Machine generated contents note: 1. -- War on war, by Lewis Thomas -- 2. -- Silent genocide, by Abdus Salam -- 3. -- Error: a stage of knowledge, by Paulo Freire -- 4. -- Doing without a revolution?, by Tahar Ben Jelloun -- 5. -- Stop torture, by Manfred Nowak -- 6. -- Truth, force and law, by Rabindranath Tagore -- 7. -- Violence is an insult to the human being, by Federico Mayor -- 8. -- Totalitarianism banishes politics, by (...) Vaclav Havel -- 9. -- No one will stop us. , by Desmond Tutu -- 10. -- Colonialism and the youth bomb, by Joseph Ki-Zerbo -- 11. -- The shedding of blood -- 12. -- Letter from Nagasaki, by Takashi Nagai -- 13. -- Down with exclusion!, by Herbert de Souza -- 14. -- The nower to sav 'no'. bv loan Martin-Brown -- 15. -- Inquiry into a taboo, by Ouassila Si Saber -- 16. -- The illusions of rationalism, by Ernesto Sabato -- 17. -- The 'poisonous weed', by Ba Jin -- 18. -- Humanity, an ongoing creation, by Ali Ahmad Said Esber (Adonis) -- 19. -- Image, writing and the vandal, by Alberto Moravia -- 20. -- The charms of calumny, by Andres Bello -- 21. -- On the threshold of eternity, by the Abbe Pierre -- 22. -- The control of force, by Karl Jaspers -- 23. -- The nature of force, by Simone Weil -- 24. -- The debt of justice, by Martin Luther King -- 25. -- Democracy and barbarism, by Sergei S. Averintsev -- 26. -- If all the animals should disappear, by Richard Fitter -- 27. -- Irony and compassion, by Octavio Paz -- 28. -- Against all hatred, by Aime Cesaire -- 29. -- Creating differences, by Daniel J. Boorstin -- 30. -- I dislike the word 'tolerance', by Mahatma Gandhi. (shrink)

Protogaea, an ambitious account of terrestrial history, was central to the development of the earth sciences in the eighteenth century and provides key philosophical insights into the unity of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s thought and writings. In the book, Leibniz offers observations about the formation of the earth, the actions of fire and water, the genesis of rocks and minerals, the origins of salts and springs, the formation of fossils, and their identification as the remains of living organisms. Protogaea also includes (...) a series of engraved plates depicting the remains of animals—in particular the famous reconstruction of a “fossil unicorn”—together with a cross section of the cave in which some fossil objects were discovered. Though the works of Leibniz have been widely translated, Protogaea has languished in its original Latin for centuries. Now Claudine Cohen and Andre Wakefield offer the first English translation of this central text in natural philosophy and natural history. Written between 1691 and 1693, and first published after Leibniz’s death in 1749, Protogaea reemerges in this bilingual edition with an introduction that carefully situates the work within its historical context. (shrink)

La réception en Espagne de l’œuvre de Stéphane Mallarmé s’organise en quatre moments centraux, marqués par un certain succès critique et par la circulation de traductions en espagnol. Entre 1940 et 1960, Mallarmé figure dans l’anthologie Poesía Francesa du poète colombien Andrés Holguín, anthologie qui présente l’intérêt d’une articulation permanente entre les poèmes traduits et les notices introductrices sur chaque poète retenu, qui développe ainsi deux niveaux de réception critique et de présentation de la poésie française. L’article analyse dans un (...) premier temps l’environnement socioculturel lors de la parution du recueil : climat culturel de l’époque, situation de l’édition, certaines circonstances de l’élaboration de cette anthologie, réflexions sur la traduction en vigueur à l’époque, etc. La deuxième partie cerne l’identité d’Andrés Holguín et ses objectifs, ainsi que les caractéristiques de l’anthologie. Et pour finir, dans un troisième temps, l’article aborde la présence fondue de Mallarmé à l’intérieur du recueil, les commentaires critiques d’Holguín ainsi que les grands traits du transfert textuel des trois poèmes retenus et traduits. (shrink)

La réception en Espagne de l’œuvre de Stéphane Mallarmé s’organise en quatre moments centraux, marqués par un certain succès critique et par la circulation de traductions en espagnol. Entre 1940 et 1960, Mallarmé figure dans l’anthologie Poesía Francesa du poète colombien Andrés Holguín, anthologie qui présente l’intérêt d’une articulation permanente entre les poèmes traduits et les notices introductrices sur chaque poète retenu, qui développe ainsi deux niveaux de réception critique et de présentation de la poésie française. L’article analyse dans un (...) premier temps l’environnement socioculturel lors de la parution du recueil : climat culturel de l’époque, situation de l’édition, certaines circonstances de l’élaboration de cette anthologie, réflexions sur la traduction en vigueur à l’époque, etc. La deuxième partie cerne l’identité d’Andrés Holguín et ses objectifs, ainsi que les caractéristiques de l’anthologie. Et pour finir, dans un troisième temps, l’article aborde la présence fondue de Mallarmé à l’intérieur du recueil, les commentaires critiques d’Holguín ainsi que les grands traits du transfert textuel des trois poèmes retenus et traduits. (shrink)

Pancreatitis is a complex, progressively destructive inflammatory disorder. Alcohol was long thought to be the primary causative agent, but genetic contributions have been of interest since the discovery that rare PRSS1, CFTR and SPINK1 variants were associated with pancreatitis risk. We now report two associations at genome-wide significance identified and replicated at PRSS1-PRSS2 and X-linked CLDN2 through a two-stage genome-wide study. The PRSS1 variant likely affects disease susceptibility by altering expression of the primary trypsinogen gene. The CLDN2 risk allele is (...) associated with atypical localization of claudin-2 in pancreatic acinar cells. The homozygous CLDN2 genotype confers the greatest risk, and its alleles interact with alcohol consumption to amplify risk. These results could partially explain the high frequency of alcohol-related pancreatitis in men. © 2012 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

Despite its intuitive appeal and the empirical evidence for it, the hypothesis of cognitive polyphasia (Moscovici, 1961/1976/2008) remains largely unexplored. This article attempts to clarify some of the ideas behind this concept by examining its operations at the level of individuals and by proposing a conceptual model that includes some elements of social cognition. Indeed, calls for a rapprochement between the theory of social representations and cognitive psychology have been made by Moscovici, in particular, in his 1984 paper on The (...) myth of the lonely paradigm and in his paper on La nouvelle pensée magique (1992) in which he argues that the theory of social representations provides an explanatory framework for the descriptions offered by cognitive psychology and that their combining could translate into a finer understanding of contemporary social phenomena.Building on the results of an empirical examination of the controversy that surrounded the MMR vaccination programme in the UK between 1998 and 2005, different ways of engaging into cognitive polyphasia are proposed, including what can be described as cognitive “monophasia”, that is, the exclusive use of one type of knowledge, at least at the level of the individual. A brief discussion about the implications of the proposed conceptual model for our understanding of cognitive polyphasia and of the different ways of making sense of the world around us concludes this article. (shrink)

Les enfants peuvent apprendre à penser et " conceptualiser"s'ils sont mis dès leur plus jeune âge en situation de réfléchir et discuter des questions philosophiques. Matthew Lipman a développé une méthodologie, la " philosophie pour enfants ", qui a fait ses preuves dans le monde entier. Cet ouvrage, qui s'ouvre par un texte de Matthew Lipman, a pour objectif de confronter le modèle lipmanien à d'autres points de vue pour en dégager les points forts, tout en l'enrichissant de la recherche (...) actuelle en pédagogie menée par des auteurs aussi différents que Marie-France Daniel, Jacques Lévine, Michel Tozzi et Britt-Mari Barth, etc. Cet ouvrage s'adresse aux enseignants et étudiants des IUFM et Hautes Ecoles. Il intéressera également les chercheurs et étudiants en Sciences de l'éducation, de même que les étudiants en Philosophie. Il est destiné, plus largement, à toute personne amenée à travailler avec des enfants et à expérimenter de nouvelles formes d'apprentissage et à stimuler l'esprit critique et la réflexion. (shrink)

The authors' claim that analogical reasoning is the product of relational priming is compatible with language processing work that emphasizes the role of low-level automatic processes in the alignment of situation models in dialogue. However, their model ignores recent behavioral evidence demonstrating a effect on relational priming. We discuss implications of these data.

Chez certains couples candidats à l’adoption, on note un investissement massif du pôle narcissique de la relation au détriment du pôle objectal, comme si l’impossibilité de procréer ensemble venait en écho d’une impossibilité de rêver ensemble, chacun semblant se mirer en l’autre dans la fascination narcissique d’un jeu de reflets et de doubles. Cette commune aspiration pour l’identique semble actualiser un roman familial narcissique chez les deux partenaires.

This paper discusses how Kierkegaard’s aesthete in Either/or’s “Diapsalmata” and “Rotation of Crops” attempts to apply Hegel’s principle of mediation to everyday decision-making. This paper has two main goals: First, it provides an in-depth analysis of exactly how the aesthete’s approach to decision-making follows the dialectical pattern of Hegelian mediation. Second, it argues that even though the aesthete meets with unfortunate results, the aesthete cannot be so easily dismissed. The aesthete’s Hegelian perspective is still relevant to daily life because it (...) provides an insightful view into how we ourselves sometimes approach decisions and cope with the difficulty of making decisions. (shrink)

This article analyzes the “Interlude” in Kierkegaard’s Philosophical Fragments. In particular, it examines Johannes Climacus’s response to Hegel’s view that a past actuality is necessary. I provide an in-depth analysis of Hegel’s view of modality and of what he means when he says that a past actuality is necessary. In contrast to the standard scholarly interpretation, I argue that Climacus need not reject Hegel’s view because Hegel’s view of the necessity of the past is not so controversial or difficult to (...) accept. Finally, I show that Climacus’s main critique is that we cannot know the past as necessary in any meaningful way. He worries that we might get so preoccupied with the futile task of trying to know the Hegelian necessity of the past that we forget to personally appropriate the past in a way that can help us live in the present. (shrink)

Joining a vast Wittgensteinian anti-theoretical movement, John Canfield has argued that it is possible to read the claims that (1) “language is essentially communal” and (2) “it is conceptually possible that a Crusoe isolated from birth should speak or follow rules” in such a way that they are perfectly compatible, and, indeed, that Wittgenstein held them both at once. The key to doing this is to drain them of any theoretical content or implications that would put each claim at odds (...) with the other. I argue here, first of all, that it is not possible to detheorize both (1) and (2) and still hope to say anything illuminating about the nature of language. In fact, Canfield himself does not succeed in detheorizing both (1) and (2) but ends up trivializing (1) and leaving (2) with quite a bit of theoretical content. I further argue, however, that this is getting the matter the wrong way around. Contra Canfield et al., it is only when we recognize this that we can appreciate how radical and innovative Wittgenstein's claims about language really are. (shrink)

Pourquoi croyons-nous? D’où vient que nous croyons? Pour aborder cette interrogation, qui touche à l’origine du sentiment religieux, Albert Piette se tourne en premier lieu vers les sciences de la préhistoire, défrichant la littérature scientifique pour tenter de déceler à quel moment émerge, en ses origines préhistoriques, la capacité du « croire ». Contre la tradition de l’évolutionnisme culturel du tournant du 20e siècle, Piette refuse de réduire la croyance à la crédulité, ou à une irra...

Présente l'oeuvre politique de vingt-cinq philosophes et livres des extraits de leurs écrits. Parmi les auteurs cités, on trouve notamment : Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emmanuel Kant, Alexis de Tocqueville, Karl Marx, Hannah Ardendt, etc.

Presenting a fascinating analysis of the idea of what can't be said, this book ascertains whether the notion of there being a truth, or a state of affairs, or knowledge that can't be expressed linguistically is a coherent notion. The author distinguishes different senses in which it might be said that something can't be said. The first part looks at the question of whether ineffability is a coherent idea. Part two evaluates two families of arguments regarding whether ineffable states of (...) affairs actually exist: the argument from mysticism and the argument from epistemic boundedness. Part three looks more closely at the relation between mystic and non-mystic stances. In the fourth and final part the author distinguishes five qualitatively different types of ineffability. _Ineffability and Philosophy_ is a significant contribution to this area of research and will be essential reading for philosophers and those researching and studying the philosophy of language. (shrink)

Respectfulness is demanded of doctors and predicts more positive patient health-related outcomes, but research is scarce on ways to promote it. This study explores two ways to conceptualize unconditional respect from medical students, defined as respect paid to people on the basis of their humanity, in order to inform strategies to increase it. Unconditional respect conceptualized as an attitude suggests that unconditional respect and conditional respect are additive, whereas unconditional respect conceptualized as a personality trait suggests that people who are (...) high on unconditional respect afford equal respect to all humans regardless of their merits. One hundred and eighty-one medical students completed an unconditional respect measure then read a description of a respect-worthy or a non-respect-worthy man and indicated their respect towards him. The study found a main effect for unconditional respect and a main effect for target respect-worthiness but no interaction between the two when respect paid to the target was assessed, supporting the attitude-based conceptualization. This suggests that unconditional respect can be increased through relevant interventions aimed at increasing the relative salience to doctors of the human worth of individuals. Interventions to increase unconditional respect are discussed. (shrink)

Experiences of absence are common in everyday life, but have received little philosophical attention until recently, when two positions regarding the nature of such experiences surfaced in the literature. According to the Perceptual View, experiences of absence are perceptual in nature. This is denied by the Surprise-Based View, according to which experiences of absence belong together with cases of surprise. In this paper, I show that there is a kind of experience of absence—which I call frustrating absences—that has been overlooked (...) by the Perceptual View and by the Surprise Based-View and that cannot be adequately explained by them. I offer an alternative account to deal with frustrating absences, one according to which experiencing frustrating absences is a matter of subjects having desires for something to be present frustrated by the world. Finally, I argue that there may well be different kinds of experiences of absence. (shrink)

Cette etude est une lecture, une interpretation feministe de trois romans des Lumieres - Les Illustres Francaises de Challe (la sixieme histoire) (1713), L'Histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut de Prevost (1731), et Le Diable amoureux de Cazotte (1772) - notamment du theme de la vertu feminine et de ses transgressions, sur le plan sexuel, a une epoque de transformation profonde dans le domaine de l'ethique et des moeurs. Pris au piege entre la tradition et les nouvelles (...) valeurs de la Philosophie, les trois auteurs - dans des recits narres a la premiere personne par des protagonistes masculins - presentent la femme obliquement. Leur approche frappe la lectrice par son essentielle ambiguite. Tout d'abord consideree comme coupable - accusee d'adultere et de perfidie, ou de seduction diabolique - la femme apparait progressivement innocente, et meme sainte, sur l'archetype de Marie-Madeleine, ou tout simplement chimerique, produit de l'imaginaire masculin. Son existence marginale, evoquee par le biais du souvenir, est symptomatique d'une absence effective en tant que sujet autonome.Simple objet, spectrale, a la fois exclue, en fin de compte, du bien et du mal, elle apparait dans l'incertitude, en quete d'une identite, d'un nouveau role et d'une place dans un monde en voie de transformation. (shrink)

Cet article remet en question une définition de la fiction parue en 1988, dans un ouvrage intitulé « Contribution à une étude du concept de fiction ». Etant fondée sur la théorie des actes de langage, cette définition présentait en effet l’inconvénient de ne pouvoir s’appliquer qu’aux fictions verbales. Une nouvelle définition est donc proposée dans cet article, faisant apparaître clairement la fiction comme un concept de nature pragmaticosémiotique : une fiction est une représentation, verbale ou non verbale, qu’un auteur (...) produit consciemment dans le but de la transmettre à un destinataire. En transmettant cette représentation, l’auteur de la fiction adopte une attitude spécifique, consistant à inviter le destinataire à imaginer un monde fictif dont les caractéristiques sont compatibles avec celles du monde décrit dans la représentation. Sur la base de cette définition, l’article recense des exemplifications de fictions aussi diverses que possible, selon la nature de leur support de représentation et selon leur fonction, puis il pose la question du rôle des fictions dans notre vie quotidienne et, en particulier, sur la manière dont elles nous apprennent quelque chose sur le monde réel. (shrink)

In this challenging study, André Gallois proposes and defends a thesis about the character of our knowledge of our own intentional states. Taking up issues at the centre of attention in contemporary analytic philosophy of mind and epistemology, he examines accounts of self-knowledge by such philosophers as Donald Davidson, Tyler Burge and Crispin Wright, and advances his own view that, without relying on observation, we are able justifiably to attribute to ourselves propositional attitudes, such as belief, that we consciously (...) hold. His study will be of wide interest to philosophers concerned with questions about self-knowledge. (shrink)

Focusing especially on case studies from the Old High German glosses to the Rule of Benedict, and especially on the lexeme disciplina, one of their central ascetic terms, this contribution examines different manifestations and methods of the glossators’ annotation system from a primarily linguistic viewpoint. The Old High German words interpolated between and to the side of the Latin lines are interpreted not only as linguistic primary material, but at the same time as means of deepening our cultural-historical understanding of (...) medieval forms of life and the spheres of knowledge inherent to them in which asceticism played a major role. (shrink)

O presente artigo trata do fenômeno da judicialização da saúde no Brasil, a partir do significativo acúmulo de demandas judiciais promovidas pela cidadania ativa, como forma de concretização do direito social fundamental à saúde. Valendo-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e recurso a bancos de dados oficiais, apresenta o percurso doutrinário, a base constitucional e legal, bem como trata das decisões judiciais a essa demanda social como inseridas no contexto de uma política pública judiciária necessária a efetivação de tais direitos, como resposta (...) ao pungente drama existencial humano de acesso aos serviços de saúde. (shrink)

Lorenz proposed in his (1935) articulation of a theory of behavioral instincts that the objective of ethology is to distinguish behaviors that are “innate” from behaviors that are “learned” (or “acquired”). Lorenz’s motive was to open the investigation of certain “adaptive” behaviors to evolutionary theorizing. Accordingly, since innate behaviors are “genetic”, they are open to such investigation. By Lorenz’s light an innate/acquired or learned dichotomy rested on a familiar Darwinian distinction between genes and environments. Ever since Lorenz, ascriptions of innateness (...) have become widespread in the cognitive, behavioral, and biological sciences. The trend continues despite decades of strong arguments that show, in particular, the dichotomy that Lorenz invoked in his theory of behavioral instincts is literally false: no biological trait is the product of genes alone. Some critics suggest that the failure of Lorenz’s account shows that innateness is not well-defined in biology and the practice of ascribing innateness to various biological traits should be dropped from respectable science. Elsewhere (Ariew 1996) I argued that despite the arguments of critics, there really is a biological phenomenon underlying the concept of innateness. On my view, innateness is best understood in terms of C.H. Waddington’s concept of “canalization”, i.e. the degree to which a trait is innate is the degree to which its developmental outcome is canalized. The degree to which a developmental outcome is canalized is the degree to which the developmental process is bound to produce a particular endstate despite environmental fluctuations both in the development’s initial state and during the course of development. The canalization account differs in many ways to the traditional ways that ethologists such as Konrad Lorenz originally understood the concept of innateness. Most importantly, on the canalization account the distinction between innate and acquired is not a dichotomy, as Konrad Lorenz had it, but rather a matter of degree difference that lies along a spectrum with highly canalized development outcomes on the one end and highly environmentally sensitive development outcomes on the other end. Nevertheless, I justified the canalization account on the basis of a set of desiderata or criteria that I suggested falls-out of what seemed uncontroversial about Lorenz’s account of innateness (briefly): innateness is a property of a developing individual, innateness denotes environmental stability, and innate-ascriptions are useful in certain natural selection explanations (more below). From that same set of desiderata I argued (in my 1996) that neither the concept of heritability nor of norms of reactions—two concepts from population genetics—suffice to ground innateness. In this essay, I wish to provide further support of the canalization account in two ways. First, I wish to better motivate the desiderata by revisiting a debate between Konrad Lorenz and Daniel Lehrman over the meaning and explanatory usefulness of innate ascriptions in ethology. Second, I wish to compare my canalization account of innateness with accounts proposed by contemporary philosophers, one by Stephen Stich (1975), another by Elliott Sober (forthcoming), and a third by William Wimsatt (1986). (shrink)

Central to the discourse on the intentional structure of consciousness encompasses further forms of experience, for instance, the notion of one’s direct experience of others. In essence, one’s experience of others is materialized through intersubjective engagement which is fundamental in comprehending the relation of the Self and Other. Intersubjective engagement between the two cognizing subjects is evidently interactive negotiation of understanding, thus necessarily meditational. This paper will substantiate the meditational or reflective nature of intersubjective engagement with the phenomenology of self-projection, (...) giving emphasis on the experience of the Self in relation to Others. The activity of self- projection onto others which is argued to take place through introspection, incorporates modes such as representation, simulation, imitation, empathic interaction and self-attribution. Furthermore, this paper will conclude intersubjectivity as an advent of joint construction of meaning and representation between the two cognizing subjects, thus, the collaborative endeavor of shared construction of meaning and representation is attained throughout the process. (shrink)

Les approches pour lutter contre le fléau des maladies chroniques qui augmentent dans le monde entier se révèlent infructueuses et très coûteuses. Il est maintenant possible de corriger les chiffres alarmants et d’envisager une prévention efficace en adoptant le nouveau paradigme des Origines du Développement de la Santé et des Maladies (DOHaD), à condition d’intervenir très tôt en agissant sur le risque et non lorsque la maladie est déjà apparue. Ce concept est largement reconnu grâce à des études épidémiologiques et (...) des études animales. Les influences des facteurs environnementaux – nutrition, stress, psycho-affectifs, toxiques, bactériens et physiques – sur les processus épigénétiques représentent une révolution. En effet, les DMR modifications épigénétiques conservent la mémoire des impacts de facteurs environnementaux auxquels un individu est soumis tout au long de sa vie. Une période cruciale est le développement précoce, pré et postnatal, les 1000 jours ; cruciale parce que l’épigénome est particulièrement sensible aux effets de l’environnement, et aussi parce que l’individu construit son capital santé pour répondre plus ou moins bien aux aléas de la vie. En outre, l’existence de mécanismes non génétiques et non culturels capables de transférer la mémoire des expériences/expositions à des facteurs environnementaux parentaux et qui conditionnent la réactivité des générations suivantes à différents environnements au cours de leur vie suscite un intérêt grandissant. L’idée selon laquelle des marques épigénétiques non effacées lors des phases de reprogrammation est actuellement très en vogue, voire considérée à tort comme acquise malgré la rareté des exemples probants. Cependant, des questions fondamentales subsistent quant à la nature, aux rôles et à l’impact des marques et des mécanismes épigénétiques, des ARN non codants ou d’autres mécanismes et à leur persistance au cours des générations. Un modèle intégrant ces différents systèmes, leurs interactions avec l’environnement et les fenêtres de développement de la sensibilité selon le sexe du parent et de l’enfant reste à construire. Sur la base de la malléabilité des mécanismes épigénétiques sous-jacents, la réversibilité des marques environnementales ouvre de nouvelles perspectives. Cependant, comment les facteurs conférant une susceptibilité accrue ou une résilience vis-à-vis du développement des maladies agissent et influencent les mécanismes épigénétiques reste à élucider. Si la mémoire des expériences/expositions à des facteurs environnementaux est effectivement transmissible, le principal défi pour l’individu, et surtout pour les pouvoirs publics, est d’être en mesure d’éviter ceux qui posent des risques pour la descendance. Ces données peuvent déplacer le curseur des responsabilités en matière de soins de santé, de la sphère privée à la sphère socio-géographico-politique. (shrink)

This book presents a comprehensive and detailed exploration of the relationship between the thought of G.W.F. Hegel and that of John McDowell, the latter of whom is widely considered to be one of the most influential living analytic philosophers. It serves as a point of entry in McDowell’s and Hegel’s philosophy, and a substantial contribution to ongoing debates on perceptual experience and perceptual justification, naturalism, human freedom and action. The chapters gathered in this volume, as well as McDowell’s responses, make (...) it clear that McDowell’s work paves the way for an original reading of Hegel’s texts. His conceptual framework allows for new interpretive possibilities in Hegel’s philosophy which, until now, have remained largely unexplored. Moreover, these interpretations shed light on various aspects of continuity and discontinuity between the philosophies of these two authors, thus defining more clearly their positions on specific issues. In addition, they allow us to see Hegel’s thought as containing a number of conceptual tools that might be useful for advancing McDowell’s own philosophy and contemporary philosophy in general. (shrink)