This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Introduction Over a hundred years separate the date of the birth of François VI, duc de La Rochefoucauld, from that of Luc de Clapiers, ...

Both Nietzsche and La Rochefoucauld rejected metaphysical principles, such as the Kantian moral imperatives, and adopted psychology as their first philosophy. In this article I explore their views of self-love and of the will to power as the first principles of human motivation. Although both thinkers reduce actions to egoistic motives, they define the human drives and passions differently. While Nietzsche criticizes La Rochefoucauld’s view of a self-love-oriented intention as the principal cause of deeds, his interpretation is reductionist (...) seeing that La Rochefoucauld also gives a quasi-expressivist account of deeds based on multiple drives. Unlike La Rochefoucauld, Nietzsche claims that there is no preexisting intention before or behind deeds, but rather that the doer expresses herself in and through her deeds. He laments that La Rochefoucauld’s concept of self-love is overshadowed by Christianity and criticizes him for condemning secular virtues as postlapsarian vices in disguise. Egoism, for Nietzsche, is a drive that is ingrained in the psyche for self-elevation. By comparing and contrasting their views, I conclude that self-love for La Rochefoucauld is pure self-affirmation at the expense of other drives or other agents, while Nietzsche’s notion of the will to power is a master-drive’s organization of other drives in service of the grander project of the self, which at the same time allows the subordinate drives to express themselves and fulfill the functions proper to their own nature. This interpretation sheds light on the key concept of egoism and the will to power in Nietzsche’s moral psychology, as well as on the first principles of human action in Nietzsche and La Rochefoucauld. (shrink)

Alors qu’il était précepteur en Suisse, le jeune Hegel traduisit minutieusement un libelle révolutionnaire dénonçant l’oppression que les autorités bernoises exerçaient sur le Pays de Vaud. Il publia ces Lettres de Jean-Jacques Cart à son retour en Allemagne, en 1798, sous le couvert d’un anonymat qu’il ne leva jamais. Derrière le caractère anecdotique de cette première publication, on peut déceler des enjeux qui conduisirent à l’instauration de l’idéalisme spéculatif. Le motif de la lutte pour la reconnaissance, en particulier, semble y (...) trouver sa première apparition. Plus fondamentalement cette première publication éclaire le travail d’élaboration stylistique conduisant progressivement au système, avec, à l’horizon, la question de la portée pratique de la philosophie. (shrink)

Luddism constituted a phase in English social history between 1811 and 1817, a phase marked by a remarkably widespread phenomenon of machine-breaking. Ignored for generations, and subsequently the object of denigration, Luddism came in for a reevaluation in E. P. Thomson's book The Making of the English Working Class (1963), which fused a “Marxist” political perspective and the acutest requirements of historical scholarship. In subsequent research, these two perspectives have drifted apart. On the one hand, Thomson's historiographical heirs no longer (...) subscribe to their predecessor's militant stance. On the other, those researchers whose active commitment to the cause of political ecology since the 1990s had led them to inject urgency into the historiographical debate, have proved less convincing in terms of their contribution to historical scholarship. Luddism remains nevertheless a contemporary issue, both in historiography and in political philosophy. (shrink)

Des résidences fermées, associant murs ou clôtures et contrôle des accès pour les non résidants, se multiplient en France depuis les années 1990. Ce phénomène peut être interprété comme un témoin de l’affirmation d’un ordre sécuritaire. Mais il convient également de s’interroger sur l’effet frontière créé en explorant le couple imperméabilité et perméabilité : entre production de frontières imperméables, barrières symboliques et pragmatisme des résidants, le gradient de fermeture oscille d’un complexe résidentiel à l’autre, complexifiant la perception d’un espace urbain (...) aux formes résidentielles de plus en plus carcérales.Gated residential communities, with their walls, fences and controlled access for outsiders, have been increasing in number in France since the 1990s. This development could be interpreted as reflecting a prevailing concern with law and order, but there are also grounds for investigating the resulting boundary effect by exploring the twin notions of permeability and impermeability: between the creation of impermeable barriers, symbolic boundaries and the pragmatism of residents, the closure gradient varies from one residential community to the next, complicating perceptions of an urban sphere where residential life is increasingly shut in. (shrink)

S’il est un savoir contre lequel la pensée de Michel Foucault a sans cesse buté, c’est bien la psychanalyse. La plupart des commentateurs s’entendent à qualifier d’ambivalente l’attitude de Foucault à l’égard de celle-ci. Plutôt que de discuter des difficultés que cela suscite quant à la cohérence du projet foucaldien, l’ambition de ce texte est d’étudier le fonctionnement concret de la psychanalyse à travers une grille conceptuelle combinant deux notions fondamentales, soit celles de « dispositif » et de « mode (...) de subjectivation », grâce auxquelles l’articulation entre subjectivité, pouvoir et vérité pourra démontrer sa fécondité heuristique. (shrink)

RésuméĽenzymologie est une discipline scientifique apparue au debut du siècle dernier. Les techniques de plus en plus élaborées qui en ont depuis lors permis le développement, faisant appel à une rigueur expérimentale toujours plus évidente, pourraient suggérer un recul de la réalite biologique et physiologique au profit de modéles abstraits. La présentation de quelques exemples montre que ce point de vue n'est pas fondé.SummaryThe infancy of enzymology dates back to the beginning of the 19th century. The experimental techniques which have (...) subsequently been developed in this field of biochemistry might now suggest a prevalence of abstract models over biological and physiological relevance.Several pertinent examples show that such a view is unjustified.ZusammenfassungDie Anfänge der Enzymologie als wissenschaftliche Disziplin gehen bis auf das frühe 19. Jahrhundert zurück. Die experimentelle Methodik, die auf diesem Gebiet der Biochemie entwickelt wurde, deutet auf eine Bevorzugung abstrakter Modelle gegenüber der biologischen Wirklichkeit.Einige Beispiele sollen zeigen, dass diese Ansicht unbegründet ist. (shrink)

The objective of the article is to understand how a happiness engineering device centered on knowledge-relationship allows for « transformational training ». The methodology is based on a survey of semi-structured interviews and on a thematic content analysis of the dissertations. It was conducted with CPE trainees and teacher trainees in the Prevention-Health-Environment course. The results analyze the types of knowledge-relations in the realization of the experimental device by the trainees and the formative dimensions associated with learning in such an (...) engineering. (shrink)

ABSTRACTContemporary accounts of knowing one’s own mental states can be instructively supplemented by early modern accounts that understand self-knowledge as an important factor for flourishing human life. This article argues that in the early modern French moralists, one finds diverging conceptions of how knowing one’s own personal qualities could constitute a kind of human excellence: François de la Rochefoucauld argues that the value of knowing one’s own character faults could contribute to an attitude of self-acceptance that liberates one (...) from the effort of deceiving oneself and others. Madeleine de Scudéry argues that knowing one’s own character faults could be an incentive for self-cultivation that leads to the development of character traits that are naturally good. Anne-Thérèse de Lambert concurs with Scudéry’s insight and develops it further. According to Lambert, self-knowledge is crucial for developing character traits that give rise to the natural right of bei... (shrink)

Il y a une pente universitaire à s'enfermer dans les textes en perdant de vue la réalité. C'est l'aboutissement d'un vice constitutif. En effet, depuis Aristote au moins, toutes les doctrines se sont développées sur la base d'un dédoublement ontologique entre un domaine des 'idées' et un domaine de la réalité elle-même. Ce dédoublement repose sur une imagination étrangère à l'expérience. Pour y voir plus clair, il faut s'appuyer constamment sur ce qui est donné tel qu'il est donné. Pour cela, (...) il faut déplacer l'attention depuis les contenus vers la manière dont nous les saisissons consciemment en confrontant l'expérience commune et la figure scientifique corrélative"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Quel message la nature nous livre-t-elle? La force s'impose-t-elle automatiquement? La théorie de l'évolution, trahie par le darwinisme social, répond-elle suffisamment aux problèmes éthiques de notre temps? Finalement, la raison du plus fort est-elle toujours la meilleure? Le préjugé est tenace : les plus forts feraient la loi. La nature le dément pourtant : les plus faibles, à l'exemple de l'enfant à naître, sont l'objet d'une protection remarquable dès leur conception et bénéficient génétiquement de pouvoirs de survie considérables. Dans cet (...) ouvrage, François Guery rétablit une vérité : la loi du plus faible. Il entreprend de réécrire l'histoire de la vie évoluée, en nuançant les apports du darwinisme à l'éthique. Il expose en profondeur l'erreur de ces idéologies qui tournent le dos à la notion de transmission intergénérationnelle. Un grand livre d'éthique qui renouvelle les débats de notre époque sur l'identité, la transmission et le droit du vivant à vivre et à s'imposer par une force qui lui est propre."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Fénelon may be the most neglected of all the major early modern philosophers. His political masterwork was the most-read book in eighteenth-century France after the Bible, yet today even specialists rarely engage his work directly. This problem is particularly acute in the Anglophone world, for while Fénelon's works have been published in several excellent modern French editions, only the smallest fraction of his vast and influential corpus has appeared in modern English translation. This volume aims to help remedy this by (...) bringing to English-language audiences the first collection of his moral and political writings in translation. By so doing it hopes to make more widely available the riches of one of the leading voices of resistance to the absolutism of Louis XIV. Fénelon's political thought will thus be of particular interest to students and scholars of French history, as well as to those today engaged in questions of political resistance and reform. But Fénelon's reach also extends to fields well beyond politics and ethics. In the Enlightenment, Fénelon came to be celebrated not only as a humanitarian political reformer but also as a pioneering theorist of education, a prescient student of economics and international relations, and a key voice in contemporary philosophical debates-not to mention his fame as one of the seventeenth-century's most preeminent theologians and spiritualists and masters of French prose. As such, his work will be of interest to students and scholars in fields ranging from philosophy and political science to economics, education, literature, French history, and religion. (shrink)

Dans son choix grec, la philosophie a pensé la vie, mais non pas vivre ; et le religieux, qui prenait en charge la question du vivre, est aujourd'hui en retrait. De là que vivre soit laissé en friche, abandonné au prêche ou bien au truisme ; et que prospèrent le Développement Personnel et le marché du Bonheur vendant vivre comme du ± tout positif?.00Or vivre est paradoxal, s'étendant du vital au vivant. Il est à la fois la condition de toutes (...) les conditions : être en vie ; et l'aspiration de toutes nos aspirations : vivre enfin! Nous sommes en vie, mais nous n'accédons pas pour autant à vivre. Car la vie d'elle-même rabat la vie. De là que nous puissions être nostalgiques de la vie au sein même de la vie - ou que ± la vraie vie est absente?.00Or, c'est à travers cette inanité même de ± la vie? que nous pourrons voir transparaître à l'envers l'inouï de vivre débordant le déjà vécu et l'ouvrant à de l'± in-vécu?, quitte à s'y heurter à de l'invivable ; et, puisque vivre n'est, au fond, qu'ouvrir des possibles, nous pourrons alors rouvrir des possibles dans nos vies, au lieu de les laisser s'étioler.00Car répéter qu'il faut ± cueillir le jour?, ± profiter de la vie?, n'a pas prise sur la vie. Traçons donc plutôt, pour nous y repérer, une carte de ces possibles intensifs entre lesquels décider vivre.00Vivre y reparaît alors dans sa ressource, dans son essor, dans son ± matin?, dégagé de ce qui l'enlisait, au fil des jours, et l'emmurait.00Telle est la ± transparence du matin?, en amont de tous les enseignements de la morale.0F. J. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

François Duchesneau. cité de construire un jeu d'expressions symboliques s' emboîtant par paliers et répondant à une norme analogiquement combinatoire. Au sommet de la construction et en assurant l'intégration, figurent des expressions ...

Whereas the refractory clergy hostile to the ecclesiastical reforms of the Constituante clearly rejects ecclesiastical tolerance, the positions of the constitutional clergy cover a much broader spectrum. The article aims to examine the positions adopted by constitutional bishops by highlighting their ecclesiological foundations: indeed, the acceptance of ecclesiastical tolerance corresponds to a radical questioning of the conception of the Church as a perfect society having its own laws.