedroom, privacy is an intensely contested interest in our everyday lives and privacy law. Some people appeal to privacy to protect such critical areas as abortion, sexuality, and personal information. Yet, privacy skeptics argue that there is no such thing as a right to privacy. I argue that we cannot abandon the concept of privacy. If we wish to avoid extending this elusive concept to cover too much of our lives or shrinking it to (...) cover too little, we must come to understand it. After exploring the privacy arguments of philosophers and constitutional and tort privacy law, I argue for a new definition of privacy and an explanation of its value that clarifies and resolves many of our conflicts. Privacy is critical because it allows us to protect a realm in which we can have intimate relations with others. (shrink)

Acknowledgments THROUGHOUT this book I cite the many people who have provided information on individual programs and activities. ...

In the recent methodological individualism-holism debate on explanation, there has been considerable focus on what reasons methodological holists may advance in support of their position. We believe it is useful to approach the other direction and ask what considerations methodological individualists may in fact offer in favor of their view about explanation. This is the background for the question we pursue in this paper: Why be a methodological individualist? We start out by introducing the methodological individualism-holism debate while distinguishing two (...) forms of methodological individualism: a form that says that individualist explanations are always better than holist accounts and a form that says that providing intervening individualist mechanisms always makes for better explanations than purely holist ones. Next, we consider four lines of reasoning in support of methodological individualism: arguments from causation, from explanatory depth, from agency, and from normativity. We argue that none of them offer convincing reasons in support of the two explanatory versions of individualism we consider. While there may well be occasions in which individualists’ favorite explanations are superior, we find no reason to think this always must be the case. (shrink)

This collection of papers investigates the most recent debates about individualism and holism in the philosophy of social science. The debates revolve mainly around two issues: firstly, whether social phenomena exist sui generis and how they relate to individuals. This is the focus of discussions between ontological individualists and ontological holists. Secondly, to what extent social scientific explanations may and should, focus on individuals and social phenomena respectively. This issue is debated amongst methodological holists and methodological individualists. -/- In social (...) science and philosophy, both issues have been intensively discussed and new versions of the dispute have appeared just as new arguments have been advanced. At present, the individualism/holism debate is extremely lively and this book reflects the major positions and perspectives within the debate. This volume is also relevant to debates about two closely related issues in social science: the micro-macro debate and the agency-structure debate. -/- This book presents contributions from key figures in both social science and philosophy, in the first such collection on this topic to be published since the 1970s. -/- . (shrink)

The National Institutes of Health and other federal health agencies are considering establishing a national biobank to study the roles of genes and environment in human health. A preliminary public engagement study was conducted to assess public attitudes and concerns about the proposed biobank, including the expectations for return of individual research results. A total of 141 adults of different ages, incomes, genders, ethnicities, and races participated in 16 focus groups in six locations across the country. Focus group participants voiced (...) a strong desire to be able to access individual research results. Recognizing the wide range of possible research results from a large cohort study, they repeatedly and spontaneously suggested that cohort study participants be given ongoing choices as to which results they received. (shrink)

The problem of theorizing privacy moves on two levels, the first consisting of an inadequate conceptual vocabulary and the second consisting of an inadequate institutional grammar. Privacy rights are supposed to protect individual subjects, and so conventional ways of understanding privacy are subject-centered, but subject-centered approaches to theorizing privacy also wrestle with deeply embedded contradictions. And privacy’s most enduring institutional failure modes flow from its insistence on placing the individual and individualized control at the center. Strategies for rescuing privacy from (...) irrelevance involve inverting both established ways of talking about privacy rights and established conventions for designing institutions to protect them. In terms of theory, turning privacy inside out entails focusing on the conditions that are needed to produce sufficiently private and privacy-valuing subjects. Institutionally, turning privacy inside out entails focusing on the design, production, and operational practices most likely to instantiate and preserve those conditions. (shrink)

In this mixed methods study we identify and assess ethical and pragmatic issues and dilemmas surrounding e-health technologies in the context of primary care, including what is already in the literature. We describe how primary healthcare professionals can access reliable and accurate data, improve the quality of care for patients, and lower costs while following institutional guidelines to protect patients. Using qualitative and quantitative methodologies we identify several underlying ethical and pragmatic burdens and benefits of e-health technologies. The 41 study (...) participants reported more burdens than benefits, and were generally ambivalent about their level of satisfaction with their institutions’ ehealth technologies, their general knowledge about the technologies, and whether e-health can improve team-based communication and collaboration. Participants provided recommendations to improve e-health technologies in primary care settings. (shrink)

We investigate if private family firms have a greater environmental performance focus than nonfamily firms, and if this relationship is moderated by the strength of the firms’ social embeddedness. We empirically test these issues using a representative sample of 1452 private Australian small and medium-sized enterprises. Contrary to prevailing assumptions and previous indicative findings in the public firm context, our results show that family firms have a lower environmental performance focus than nonfamily firms. However, in cases where the firm is (...) highly embedded in the social community, we find that family firms have a higher environmental performance focus. We explain our unexpected results by considering the role of financial risk in publicly held family firms. Accordingly, we posit that prior findings in the public firm context may be evidence of families expropriating wealth from nonfamily shareholders rather than altruistic pro-environmental behavior. (shrink)

In this case, Brian, a 42-year-old patient with decision-making capacity and a history of non-adherence to treatment, refuses to leave the hospital due to concerns about a bothersome rash on his ar...

The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 12, Page 44-46, December 2011.

Poseidon has recently benefited from renewed scholarly attention, contributing to re-evaluate his role in ancient Greek imaginary. By opening the research previously limited to literary evidence to the archaeological and topographical evidence, new perspectives on “Poseidonian landscapes” have emerged. Arcadia, a land-locked region where Poseidon Hippios is celebrated with fervour, is here taken as a case study to try and go further in identifying the god’s realm of action. Areas with floods seem to be his preferred worship places, while in (...) other areas he plays a crucial part in myths but is hardly worshipped alone. There also seems to be a connection between his patronage over freshwater and horses. Overall, natural observation seems to have been instrumental in choosing the location of his worship places. (shrink)

Recent debates about inequality have focused almost exclusively on the distribution of wealth and disparities in income, but little notice has been paid to the distribution of free time. Free time is commonly assumed to be a matter of personal preference, a good that one chooses to have more or less of. Even if there is unequal access to free time, the cause and solution are presumed to lie with the resources of income and wealth. In Free Time, Julie (...) Rose argues that these views are fundamentally mistaken. First, Rose contends that free time is a resource, like money, that one needs in order to pursue chosen ends. Further, realizing a just distribution of income and wealth is not sufficient to ensure a fair distribution of free time. Because of this, anyone concerned with distributive justice must attend to the distribution of free time. On the basis of widely held liberal principles, Rose explains why citizens are entitled to free time—time not committed to meeting life's necessities and instead available for chosen pursuits. The novel argument that the just society must guarantee all citizens their fair share of free time provides principled grounds to address critical policy choices, including work hours regulations, Sunday closing laws, public support for caregiving, and the pursuit of economic growth. Delving into an original topic that touches everyone, Free Time demonstrates why all citizens have, in the words of early labor reformers, a right to "hours for what we will.". (shrink)

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs are increasingly popular corporate marketing strategies. This paper argues that CSR programs can fall along a continuum between two endpoints: Institutionalized programs and Promotional programs. This classification is based on an exploratory study examining the variance of four responses from the consumer stakeholder group toward these two categories of CSR. Institutionalized CSR programs are argued to be most effective at increasing customer loyalty, enhancing attitude toward the company, and decreasing consumer skepticism. Promotional CSR programs are (...) argued to be more effective at generating purchase intent. Ethical and managerial implications of these preliminary findings are discussed. (shrink)

This paper is the first of two in a series. In this paper, we identify mental health needs and challenges in the age of COVID-19 among Nepali-speaking, Bhutanese resettled refugees in the USA. We argue for a public health justice framework that looks critically at social determinants impacting mental health (SDIMH) barriers, which negatively impact our Bhutanese population, and serves as a theoretical foundation toward public policy and law that will inform healthcare decisions and fair treatment of resettled refugees at (...) the clinical bedside and in the community. We first describe our Bhutanese refugee population and the critical mental health issues that, for many, originated during political persecution and violent ethnic cleansing initiatives, or while living in refugee camps prior to resettlement to the USA. We present a social justice framework emerging from an extensive literature review and incorporating core social determinants specific to mental health in the age of COVID-19, which are guided by the social determinants of economic stability; neighborhoods and physical environment; education; nutrition and exercise; community and social context; healthcare system; and legal system. We illustrate specific SDIMH of our resettled Bhutanese refugees during the pandemic, followed by a second paper that details recommendations for applying the SDIMH in a collective effort to address specific barriers to mental healthcare and support. (shrink)

There is a deep cultural anxiety around public expressions of maternalism and the application of maternal values to society as a whole. Julie Stephens examines why postmaternal thinking has become so influential in recent decades and why there has been a growing unease with maternal forms of subjectivity and maternalist perspectives. In moving beyond policy definitions, which emphasize the priority given to women's claims as employees over their political claims as mothers, Stephens details an elaborate process of cultural forgetting (...) that has accompanied this repudiation of the maternal. Reclaiming an alternative feminist position through an investigation of oral history, life narratives, Web blogs, and other rich and varied sources, Stephens confronts the core claims of postmaternal thought and challenges dominant representations of feminism as having forgotten motherhood. Deploying the interpretive framework of memory studies, she examines the political structures of forgetting surrounding the maternal and the weakening of nurture and care in the public domain. She views the promotion of an illusory, self-sufficient individualism as a form of social unmothering that is profoundly connected to this ethos. In rejecting both traditional maternalism and the new postmaternalism, Stephens challenges prevailing paradigms and makes way for an alternative feminist maternalism centering on a politics of care. (shrink)

Machine learning methods have recently created high expectations in the climate modelling context in view of addressing climate change, but they are often considered as non-physics-based ‘black boxes’ that may not provide any understanding. However, in many ways, understanding seems indispensable to appropriately evaluate climate models and to build confidence in climate projections. Relying on two case studies, we compare how machine learning and standard statistical techniques affect our ability to understand the climate system. For that purpose, we put five (...) evaluative criteria of understanding to work: intelligibility, representational accuracy, empirical accuracy, coherence with background knowledge, and assessment of the domain of validity. We argue that the two families of methods are part of the same continuum where these various criteria of understanding come in degrees, and that therefore machine learning methods do not necessarily constitute a radical departure from standard statistical tools, as far as understanding is concerned. (shrink)

This paper explores the vulnerability of Latin American human subjects, and how their vulnerability is ignored due to the complexities and inconsistencies of oversight committees and institutional policies. Secondly, the concept of apology is examined and its meaning to victims of past research abuses.