Gracias a los estudios de los últimos años, la Escuela de Salamanca ha dejado de ser esa gran desconocida de la historia del pensamiento español. Con ello se ha ganado también precisión sobre qué se entienda por Escuela de Salamanca, algo solidario con la comprensión de su carácter específico y sus integrantes. Los temas de “moral” y “política” que sus autores iluminaron dándoles una fundamentación teológica y filosófica, siguen siendo una propuesta interesante, no sólo para comprender la historia de las (...) ideas, sino como propuesta sistemática con la que considerar la temática señalada. (shrink)

La gamificación o ludificación, entendida como la aplicación de la filosofía del juego en contextos no lúdicos, está experimentando en los últimos años un desarrollo espectacular en áreas de diversa naturaleza. Si bien está más que comúnmente aceptado que las funciones principales de los museos consisten en preservar y dar a conocer sus colecciones, resulta fundamental que logren conectar de manera satisfactoria con los usuarios empleando para ello medios y estrategias innovadoras y accesibles. En las siguientes páginas ponemos de manifiesto (...) cómo la gamificación no es sino un recurso idóneo para motivar, fidelizar e influir en el comportamiento de los usuarios. (shrink)

Locke's definition of miracles in “A Discourse of Miracles” is widely cited by scholars as evidence of his subjectivism on the matter. According to this interpretation, Locke held it to be sufficient that an event seems to be a violation of the laws of nature for it to count as a miracle. Nothing supernatural need actually occur. The principal aim of this article is to argue that Locke can and ought to be read as an objectivist about miracles. A subjectivist (...) reading falls short in two crucial respects: It undermines the function of miracles as evidence for divine revelation, so central to his account, and is at odds with his consistent and explicitly objective use of the term, as an event that necessarily involves a violation of the laws of nature. Indeed, it is from their objective nature that Locke thinks miracles derive their evidential force. A key part of my argument lies in distinguishing between ontological and epistemological issues concerning miracles and demonstrating how this distinction is present throughout his work on the matter. Ultimately, I conclude that what is often interpreted as Locke's subjectivism about miracles is his privileging of these epistemic issues. (shrink)

La Filosofía para Niños ha contemplado en los últimos años la emergencia de prácticas entre comunidades indígenas en todo el mundo. Desde las prácticas mexicanas de Madrid o Ezcurdia a las africanas de Odierna y las asiáticas de Elicor, diversos especialistas han demandado su necesidad para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico y, por extensión, la liberación de las condiciones de opresión y colonialismo a las que se han sometido a los pueblos originarios. A pesar de estas buenas intenciones, se despierta (...) la inquietud de que las propias metodologías del pensamiento crítico o de la verdad nacida según criterios discursivos o lógico-argumentales pueda convertirse en un mecanismo neocolonial al imponer formas de pensamiento occidentales. Además, la agenda de los temas y los materiales corresponden a horizontes nacidos en Estados Unidos o en Europa y, por ende, podríamos encontrarnos ante un proceso de imposición de discursos donde la salvación crítica se convierta en un nuevo modelo de opresión.Este artículo analiza los riesgos de esta realidad y avanza a una propuesta co-operativa. Esta co-operación anima a quedar a la escucha de las filosofías de estos pueblos para ampliar, corregir y mejorar los presupuestos de la Filosofía para Niños. Por tanto, recorre el camino inverso a las experiencias con comunidades indígenas. Reflexiona sobre los avances que supone su filosofía respecto a los presupuestos occidentales de nuestro campo. De esta forma, deja el campo abonado para un producto sinérgico que facilite la creación de una Filosofía desde Niños indígenas mayas-tojolabales y no una para ellos. (shrink)

Este artículo comienza describiendo las posibilidades de la Filosofía en prisiones. Para ello, define los objetivos y el diseño de los principales talleres y clases filosóficas de centros penitenciarios nacionales y extranjeros. Este rastreo descubre las debilidades de las dimensiones éticas de estos trabajos, deteniéndose en los principios bioéticos básicos (autonomía, beneficencia y justicia). Por último, el texto desciende a dilemas reales de cada principio y propone algunas salidas, usando la experiencia del proyecto de Filosofía Aplicada en Prisiones BOECIO.

Although the correlation between Entrepreneurial Orientation and concrete actions to set up a business or the Probability of Starting a Business has been widely studied, the psychological factors that can affect this relationship have not yet been sufficiently addressed in the field of entrepreneurship. One of them is curiosity. Both at theoretical and empirical level, a distinction are usually made between two types of curiosity. I-type curiosity is associated with the anticipated pleasure of discovering something new, and D-type curiosity is (...) associated with reducing uncertainty and eliminating unwanted states of ignorance. Consequently, this paper aims to analyze the moderating role that the types of curiosity play in the relationship between EO and PSB, considering their interaction with sociodemographic variables. The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 1,761 participants. The EO scale and a curiosity scale were applied. In addition, participants were asked, based on their perception, how likely they were to start their own business within the next 5 years. A simple moderation analysis was considered to test the moderating role of both types of curiosity in the relationship between EO and PSB. Next, a double moderation analysis was carried out in order to identify, which sociodemographic variables moderate the moderating effect of curiosity. The results show that only the D-type component moderates the relationship between EO and PSB: The higher the D-type curiosity, the stronger the association between EO and PSB. In terms of sociodemographic variables, neither culture nor gender showed a moderating effect on the moderation exerted by D-type curiosity. While, age did moderate the moderating effect of D-type curiosity on the relationship between EO and PSB. Results are discussed in terms of spirituality and the resolution of problems associated with the entrepreneurial process, considering cognitive and psychological factors, particularly with an emphasis on explaining why only D-type curiosity shows a moderating effect. Finally, the limitations of the study and potential future lines of research are pointed out. (shrink)

The benefits of implementing the methodology of Philosophy for/with Children are clear. Nevertheless, an excessive emphasis on critical thinking skills weakness its application in groups at risk of social exclusion. These groups require a profound transformation and not just a better way of thinking. This is due to the cognitive dissonance provoked when one only works with discourse: session participants can learn to give good answers without becoming able to apply them outside of philosophical settings. One way to address this (...) limitation is to design an experiential reason, something described, in part, by Mathew Lipman. If life experience determines children’s identity construction, it is crucial to investigate its meaning and how it is articulated. Therefore, an Experiential Philosophy with Children, the topic of this paper, does not focus exclusively on the discursive work rooted in critical thinking. Rather, it is based on three pillars: the creation of experiential exercises, the promotion of provisions that encourage the transformative capacity of these exercises, and the design of experiential scenarios and metaphors that promote the attainment of transformative truths. This article describes the limitations of the cognitive approach of philosophical work with children, summarizes the bases of experientiality, and adds a brief appendix on the work done at the University of Seville in non-profit associations like the Maparra Project of Caritas. (shrink)

Background Prison creates philosophical needs due to the exceptionality of the situation. This study explores how philosophy can meet these needs by focusing on three aspects: critical thinking, personal relationships and the government of passions. It builds on similar interventions in several countries and is proposed as a research that bypasses some limitations of previous projects in prisons.Method Following the participation of 81 inmates in 22 philosophical sessions over six months, the results of both interventions were analyzed using mixed methods, (...) as well as a pretest posttest design with a control group. Specifically, Webster’s Self Assessed Wisdom Scale, a questionnaire and an interview with four participants were used. These methods were triangulated in order to obtain data from the various methodologies and to improve the validity and reliability of the results.Results It was demonstrated that the experimental group showed significant progress in relation to the categories “openness”, “humor” and “emotion regulation”. Participants also showed a progression in categories related to the project’s goals. These results allow for a description of the categories that explain in what sense philosophy can act in the context of imprisonment.Conclusions This study demonstrates, on the one hand, how philosophy workshops involve outcomes linked to cognitive, affective and relational aspects. Furthermore, it provides evidence to confirm previous studies and interventions that are more modest in their results and use less rigorous scientific methodologies. (shrink)

Resumen: Este trabajo pretende analizar la pérdida del símbolo en la actualidad dialogando con las bases de la hermenéutica y de la filosofía de la cultura. Seguidamente, expondrá el paso del sentido ontológico al pragmático del símbolo. Finalmente, propondrá una vía para su recuperación, centrándose en la figura de la palabra y en la necesidad de rescatar su verdad diciente y aletheica, esto es, defendiendo que la verdad es más que “adequatio” entre la cosa y el intelecto y recuperando las (...) fuentes sagradas del ente y de la palabra.: This paper aims to analyze the loss of the symbol today, by means of a dialogue on the foundations of hermeneutics and philosophy of culture. Then, it will expose the transfer from an ontological to a pragmatic sense of symbol. Finally, it will propose a path to recuperation, by focusing on the figure of the word and the need to rescue its aletheica, that is, by defending that the truth is more than ‘adequatio’ between the thing and intellect and by recovering the sacred sources of body and word. (shrink)

I argue racial injustice undermines the reliability of news source reports in the information domain of racial injustice. I argue that this in turn undermines subjects’ doxastic justification in inferences they base on these news sources in the racial injustice information domain. I explain that racial injustice does this undermining through the effect of racial prejudice on news organizations’ members and the effect of society's racially unjust structure on non-dominant racial group-controlled news sources.

El artículo estudia la epistemología o los fundamentos de la interpretación. Tradicionalmente se han enfrentado dos: las que interpretan analíticamente usando conceptos, ideas y palabras, y las que lo hacen desde la vida y señalan que la palabra limita la comprensión de ciertas realidades. Mauricio Beuchot defiende unpunto intermedio a partir de la analogía. Sin embargo, se argumenta que esta interpretación se encuentra en del marco analítico y, más allá de ella, es posible realizar un abordaje experiencial de la analogía. (...) Esta aproximación inaugura un modelo de interpretación que integra las dos concepciones de la epistemología mencionadas. (shrink)

This paper analyzes the art action titled Zonas de dolor by Diamela Eltit, produced in the eighties. These video-performances were set up in marginal locations during the Chilean dictatorship. We will analyze how the marginal space and the hurt body of the protagonist produce subjectivities that exercise political resistance in the context of extreme violence and how the spectators emancipate themselves actively to create a disaggregated community which stands proudly at the margins.

Metacognitive ability has been described as an important predictor of several processes involved in learning, including problem-solving. Although this relationship is fairly documented, little is known about the mechanisms that could modulate it. Given its relationship with both constructs, we decided to evaluate the impact of self-knowledge on PS. In addition, we inspected whether emotional and interpersonal variables could affect the relationship between metacognition and problem-solving. We tested a sample of 32 undergraduate students and used behavioural tasks and self-report questionnaires. (...) Contrary to the literature, we found no significant relationship between metacognition and problem-solving performance, nor a significant moderating effect when including emotional and interpersonal variables in the model. In contrast, we observed a significant moderating model combining metacognition, self-reported anxiety and attitudes towards social interdependence. It was found that participants with high metacognition reported attitudes unfavourable towards interdependence when they felt high anxiety. These results suggest that already anxious individuals with high metacognition would prefer to work alone rather than with others, as a coping mechanism against further anxiety derived from cooperation. We hypothesise that in anxiogenic contexts, metacognition is used as a tool to compare possible threats with one’s own skills and act accordingly, in order to maximise one’s own performance. Further studies are needed to understand how metacognition works in contexts adverse to learning. (shrink)

When we go back-by means of the epoché of the world, following Michel Henry-towards the originary “how” of all manifestation, we stumble once and again upon the phenomenological situation of the body. The body is, then that originary hinge by means of which I manifest world in a continuous resistance. It will be, as well, within my own body where I am always aware of oneself, according to my own affection. Thus, the material condition of the body will be that (...) of my internal body, or subjective body-as Henry initially read in Maine de Biran-or that of my flesh, as Henry himself would later say. Bearing all this in mind, the intermediate situation of one’s own affection, of this body of mine, with regard to the world and the videor, turns out to be an appropriate medium to attempt a preliminary study of the problematic situation of the internal time of affection. For this purpose, we shall revise the analysis offered by Michel Henry in Material Phenomenology and in Incarnation, indicating possible aporias, as well as alternatives to these last ones.Cuando, siguiendo a Michel Henry, retrocedemos en una epoché hacia el “cómo” originario de toda manifestación, tropezamos una y otra vez con la situación fenomenológica del cuerpo. El cuerpo es, pues, esta bisagra originaria a través de la cual yo manifiesto el mundo en continua resistencia. También será dentro del propio cuerpo donde uno será siempre autoconsciente, de acuerdo con la propia afección. Por eso, la condición material del cuerpo será la de mi cuerpo interior o cuerpo subjetivo, de acuerdo con la lectura inicial que Henry hace de Maine de Biran; o de mi carne, como dirá el mismo Henry más tarde. Teniendo en cuenta todo ello, la situación intermedia, situación de la afección propia y la de mi cuerpo en relación con el mundo y el videor, resulta ser un medio apropiado para emprender un estudio preliminar de la problemática situación del tiempo interno de la afección. Para ello, revisaremos el análisis que Michel Henry ofrece en Material Phenomenology y en Incarnation, indicando las posibles aporías, así como posibles alternativas. (shrink)

Online Public Shaming is a form of norm enforcement that involves collectively imposing reputational costs on a person for having a certain kind of moral character. OPS actions aim to disqualify her from public discussion and certain normal human relations. We argue that this constitutes an informal collective punishment that it is presumptively wrong to impose on others. OPS functions as a form of ostracism that fails to show equal basic respect to its targets. Additionally, in seeking to mobilise unconstrained (...) collective power with potentially serious punitive consequences, OPS is incompatible with due process values. (shrink)

I argue racial injustice undermines the reliability of news source reports in the information domain of racial injustice. I argue that this in turn undermines subjects’ doxastic justification in inferences they base on these news sources in the racial injustice information domain. I explain that racial injustice does this undermining through the effect of racial prejudice on news organizations’ members and the effect of society's racially unjust structure on non-dominant racial group-controlled news sources.

El artículo estudia la epistemología o los fundamentos de la interpretación. Tradicionalmente se han enfrentado dos: las que interpretan analíticamente usando conceptos, ideas y palabras, y las que lo hacen desde la vida y señalan que la palabra limita la comprensión de ciertas realidades. Mauricio Beuchot defiende un punto intermedio a partir de la analogía. Sin embargo, se argumenta que esta interpretación se encuentra en del marco analítico y, más allá de ella, es posible realizar un abordaje experiencial de la (...) analogía. Esta aproximación inaugura un modelo de interpretación que integra las dos concepciones de la epistemología mencionadas. (shrink)

En el siguiente trabajo se analizarán los turistas que viajan a Málaga y Vigo, con el propósito de conocer el motivo que ha influido en la decisión de optar por estas ciudades antes que otros destinos nacionales, así como estudiar la evolución de dichas urbes en el ámbito turístico, realizar un diagnóstico de la oferta de ocio y ver qué decisiones habría que tomar para poder posicionarse como recurso turístico permanente en el tiempo. A través de técnicas de neuromarketing como (...) la medición sensorial, se puede comprobar en tiempo real qué recurso turístico despierta respuestas emocionales positivas. (shrink)

There is vast evidence that accounts for the association between entrepreneurial orientation and the probability of starting a business. However, there are not many studies that test how psychological factors moderate this relationship. A variable that has been little studied in this relationship is Grit. Grit is considered a personality trait defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Grit considers two sub-dimensions, one linked to the consistency of interests and the other linked to perseverance in the effort. The objective (...) of this article is to analyze the moderating role that both sub-dimensions of grit plays in the relationship between EO and PSB, considering its interaction with sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, and culture. This cross-sectional study has a sample of 1,761 participants, active workers. The EO scale and a Grit Scale were applied. In addition, participants were asked, based on their perception, how likely they were to start their own business within the next 5 years. A simple moderation analysis was considered to test the moderating role of grit in the relationship between EO and PSB. Subsequently, a double moderation analysis was carried out in order to identify which sociodemographic variables moderate the moderating effect of grit on the relationship in question. The results show that only the Grit-Passion component of grit moderates the relationship between EO and PSB. Regarding the sociodemographic variables, neither age, culture, nor gender showed a moderating effect on the moderation exercised by Grit-Passion in the relationship between OE and PSB. The results are discussed in terms of psychological capital, particularly with an emphasis on explaining why only the Grit-Passion shows a moderating effect on the relationship between EO and PSB, in detriment of Grit-Perseverance. In addition, the power of grit in the field of entrepreneurship is discussed, considering that its moderating effect is transversal to variations in age, gender and culture, as well as its relevance when considering interventions and pedagogical models in the field of entrepreneurship. (shrink)

ResumoNo início do século xviii, Isaac Newton publicou seu principal trabalho sobre óptica, o Opticks. Impregnado por uma perspectiva indutiva, o livro logo se tornou a principal referência para os estudos sobre a luz e as cores, sendo amplamente popularizado pelos seguidores de Newton. Neste artigo, analisamos como dois importantes livros contribuíram para essa popularização e também qual era a imagem de ciência que tencionavam propagar, o Élements de la philosophie de Newton de Voltaire e o Newtonianismo per le dame (...) de Algarotti. Será possível perceber que ambos os autores distorceram o conteúdo do livro de Newton, no intuito de propagar uma imagem idealizada das ideias newtonianas e da própria filosofia natural.In the beginning of 18th century, Newton published his main work about light and colors, the Opticks. Impregnated by an inductive perspective, the book became the major reference for the studies about light and colors, being widely popularized by Newton's followers. In this article, we analyze how two important works contributed to this process of popularization and also what image of science they intended to propagate: Voltaire's Elements of Newton's philosophie and Algarotti's Sir Isaac Newton's philosophy explain'd for the use of the ladies. We will be notice that both authors distorted the content of the Opticks, in order to propagate an idealized image of Newtonian ideas and natural philosophy itself. (shrink)