This article examines the proximity of the conceptions of Europe defended by Edmund Husserl and Paul Valéry during the interwar period, their common diagnosis of a European crisis and their attempt to give a non-geographical definition of Europe, based on the notion of spirit. It is shown that, behind the common use of the term and lexicon of spirit, the two authors actually put forward two different paradigms to account for Europe’s cultural specificity (a dynamic paradigm in Valéry and a (...) teleological paradigm in Husserl), and that this duality is reflected in the way they understand European modernity, the significance of science, and finally the idea of a Europeanization of the world. In so doing, the article enters into a critical discussion with those readings that have noted the proximity of the two authors only to see in them the same spiritualism, suspected of perpetuating the Eurocentric prejudice. (shrink)

Le présent article se propose d’interroger un aspect du devenir post-kantien de la notion d’âme à partir du problème de la fondation philosophique des « sciences de l’esprit » ( Geisteswissenschaften ) et du débat qu’il suscita en Allemagne entre la phénoménologie naissante, le néokantisme de l’école de Bade et la pensée herméneutique de Dilthey. Il s’agit d’abord de reconstruire le débat qui oppose la fondation formelle (néokantienne) et la fondation matérielle (diltheyenne) des sciences de l’esprit pour faire apparaître son (...) enjeu qui n’est autre que la difficile articulation des notions d’esprit et d’âme. Il est alors possible de se tourner vers la phénoménologie husserlienne pour montrer que l’originalité de la voie intermédiaire qu’elle trace entre fondation formelle et fondation matérielle tient largement à la façon dont elle réactive en contexte phénoménologique des déterminations essentielles du concept aristotélicien d’âme. (shrink)

This paper wants to clarify the concepts of “meaning” and “sense”, of which Husserlian phenomenology makes constant use even though it remains far from any hermeneutical perspective as from any linguistic philosophy. Whether in form of the “interpretative sense” and the “fulfilling sense” in the Logical Investigations or in form of the “noematic sense” which emerges in the Ideas, it appears that the notion of meaning is inseparable from the thesis of the object’s being-constituted, but forbids at the same time (...) any mentalist account of it. As a non-objectifiable medium in any relation to an object, this “meaning” cannot be identified with a Fregean Sinn but must be recognized as the fundamental operative concept of Husserlian phenomenology, from which its transcendental idealism is to be understood. (shrink)

Dans les Recherches logiques, Husserl rend compte de l’identité idéale de la signification en la considérant sur le modèle de l’idéalité de l’espèce (species) par rapport à ses singularisations. L’article se penche sur ce modèle ontologique lui-même et montre qu’il représente une réponse indirecte mais parfaitement consistante au problème des universaux, dont l’originalité est ressaisie de deux façons : d’abord, à partir de Husserl lui-même, qui la situe à la jonction de deux définitions de l’universel traditionnellement considérées comme incompatibles (ante (...) rem, in re). Puis, à la lumière des débats contemporains sur la question des universaux en métaphysique analytique, il apparaît que le cette conception husserlienne cherche à articuler, moyennant une théorie complexe des relations, un réalisme des universaux avec un particularisme qui préfigure l’actuelle théorie nominaliste des tropes. À chaque étape, c’est la question difficile du « platonisme » de Husserl qu’on cherche ainsi à éclaircir. (shrink)

Si ce qu?il est convenu d?appeler le « mouvement phénoménologique » est, selon une formule célèbre de Paul Ric?ur, « l?histoire des hérésies hus­serliennes » 1 , alors l?hérésie sartrienne mérite probablement une place à part dans cette histoire tant elle donne, du moins dans ces premières formulations, l?apparence de l?orthodoxie, en ce qui concerne des aspects aussi essentiels que la définition de la conscience par l?intentionnalité ou l?exigence d?intuitivité du « principe des principes ». Lorsque Sartre écrit ainsi, dans (...) La transcendance de l?ego : « Nous croyons volontiers pour notre part à l?existence d?une conscience constituante. Nous suivons Husserl dans cha­cune de ses admirables descriptions où il montre la conscience transcen­dan­tale constituant le monde en s?emprisonnant dans la conscience empi­rique ; nous sommes persuadés comme lui que notre moi psychique et psycho­physique est un objet transcendant qui doit tomber sous le coup de l? épochè » 2 , comment ne pas croire ici à une fidélité doctrinale pleine et entière ? Et pourtant, cette fidélité méthodologique est mise au service d?un projet bien distinct de celui de Husserl, comme le montre exemplairement le bref article intitulé « Une idée fondamentale de la phénoménologie de Hus­serl : l?intentionnalité » 3 . Au moment même où, à Fribourg dans ses manu­scrits de recherche, Husserl pousse jusqu?à ses. (shrink)

L’article propose une relecture des textes que Valéry a consacrés à la danse à la lumière des analyses dispersées dans les _Cahiers_, véritable laboratoire de la pensée valéryenne. Il en ressort que la danse est inséparable d’une réflexion approfondie sur la notion de rythme conçu non pas de façon étroite comme une forme dans le temps, mais comme principe d’organisation formelle fondé sur la périodicité, débouchant sur une conception physiologique de la danse. Après avoir établi que la danse consiste à (...) organiser rythmiquement la dissipation possible des mouvements corporels, on montre comment cet état rythmique induit une reconfiguration de l’espace, du temps et du corps dansant lui-même. (shrink)

On peut dire sans exagération que la vie est chez Husserl le concept à la fois le plus surdéterminé et le plus indéterminé. Il est bien connu, en effet, que la terminologie husserlienne fait place, au cours de son développement, à une prolifération des concepts impliquant une référence à la vie alors même que, pour sa part, « le concept de vie ne fait jamais l’objet d’une thématisation explicite ». C’est pourquoi, on pourrait être tenté de recourir à la distinction, (...) proposée par Eugen Fink et... (shrink)

Ce travail se propose de montrer que l’intérêt de la philosophie des valeurs de Rickert relativement au champ historique ne se limite pas, comme on le croit souvent, au développement d’une logique de la connaissance historique, mais qu’au-delà de cette dimension épistémologique, elle contribue à déterminer sur nouveaux frais l’idée d’une philosophie de l’histoire. Il s’agit dès lors d’élucider la thèse paradoxale selon laquelle c’est de l’édification d’un système des valeurs ineffectives que dépend pour Rickert la possibilité d’une philosophie de (...) cette effectivité asystématique qu’est la matière historique. Il apparaît ainsi que l’idée d’un système des valeurs permet de différencier plusieurs niveaux de cette philosophie de l’histoire, qui sont autant de moments d’une critique radicale de l’historicisme.This paper intends to show that Rickert’s philosophy of values provides not only a logic of historical knowledge but also a renewed philosophy of history itself. Rickert’s paradoxical claim is in fact that only a system of non effective values can allow the development of a critical philosophy of effective and non systematic history. This fundamental assertion is explained by showing how a system of values allows to divide the very idea of a philosophy of history into different levels, which are at the same time different steps on the way to a radical refutation of historicism. (shrink)

S’il faut bien reconnaître que la présence de Paul Valéry est loin d’être envahissante dans le champ contemporain de la recherche philosophique, il est toutefois des thèmes et des problèmes relativement auxquels la pertinence de la référence à son œuvre ne saurait faire le moindre doute, malgré le caractère assurément et volontairement marginal de cette œuvre par rapport à l’histoire et à la pratique « officielle » de la philosophie. Or c’est un fait que la surprise fait partie de ces (...) thèmes... (shrink)

Il ne prouve que lui-même, son unique preuve est lui-même, tous les adversaires le vainquent aussitôt mais ce n’est pas qu’ils le réfutent (il est irréfutable), c’est qu’ils se prouvent eux.Franz Kafka Si une meilleure connaissance de la pensée du jeune Heidegger a permis de faire apparaître Sein und Zeit au moins autant comme un point d’aboutissement que comme un point de départ, et de battre en brèche l’idée selon laquelle l’ouvrage devrait l’essentiel de sa substance à la pensée husserlien...

Dans son étude intitulée « Aspects du vitalisme », Georges Cangui­lhem se plaît à rappeler les dangers de l?indistinction des frontières entre le savoir biologique et la spéculation philosophique, soit que la philosophie reprenne à son compte une partie du savoir biologique positif ou de la conceptualité biologique, soit que la biologie prétende s?élever, à partir de son savoir et de ses concepts, à des considérations d?ordre philosophique 1 . Canguilhem écrit ainsi, tout d?abord à propos du philosophe : Il (...) est bien difficile au philosophe de s?exercer à la philosophie biologique sans risquer de compromettre les biologistes qu?il utilise ou qu?il cite. Une biologie utilisée par un philosophe, n?est-ce pas déjà une biologie philoso­phique, donc fantaisiste ? Et, plus loin, à propos du biologiste : Le biologiste vitaliste devenu philosophe de la biologie croit apporter à la philosophie des capitaux et ne lui apporte en réalité que des rentes qui ne cessent de baisser à la bourse des valeurs scientifiques, du fait seul que se poursuit la recherche à laquelle il ne participe plus. [?] Il y a là une espèce d?abus de confiance sans préméditation 2 . Dans les deux cas, donc, celui des deux savoirs qui prétend s?annexer ou s?élever à quelque chose de l?autre compromet ce dernier et perd lui-même de sa solidité épistémique. En même temps qu?elles visent des personnalités scientifiques tout à fait précises. (shrink)

Pour les lecteurs désireux de comprendre ses Idées directrices a, Husserl a rendu la tâche extraordinairement difficile dans la mesure où des exemples adéquats, susceptibles d’éclaircir le type de connaissances qu’il a en vue, font tout bonnement défaut. On est obligé de les chercher soi-même selon les instructions de la théorie générale qui y est soutenue pour s’en représenter ainsi le sens...

L’« effet un peu criant » produit par la juxtaposition qui constitue le concept d’a priori historique ne l’a pas empêché de devenir un concept directeur de l’« épistémologie historique », une orientation philosophique qui introduit la contingence historique au sein des « cadres infrangibles » qui structurent notre expérience. On peut identifier les travaux de cette tradition...

Ce volume XXXIX de la collection des Husserliana, paru en 2008, est entièrement consacré à la problématique du monde de la vie (Lebenswelt). L’édition de cet ouvrage volumineux, fort de quelque 957 pages, a été confiée à R. Sowa. Ce volume complète le volume VI de la série, édité par W. Biemel, qui présentait le célèbre texte de 1936 Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie (La crise des sciences européennes et la phénoménologie transcendantale), ainsi...

In this paper, we develop a fresh understanding of the sense in which emotions are evaluations. We argue that we should not follow mainstream accounts in locating the emotion–value connection at the level of content and that we should instead locate it at the level of attitudes or modes. We begin by explaining the contrast between content and attitude, a contrast in the light of which we review the leading contemporary accounts of the emotions. We next offer reasons to think (...) that these accounts face substantial problems since they locate the link emotions bear to values at the level of content. This provides the incentive to pursue an alternative approach according to which emotions qualify as evaluations because they are specific types of attitudes, an approach we substantiate by appealing to felt bodily stances. We conclude by considering two reasons why this approach may be resisted; they respectively pertain to the alleged impossibility of drawing the attitude–content contrast in the case of the emotions and to the suspicion that so doing raises qualia-related worries. (shrink)

The safety conception of knowledge holds that a belief constitutes knowledge iff relevantly similar beliefs—its epistemic counterparts—are true. It promises an instructive account of why certain general principles of knowledge hold. We focus on two such principles that anyone should endorse: the closure principle that knowledge is downward closed under competent conjunction elimination, and the counter-closure principle that knowledge is upward closed under competent conjunction introduction. We argue that anyone endorsing the former must also endorse the latter on pains of (...) an unacceptable form of bootstrapping. We devise new formal models to identify necessary and sufficient conditions for these principles to hold on conceptions that construe knowledge in terms of true counterparts. These conditions state that counterparts of premise and conclusion beliefs are coordinated in certain ways whenever these beliefs stand in the relevant inferential relations. We show that the safety conception faces insuperable problems vindicating these coordination principles, because its epistemic counterpart relation is symmetric. We conclude that it thus proves unable to account for minimal closure properties of knowledge. More generally, our formal results establish parameters within which any conception must operate that construes knowledge in terms of true counterparts. (shrink)

Abstract The content of an emotion, unlike the content of a perception, is directly dependent on the motivational set of the subject experiencing the emotion. Given the instability of this motivational set, it might be thought that there is no sense in which emotions can be said to pick up information about the environment in the same way that perception does. Whereas it is admitted that perception tracks for us what is the case in the environment, no such tracking relation, (...) it is argued, holds between one's emotions and what they are about. It is to this worry – that the construal of the emotions as perceptions inevitably raises – that this paper tries to respond. In this paper, I suggest that when it is realized that one dimension of perception itself is directly dependent on the perceiver's perspective on her environment, then emotion, which is also essentially perspectival in this sense, bears the comparison with perception very well. After having clarified the nature and the role that perspective plays in perception, I argue that, in the case of emotions, the same perspectival role can be played by agents’ long-standing evaluative tendencies and character traits. The resulting conception of emotion as perception is then tested against possible objections. (shrink)

Widespread preservation of fossilized biomolecules in many fossil animals has recently been reported in six studies, based on Raman microspectroscopy. Here, we show that the putative Raman signatures of organic compounds in these fossils are actually instrumental artefacts resulting from intense background luminescence. Raman spectroscopy is based on the detection of photons scattered inelastically by matter upon its interaction with a laser beam. For many natural materials, this interaction also generates a luminescence signal that is often orders of magnitude more (...) intense than the light produced by Raman scattering. Such luminescence, coupled with the transmission properties of the spectrometer, induced quasi‐periodic ripples in the measured spectra that have been incorrectly interpreted as Raman signatures of organic molecules. Although several analytical strategies have been developed to overcome this common issue, Raman microspectroscopy as used in the studies questioned here cannot be used to identify fossil biomolecules. (shrink)

The safety conception of knowledge holds that a belief constitutes knowledge iff relevantly similar beliefs—its epistemic counterparts—are true. It promises an instructive account of why certain general principles of knowledge hold. We focus on two such principles that anyone should endorse: the closure principle that knowledge is downward closed under competent conjunction elimination, and the counter-closure principle that knowledge is upward closed under competent conjunction introduction. We argue that anyone endorsing the former must also endorse the latter on pains of (...) an unacceptable form of bootstrapping. We devise new formal models to identify necessary and sufficient conditions for these principles to hold on conceptions that construe knowledge in terms of true counterparts. These conditions state that counterparts of premise and conclusion beliefs are coordinated in certain ways whenever these beliefs stand in the relevant inferential relations. We show that the safety conception faces insuperable problems vindicating these coordination principles, because its epistemic counterpart relation is symmetric. We conclude that it thus proves unable to account for minimal closure properties of knowledge. More generally, our formal results establish parameters within which any conception must operate that construes knowledge in terms of true counterparts. (shrink)

The emotions are at the centre of our lives and, for better or worse, imbue them with much of their significance. The philosophical problems stirred up by the existence of the emotions, over which many great philosophers of the past have laboured, revolve around attempts to understand what this significance amounts to. Are emotions feelings, thoughts, or experiences? If they are experiences, what are they experiences of? Are emotions rational? In what sense do emotions give meaning to what surrounds us? (...) -/- The Emotions: A Philosophical Introduction introduces and explores these questions in a clear and accessible way. The authors discuss the following key topics: -/- the diversity and unity of the emotions the relations between emotion, belief and desire the nature of values the relations between emotions and perceptions emotions viewed as evaluative attitudes the link between emotions and evaluative knowledge the nature of moods, sentiments, and character traits. -/- Including chapter summaries and guides to further reading, The Emotions: A Philosophical Introduction is an ideal starting point for any philosopher or student studying the emotions. It will also be of interest to those in related disciplines such as psychology and the social sciences. (shrink)

Why think that emotions are kinds of evaluations? This chapter puts forward an original account of emotions as evaluations apt to circumvent some of the chief difficulties with which alternative approaches find themselves confronted. We shall proceed by first introducing the idea that emotions are evaluations (sec. I). Next, two well-known approaches attempting to account for this idea in terms of attitudes that are in and of themselves unemotional but are alleged to become emotional when directed towards evaluative contents are (...) explored. According to the first approach, emotions are nothing but evaluative judgments. Sec. II reminds the reader of the problems associated with this idea: one of its consequences is to deprive creatures with limited cognitive capacities of any sort of partaking of emotional life. According to the second approach, which is often praised for its capacity to avoid the pitfalls facing an appeal to evaluative judgments, emotions are perception-like experiences of evaluative properties and are as such within the reach of creatures bereft of conceptual capacities. This perceptual theory is taken up in sect. III, in which we explain why it remains unsatisfactory insofar as it shares with the evaluative judgement theory the idea that what makes emotions evaluations is the specific contents that they have. On this basis, we proceed by outlining in sect. IV an alternative—the attitudinal theory of emotions. Its main point of departure from current theorizing about the emotions consists in elucidating the fact that emotions are evaluations not in terms of what they represent, but rather in terms of the sort of attitude subjects take towards what they represent. We explore here what sorts of attitudes emotions are and defend the idea that they are felt bodily attitudes. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: Are there justified emotions? Can they justify evaluative judgements? We first explain the need for an account of justified emotions by emphasizing that emotions are states for which we have or lack reasons. We then observe that emotions are explained by their cognitive and motivational bases. Considering cognitive bases first, we argue that an emotion is justified if and only if the properties the subject is aware of constitute an instance of the relevant evaluative property. We then investigate the (...) roles of motivational bases. Finally, we argue that justified emotions are sufficient for justified evaluative judgements. View HTML Send article to KindleTo send this article to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.From Justified Emotions to Justified Evaluative Judgements*Volume 51, Issue 1JULIEN A. DEONNA and FABRICE TERONI DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012217312000236Your Kindle email address Please provide your Kindle [email protected]@kindle.com Available formats PDF Please select a format to send. By using this service, you agree that you will only keep articles for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services. Please confirm that you accept the terms of use. Cancel Send ×Send article to Dropbox To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about sending content to Dropbox. From Justified Emotions to Justified Evaluative Judgements*Volume 51, Issue 1JULIEN A. DEONNA and FABRICE TERONI DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012217312000236Available formats PDF Please select a format to send. By using this service, you agree that you will only keep articles for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services. Please confirm that you accept the terms of use. Cancel Send ×Send article to Google Drive To send this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about sending content to Google Drive. From Justified Emotions to Justified Evaluative Judgements*Volume 51, Issue 1JULIEN A. DEONNA and FABRICE TERONI DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012217312000236Available formats PDF Please select a format to send. By using this service, you agree that you will only keep articles for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services. Please confirm that you accept the terms of use. Cancel Send ×Export citation Request permission. (shrink)

One puzzle concerning highly idealized models is whether they explain. Some suggest they provide so-called ‘how-possibly explanations’. However, this raises an important question about the nature of how-possibly explanations, namely what distinguishes them from ‘normal’, or how-actually, explanations? I provide an account of how-possibly explanations that clarifies their nature in the context of solving the puzzle of model-based explanation. I argue that the modal notions of actuality and possibility provide the relevant dividing lines between how-possibly and how-actually explanations. Whereas how-possibly (...) explanations establish claims of possible explanations, how-actually explanations establish claims of actual ones. Models, in turn, simply provide evidence for these claims. (shrink)

There is a traditional conception of knowledge but it is not the Justified True Belief analysis Gettier attacked. On the traditional view, knowledge consists in having a belief that bears a discernible mark of truth. A mark of truth is a truth-entailing property: a property that only true beliefs can have. It is discernible if one can always tell that a belief has it, that is, a sufficiently attentive subject believes that a belief has it if and only if it (...) has it. Requiring a mark of truth makes the view infallibilist. Requiring it to be discernible makes the view internalist. I call the view Classical Infallibilism. (shrink)

This work presents an annotated text of the most comprehensive and detailed arguments in Erasmus's conflict with the Catholic, conservative, scholastic theologians, the _Declarationes_. It also shows the contrast between the scholastic/logical and the humanist/rhetorical approach to Scripture and to theological questions.

This work presents an annotated text of the most comprehensive and detailed arguments in Erasmus's conflict with the Catholic, conservative, scholastic theologians, the _Declarationes_. It also shows the contrast between the scholastic/logical and the humanist/rhetorical approach to Scripture and to theological questions.

In this article, the authors examine and debate the categories of emotions, moods, temperaments, character traits and sentiments. They define them and offer an account of the relations that exist among the phenomena they cover. They argue that, whereas ascribing character traits and sentiments (dispositions) is to ascribe a specific coherence and stability to the emotions (episodes) the subject is likely to feel, ascribing temperaments (dispositions) is to ascribe a certain stability to the subject's moods (episodes). The rationale for this (...) distinction, the authors claim, lies in the fact that, whereas appeal to character traits or sentiments in explanation is tantamount to making sense of a given behaviour in terms of an individual's specific evaluative perspective - as embodied in this individual's emotional profile - appeal to temperaments makes sense of it independently of any such evaluative perspective. (shrink)

In this article, I provide a detailed characterization of being moved, which I claim is a distinct emotion. Being moved is the experience of being struck by the goodness of some specific positive value being exemplified. I start by expounding this account. Next, I discuss three issues that have emerged in the literature regarding it. These concern respectively the valence of being moved, the scope of the values that may constitute its particular objects, and the cognitive sophistication required for experiencing (...) it. My main contention is that when we understand that the presence of the specific positive value must be apprehended as finally, importantly, and impersonally good to trigger being moved, these issues do not arise. (shrink)

According to the fitting attitude (FA) analysis of value concepts, to conceive of an object as having a given value is to conceive of it as being such that a certain evaluative attitude taken towards it would be fitting. Among the challenges that this analysis has to face, two are especially pressing. The first is a psychological challenge: the FA analysis must call upon attitudes that shed light on our value concepts while not presupposing the mastery of these concepts. The (...) second challenge is normative: the FA analysis must account for the fittingness of the relevant attitudes in terms of a kind of normativity intimately related to these attitudes, but again without presupposing the mastery of the relevant value concepts. In this paper, we show that real progress is possible if we pay close attention to the nature of the attitudes recruited by the analysis. More specifically, we claim that an FA analysis that appeals to emotions conceived as evaluative attitudes — as opposed to, for instance, evaluative judgements or evaluative perceptions — has the best prospects of meeting the two challenges and of putting the FA analysis on a strong footing. (shrink)

When spelled out properly infallibilism is a viable and even attractive view. Because it has long been summary dismissed, however, we need a guide on how to properly spell it out. The guide has to fulfil four tasks. The first two concern the nature of knowledge: to argue that infallible belief is necessary, and that it is sufficient, for knowledge. The other two concern the norm of belief: to argue that knowledge is necessary, and that it is sufficient, for justified (...) certainty. With such a guide in hand infallibilism can be evaluated on its own merits. The most controversial parts are the first and fourth. The idea that knowledge requires infallible belief is thought to be excessively sceptical. The idea that knowledge warrants certainty is thought to be excessively dogmatic. The present paper addresses the first. It argues that knowledge requires infallible belief. (shrink)

If Sam empathizes with Maria, then it is true of Sam that (1) Sam is aware of Maria's emotion, and (2) Sam ‘feels in tune’ with Maria. On what I call the transparency conception of how they interact when instantiated, I argue that these two conditions are collectively necessary and sufficient for empathy. I first clarify the ‘awareness’ and ‘feeling in tune’ conditions, and go on to examine different candidate models that explain the manner in which these two conditions might (...) come to be concomitantly instantiated in a subject. I dismiss what I call the parallel and oscillation models for not satisfying the transparency condition, i.e. for failing to capture that, if Sam empathizes with Maria, then Sam's own emotional experience towards the object of Maria's emotion has to be mediated by Maria's own emotional experience. I conclude in favour the fusion model as the only model capable of satisfying the transparency condition, and I argue that the suggested proposal illuminates the difference between it and other ways in which we understand the emotions of others. Finally, I expand and clarify the conception of empathy as transparency through responses to obvious objections that the view raises. Key Words: empathy • emotion • philosophy • psychology • simulation. (shrink)

For Hannah Arendt, authority is the shape educational responsibility assumes. In our time, authority in Arendt’s sense is under pressure. The figure of Greta Thunberg shows the failure of adult generations, taken collectively, to take responsibility for the world and present and future generations of newcomers. However, in reflecting on Arendt’s use of authority, we argue that her account of authority also requires amendments. Arendt’s situating of educational authority in-between past and future adequately captures its temporal dimension. We make explicit (...) another, spatial, dimension: authority in-between world and earth. Arendt’s neglect of the material earth also has implications for the relational dimension of authority. Arendt’s authority depends on a dichotomy between the private and the public sphere. This is problematic. First, we agree with Arendt’s feminist critics that the personal can be made into the site of the political. Second, we point once more to Thunberg, the child, taking the public stage, thereby contesting the division between public and private. In response, we situate the relational dimension of authority in-between private and public. The three dimensions of educational authority taken together imply that it is situated in-between domains that cannot be reduced to each other or taken as absolutes: past and future, world and earth, and the private and public sphere. This brings us to our concept of ambiguous authority, which expresses the Arendtian nature of our reflections and the ways in which we seek to renew her original insights on educational authority. (shrink)

The introduction of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV has triggered critical analysis within the social sciences. For example, some have signalled how PrEP may lead to a renewed medicalisation of gay and other homosexually-active men’s sexuality. This chapter challenges some of those accounts. Adopting a public health ethics perspective, it argues that gay men should be understood as agentic in their use of PrEP, as opposed to being the passive victims of medicalisation, and that greater attention should be paid to (...) questions of pleasure in PrEP use. Applying a reproductive justice framework, the chapter argues that the worldwide inaccessibility of PrEP constitutes a more serious ethical issue than the potential problem of the medicalisation of gay men’s sexuality. (shrink)

El artículo enfoca la crítica de la imagen dogmática en Deleuze desde un análisis retrospectivo del papel que desempeña la noción de «imagen del pensamiento» en su obra. Tras desgranar brevemente los distintos sentidos e interpretaciones con que el autor la utiliza y cerrar la introducción con la exposición del uso plenamente positivo que ese sintagma acabará adquiriendo en él, nos remontamos hasta el uso crítico y cronológicamente anterior –que no primero– de la expresión, donde la palabra «Imagen» señala esa (...) preconcepción tradicional, común a la filosofía y al buen sentido, de un pensamiento pretendidamente «natural», con el fin de arrojar una luz nueva sobre los principales ejes en torno a los cuales semejante Imagen se estructura. (shrink)

From the Tin Pan Alley 32-bar form, through the cyclical forms of modal jazz, to the more recent accumulation of digital layers, beats, and breaks in Electronic Dance Music, repetition as both an aesthetic disposition and a formal property has stimulated a diverse range of genres and techniques. From the angles of musicology, psychology, sociology, and science and technology, Over and Over reassesses the complexity connected to notions of repetition in a variety of musical genres. The first edited volume on (...) repetition in 20th- and 21st-century popular music, Over and Over explores the wide-ranging forms and use of repetition - from large repetitive structures to micro repetitions - in relation to both specific and large-scale issues and contexts. The book brings together a selection of original texts by leading authors in a field that is, as yet, little explored. Aimed at both specialists and neophytes, it sheds important new light on one of the fundamental phenomena of music of our times. (shrink)