After History, the Event ? Our aim in this article is to reflect on the reasons lying behind the current fascination with the concept of the event. A belief in the Event has taken the place of the belief in History. The concept of the Event in no sense constitutes a step beyond the metaphy-sical. It is, on the contrary, the new guise of the latter. Our initial aim is therefore to outline our hypothesis, placing it alongside other possible dia-gnoses. (...) We then seek to attempt the pragmatic validation of our argument concerning the concept of the Event, arguing that the advantage of our hypothesis is that it offers a more adequate account of our present historical moment, which may perhaps be qualified as merely the precarious conjunc-tion between the Event, Globalisation, and Memory. And so it is that, after History, our moment is that of the Event, understood as the categorical hypo-stasis of the event. As such, the concept is, we argue, one which is not to be celebrated too hastily, in case one were to end up howling with the wolves. (shrink)

On amalgame souvent, sous le terme d' « échange », le sauvage du contrat social avec celui du marché. Il s'agit ici a contrario de les distinguer en montrant comment ces deux personnages répondent en réalité à deux modes d'argumentation tout à fait différents que les Lumières ont contraints à coexister selon des modalités très diverses. Or le syntagme moderne de« société civile» n'ajamais résorbé cette ambiguïté et nous trouvons là matière à bien des enseignements car cela permet de réfléchir (...) à la fois sur ce qu'est un« concept», une« historicité » et un « citoyen ». Méthodologie, anthropologie et politique apparaissent ainsi comme les trois horizons d'une analyse qui ne veut nullement réduire l'équivoque, mais bien plutôt en mesurer les richesses. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste artigo, procura-se evidenciar que a genealogia nietzschiana representa um conceito novo para a história da filosofia, que ela não deve ser confundida com a “filosofia histórica” de Humano, demasiado humano, mantendo antes uma identificação não utilitarista da história e da filosofia. Com isso, a genealogia dá origem a um tipo original de narrativa em que Nietzsche finalmente resolve satisfatoriamente uma de suas preocupações mais antigas, na medida em que a genealogia celebra o casamento da especulação e do empirismo (...) à igual distância da história dos historiadores, das filosofias da história e da pseudo-história dos empiristas.: This article aims to show that the Nietzschean genealogy represents a new concept for the history of philosophy, that it should not be confused with a historical philosophy, maintaining instead a non-utilitarian identification of history and philosophy. I show how it gives rise to an original type of narrative in which Nietzsche finally satisfactorily resolves one of his oldest concerns, as genealogy celebrates the marriage of speculation and empiricism at an equal distance from the history of historians, of the philosophies of history and pseudo-history of empiricists. (shrink)

The Two Principles of Liberalism. The aim of our article is to construct a substantive definition of liberalism. To do so, the article brings together two principles which are entirely distinct, both in historical and in logical terms. The first is the principle of lesser government, according to which the State should allow the individual to carry out those actions which the latter is best fitted to perform – and, to begin with, those actions where the individual’s own safety is (...) at stake. The second is the principle of differential government, which stipulates that liberty is only possible when several, heterogeneous systems of constraint – laws, morals, etc. – are simultaneously in operation. Liberalism, in the strict sense of the term, that is, understood as a body of thought which explicitly defined itself as such at the start of the nineteenth century, emerged from the encounter between these two principles. What is today called « neo-liberalism », that is, the subsumption of all modes of endeavour under the sole rule of economic exchange, thus proves to be the negation rather than the accomplishment of liberalism. (shrink)

Partisans et adversaires, acteurs et spectateurs de la Révolution française réfléchirent d’emblée celle-ci comme la mise en oeuvre, triomphale ou désastreuse, de la théorie — entendons la philosophie des « Lumières ». Ce faisant, ils s’enfermèrent dans une alternative — pour ou contre la théorie? — que l’on put tenter de forcer dans trois directions bien distinctes: 1) en substituant une théorie à une autre, aux droits de l’homme l’utilité (Bentham); 2) en instituant le pratique (das Praktische) au fondement de (...) la théorie elle-même (Fichte); 3) en déployant dans le temps nouveau de la perfectibilité indéfinie la réalisation de la théorie dans la pratique (Condorcet, Godwin, Fichte), toute la difficulté se focalisant alors dans la signification précise qu’il s’agissait d’accorder à l’épithète « indéfinie ». (shrink)

The essay analyzes the conflict which opened after the French Revolution between public opinion and ideology. In this space of reflection the second seemed sometimes as the hidden face of the first one. Public opinion historically represented the institutionalization of the possibility of a disagreement on the legitimacy of the body politic. It has thus made possible a speech on the political detached from religion. As is clear from the controversy of Napoleon against the ideologues and the Marxian critique, ideology (...) does not get to be the science of social discourse and its alienation, to become a set of sophistry on social conditions. Discussing the arguments of Tocqueville, Bourdieu and Reynié about the deficit of reflexivity of public opinion, the author affirms its distance from the ideology, because it requires anyway an investment for religious believe his propositions. (shrink)

This new edition of Introduction to Lattices and Order presents a radical reorganization and updating, though its primary aim is unchanged. The explosive development of theoretical computer science in recent years has, in particular, influenced the book's evolution: a fresh treatment of fixpoints testifies to this and Galois connections now feature prominently. An early presentation of concept analysis gives both a concrete foundation for the subsequent theory of complete lattices and a glimpse of a methodology for data analysis that is (...) of commercial value in social science. Classroom experience has led to numerous pedagogical improvements and many new exercises have been added. As before, exposure to elementary abstract algebra and the notation of set theory are the only prerequisites, making the book suitable for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students. It will also be a valuable resource for anyone who meets ordered structures. (shrink)

Objective: To evaluate feasibility of the guidelines of the Groupe Francophone de Réanimation et Urgence Pédiatriques for limitation of treatments in the paediatric intensive care unit .Design: A 2-year prospective survey.Setting: A 12-bed PICU at the Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France.Patients: Were included when limitation of treatments was expected.Results: Of 967 children admitted, 55 were included with a 2-day median delay. They were younger than others , had a higher paediatric risk of mortality score , and a higher paediatric (...) overall performance category score at admission ; all p<0.002. 34 children died. A limitation decision was made without meeting for 7 children who died: 6 received do-not-resuscitate orders and 1 received withholding decision. Decision-making meetings were organised for 31 children, and the following decisions were made: 12 DNROs , 4 withholding , with 14 withdrawing and 1 continuing treatment . After limitation, 21 children died and 10 survived . 13 procedures were interrupted because of death and 11 because of clinical improvement . Parents’ opinions were obtained after 4 family conferences , 3 days after inclusion. The first meeting was planned for 6 days after inclusion and held on the 7th day after inclusion; 80% of parents were immediately informed of the decision, which was implemented after half a day.Conclusions: GFRUPs procedure was applicable in most cases. The main difficulties were anticipating the correct date for the meeting and involving nurses in the procedure. Children for whom the procedure was interrupted because of clinical improvement and who survived in poor condition without a formal decision pointed out the need for medical criteria for questioning, which should systematically lead to a formal decision-making process. (shrink)

En France, Nietzsche fut un temps l'emblème oraculaire de toutes les subversions et son nom côtoyait couramment ceux d'Artaud et de Bataille. Puis vint l'âge de son académisation qui permit bien des avancées et où on lui attribua l'insigne mérite d'avoir élaboré un système tout à fait cohérent dont la reconstitution méticuleuse pouvait occuper toute une vie. Le présent ouvrage fait le pari que le moment est venu de mettre en avant un autre Nietzsche, celui d'un philosophe dont l'oeuvre obéit (...) à une dynamique originale où s'enchevêtrent des registres dont l'homogénéité ne va pas de soi. C'est le concept d'historicité qui est mobilisé à cette fin. Le passé lointain auquel doit régresser le savoir généalogique ; la réitération indéfinie du même présent que la sagesse de l'éternel retour doit inciter à vouloir ; le futur un peu brumeux de très long terme auquel doit oeuvrer le véritable créateur : trois temps, trois registres et trois problèmes aussi - objectivité, répétition, évolution. On ne doit pas trop vite présumer que ces trois discours n'en font qu'un. Au contraire : toute la difficulté est de savoir comment tirer ensemble ces fils, si seulement il faut les nouer et si oui, selon quelles modalités qui ne sont pas forcément celles du système. On peut encore dire ce qui précède autrement : si Dieu est mort et si Nietzsche s'est efforcé à tout prix de conjurer la posture du prêtre, le lecteur doit en tirer les conséquences. Interpréter, c'est ruminer, pas refermer. (shrink)

Le présent volume conjoint deux grands soucis, en droit distincts. Le premier est méthodologique. Il vise à élaborer ce qui n'existe ni en France ni ailleurs, à savoir une histoire comparée des philosophies. Par là, il faut entendre une histoire qui brouille les partages universitaires et reconstruit ses objets propres par les voies expérimentales auxquelles les vrais historiens sont accoutumés depuis longtemps. C'est alors l'activité philosophique elle-même qui apparaît autrement, dans la singularité de pratiques nationales qui l'effectuent toujours dans une (...) conjoncture donnée. L'Europe spirituelle n'existe pas. La seconde préoccupation ordonnant ces analyses est anthropologique. Elle se présente comme une histoire polémique des historicités observables de Vico à aujourd'hui, où l'Événement est devenu la pierre philosophale. On y comprend mieux comment les hommes, pour simplement vivre, doivent s'installer dans un temps donné. Ils y nouent présent, passé et futur selon des modalités indéfiniment variables, mais toujours illusoires ainsi se définit chaque époque. L'Histoire universelle n'existe pas. Dans ces pages, il n'existe donc que des philosophies comme il n'existe que des historicités. On n'y proclame pas la mort de Dieu : soyons plutôt polythéistes! (shrink)

This book offers an introduction to the Sophists of fifth-century Athens and a new overall interpretation of their thought. Since Plato first animadverted on their activities, the Sophists have commonly been presented as little better than intellectual mountebanks - a picture which Professor Kerferd forcefully challenges here. Interpreting the evidence with care, he shows them to have been part of an exciting and historically crucial intellectual movement. At the centre of their teaching was a form of relativism, most famously expressed (...) by Protagoras as 'Man is the measure of all things', and which they developed in a wide range of views - on knowledge and argument, virtue, government, society, and the gods. On all these subjects the Sophists did far more than simply provoke Plato to thought. Their contributions were substantial and serious; they inaugurated the debate on many central philosophical questions and decisively shifted the focus of philosophical attention from the cosmos to man. (shrink)

"First published by Oxford University Press, 1916."--Title page verso.

Various U.S. laws, such as the Clean Air Act and the Food Quality Protection Act, require additional protections for susceptible subpopulations who face greater environmental health risks. The main ethical rationale for providing these protections is to ensure that environmental health risks are distributed fairly. In this article, we (1) consider how several influential theories of justice deal with issues related to the distribution of environmental health risks; (2) show that these theories often fail to provide specific guidance concerning policy (...) choices; and (3) argue that an approach to public decision making known as accountability for reasonableness can complement theories of justice in establishing acceptable environmental health risks for the general population and susceptible subpopulations. Since accountability for reasonableness focuses on the fairness of the decision-making process, not the outcome, it does not guarantee that susceptible subpopulations will receive a maximum level of protection, regardless of costs or other morally relevant considerations. (shrink)

Bridging the gap between the world of science and the realm of the spiritual, B. Alan Wallace introduces a natural theory of human consciousness that has its roots in contemporary physics and Buddhism. Wallace's "special theory of ontological relativity" suggests that mental phenomena are _conditioned_ by the brain, but do not _emerge_ from it. Rather, the entire natural world of mind and matter, subjects and objects, arises from a unitary dimension of reality that is more fundamental than these dualities, as (...) proposed by Wolfgang Pauli and Carl Jung. To test his hypothesis, Wallace employs the Buddhist meditative practice of _samatha_, refining one's attention and metacognition, to create a kind of telescope to examine the space of the mind. Drawing on the work of the physicist John Wheeler, he then proposes a more general theory in which the participatory nature of reality is envisioned as a self-excited circuit. In comparing these ideas to the Buddhist theory known as the Middle Way philosophy, Wallace explores further aspects of his "general theory of ontological relativity," which can be investigated by means of _vipasyana_, or insight, meditation. Wallace then focuses on the theme of symmetry in reference to quantum cosmology and the "problem of frozen time," relating these issues to the theory and practices of the Great Perfection school of Tibetan Buddhism. He concludes with a discussion of the general theme of complementarity as it relates to science and religion. The theories of relativity and quantum mechanics were major achievements in the physical sciences, and the theory of evolution has had an equally deep impact on the life sciences. However, rigorous scientific methods do not yet exist to observe mental phenomena, and naturalism has its limits for shedding light on the workings of the mind. A pioneer of modern consciousness research, Wallace offers a practical and revolutionary method for exploring the mind that combines the keenest insights of contemporary physicists and philosophers with the time-honored meditative traditions of Buddhism. (shrink)

In recent years, scholars have come to understand emotions as dynamic and socially constructed—the product of interdependent cultural, relational, situational, and biological influences. While researchers have called for a multilevel theory of emotion construction, any progress toward such a theory must overcome the fragmentation of relevant research across various disciplines and theoretical frameworks. We present affect control theory as a launching point for cross-disciplinary collaboration because of its empirically grounded conceptualization of social mechanisms operating at the interaction, relationship, and cultural (...) levels, and its specification of processes linking social and individual aspects of emotion. After introducing the theory, we illustrate its correspondence with major theories of emotion construction framed at each of four analytical levels: cultural, interactional, individual, and neural. (shrink)

This chapter first surveys general issues in the epistemic internalism / externalism debate: what is the distinction, what motivates it, and what arguments can be given on both sides. -/- The second part of the chapter will examine the internalism / externalism debate as regards to the specific case of the epistemology of memory belief.

volume 1. Developing institutional theory -- volume 2. New research agendas -- volume 3. Applying institutional theory.

The acquisition of a new skill usually proceeds through five stages, from novice to expert, with a sixth stage of mastery available for highly motivated performers. In this chapter, we re-state the six stages of the Dreyfus Skill Model, paying new attention to the transitions and interrelations between them. While discussing the fifth stage, expertise, we unpack the claim that, “when things are proceeding normally, experts don’t solve problems and don’t make decisions; they do what normally works” (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, (...) 1988, pp. 30 – 31). This leads us to offer an account of the “perspectival deliberation” that arises for experts and masters and that is distinct from the calculative deliberation characteristic of the lower stages of skillfulness. (shrink)

'The problem of the twentieth-century is the problem of the color-line.' Originally published in 1903, The Souls of Black Folk is a classic study of race, culture, and education at the turn of the twentieth century. With its singular combination of essays, memoir, and fiction, this book vaulted W. E. B. Du Bois to the forefront of American political commentary and civil rights activism. The Souls of Black Folk is an impassioned, at times searing account of the situation of African (...) Americans in the United States. Du Bois makes a forceful case for the access of African Americans to higher education, memorably extols the achievements of black culture (above all the spirituals or 'sorrow songs'), and advances the provocative and influential argument that due to the inequalities and pressures of the 'race problem', African American identity is characterized by 'double consciousness'. This edition includes a valuable appendix of other writing by Du Bois, which sheds light on his attitudes and intentions. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more. (shrink)

In February 54b.c. Cicero concludes a missive to his brother with a passing and – for us – tantalizing remark:Lucreti poemata ut scribis ita sunt, multis luminibus ingeni, multae tamen artis. sed cum veneris. virum te putabo si Sallusti Empedoclea legeris; hominem non putabo. Quintus had, it seems, readDe rerum natura, or at least parts thereof, just before he left Rome for an undisclosed location nearby, and he shared his enthusiasm with his brotherper codicillos. Meanwhile, he was corresponding with Julius (...) Caesar, whose staff in Gaul he was about to join. When, a few months later, he was stationed with Caesar, he was involved in another literary affair, this time concerning his brother who wrote to him, inquiring about his autobiographicalDe temporibus suis:quo modo nam, mi frater, de nostris versibus Caesar? nam primum librum se legisse scripsit ad me ante, et prima sic ut neget se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse; reliqua ad quendam locum ῥᾳθυμότερα (hoc enim utitur verbo). dic mihi verum: num aut res eum aut χαρακτὴρ non delectat?(Q.fr.2.15.5). (shrink)

We presuppose a position of scientific realism to the effect (i) that the world exists and (ii) that through the working out of ever more sophisticated theories our scientific picture of reality will approximate ever more closely to the world as it really is. Against this background consider, now, the following question: 1. Do the empirical theories with the help of which we seek to approximate a good or true picture of reality rest on any non-empirical presuppositions? One can answer (...) this question with either a 'yes' or a 'no'. 'No' is the preferred answer of most contemporary methodologists -- Murray Rothbard is one distinguished counterexample to this trend -- who maintain that empirical theories are completely free of non-empirical ('a priori') admixtures and who see science as a matter of the gathering of pure 'data' obtained through simple observation. From such data scientific propositions are then supposed to be somehow capable of being established. (shrink)

What are the most fundamental features of the world? Do minds stand outside the natural order? Is a unified picture of mental and physical reality possible? The Mind in Nature provides a staunchly realist account of the world as a unified system incorporating both the mental and the physical. C. B. Martin, an original and influential exponent of 'ontologically serious' metaphysics, echoes Locke's dictum that 'all things that exist are only particulars', and argues that properties are powerful qualities. He also (...) spells out the implications of this view for philosophical conceptions of causation, intentionality, consciousness, and the mind-body problem. Martin emphasizes the importance of non-conscious 'vegetative' systems, which provide clear examples of intentionality in the form of representational use. The slide from representational use to consciousness involves a change in the material of use, but not the form of representation. A concluding chapter provides an argument for the view that an ontology of particular substances and properties leads ineluctably to monism: the bus we board with Locke takes us directly to the world of Spinoza and Einstein. Along the way, we are led to understand the nature of minds and conscious states of mind in a way that avoids both reductionism and dualism. (shrink)

On the doctrines of Madhva, 13th century exponent of the Dvaita school in Hindu philosophy.