Los estudios sobre «Biblia y género» no han prestado atención al paralelismo de género en la poesía hebrea bíblica, la cual juega con las referencias femeninas y masculinas entre los hemistiquios de un verso, como por ejemplo en «Salga el esposo (m) del tálamo (m) // la esposa (f) de la alcoba (f)» (Joel 2,16). Este juego de referencias paralelas es un reflejo de la representación simbólica de lo real característica de los textos bíblicos. Los poetas han visto y representado (...) siempre la naturaleza como esencia personificada, ya sea en forma masculina o en forma femenina. El paralelismo de género adquiere dimensiones más vastas y complejas cuando se verifica al nivel de estrofas o de poemas, como sucede en el Cantar y, de modo especial, en la discripción paralela de los cuerpos de la Amada y del Amado. Las preguntas paralelas acuñadas para identificar a una figura masculina o femenina de un mundo superior o misterioso, «¿Quién es esa que…?» o «¿Quién es ese que…?», convierten a la Amada del Cantar en prototipo de la nueva mujer, paralelo del prototipo de nuevo hombre que presenta el libro de Job, ambas figuras opuestas a la Eva y al Adán del relato del Paraíso en el libro del Génesis. (shrink)

What is knowledge? I this paper I defend the claim that knowledge is justified true belief by arguing that, contrary to common belief, Gettier cases do not refute it. My defence will be of the anti-luck kind: I will argue that (1) Gettier cases necessarily involve veritic luck, and (2) that a plausible version of reliabilism excludes veritic luck. There is thus a prominent and plausible account of justification according to which Gettier cases do not feature justified beliefs, and therefore, (...) do not present counterexamples to the tripartite analysis. I defend the account of justification against objections, and contrast my defence of the tripartite analysis to similar ones from the literature. I close by considering some implications of this way of thinking about justification and knowledge. (shrink)

Among epistemologists, it is not uncommon to relate various forms of epistemic luck to the vexed debate between internalists and externalists. But there are many internalism/externalism debates in epistemology, and it is not always clear how these debates relate to each other. In the present paper I investigate the relation between epistemic luck and prominent internalist and externalist accounts of epistemic justification. I argue that the dichotomy between internalist and externalist concepts of justification can be characterized in terms of epistemic (...) luck. Whereas externalist theories of justification are incompatible with veritic luck but not with reflective luck, the converse is true for internalist theories of justification. These results are found to explain and cohere with some recent findings from elsewhere in epistemology, and support a surprising picture of justification, on which internalism and externalism are complementary rather than contradictory positions. (shrink)

What is knowledge? I this paper I defend the claim that knowledge is justified true belief by arguing that, contrary to common belief, Gettier cases do not refute it. My defence will be of the anti-luck kind: I will argue that (1) Gettier cases necessarily involve veritic luck, and (2) that a plausible version of reliabilism excludes veritic luck. There is thus a prominent and plausible account of justification according to which Gettier cases do not feature justified beliefs, and therefore, (...) do not present counterexamples to the tripartite analysis. I defend the account of justification against objections, and contrast my defence of the tripartite analysis to similar ones from the literature. I close by considering some implications of this way of thinking about justification and knowledge. (shrink)

This paper argues for a particular account of luck by comparing two distinct versions of the modal account of luck that have been provided by Duncan Pritchard (2005, 2014). More specifically, it argues that there are three respects in which Pritchard’s earlier modal account of luck is preferable to his later account: it accounts better for the fact that luck comes in degrees, it includes a significance condition, and it better acknowledges the subjective nature of luck. The paper then discusses (...) two consequences of the points it makes for epistemology: an alleged pragmatic encroachment, and a particular view on the relation between knowledge, luck, and justification. (shrink)

According to Giorgio Agamben, the messianic thinking of Saint Paul opens a new way of understanding our human existence. Paul’s ho nyn kairos or ‘the time of the now’ is a specific experience of time in which new possibilities of conceiving human lifeare unfolded. Agamben furthermore argues that we should not interpret the Pauline letters as testimonies of the past, but rather as texts that point to a radical contemporary experience. In this article, this radical actualisation of the Pauline heritage (...) is analyzed. It is argued that Agamben infuses Pauline thinking in his own understanding of contemporary political life. By applying a methodology of displacement to both the contemporary experience of human political life and the past messianic experience of Pauline community, a new interpretation of the human form of life is introduced by Agamben. This new form of life testifies of a non-representable human residue beyond every possible political representational act. This human residue is according to Agamben the true ‘subject’ of a new political ethos. In his philosophical thinking, Paul’s ‘time of the now’ thereby becomes a messianic possibility of our own ‘present’ or our own current historical moment. (shrink)

In this paper, I spell out and argue for a new epistemic theory of argumentation. Contrary to extant views, this theory is compatible with a pluralistic framework on argumentation, where the norms governing argumentation depend on the aim with which we engage in the practice. A domain of specifically epistemic argumentation is singled out, and I argue based on recent findings in modal epistemology that this domain is governed by the modal norm of safety; where a belief is safe just (...) in case it is produced by a method that would not easily produce a false belief. While this criterion is well-known and uncontroversial in epistemology, it has hitherto not been applied to epistemic theories of argument ation. I show that the norm allows for a novel and superior perspective of the relevance of the persistent interlocutor in argumentation theory, and on the relation between dialectical and epistemic norms more generally. (shrink)

The concept of luck is important in various areas of philosophy. In this paper I argue that two prominent accounts of luck, the modal and the probabilistic account of luck, need to be combined to accommodate the various ways in which luck comes in degrees. I briefly sketch such a hybrid account of luck, distinguish it from two similar accounts recently proposed, and consider some objections.

In this paper, I spell out and argue for a new epistemic theory of argumentation. Contrary to extant views, this theory is compatible with a pluralistic framework on argumentation, where the norms governing argumentation depend on the aim with which we engage in the practice. A domain of specifically epistemic argumentation is singled out, and I argue based on recent findings in modal epistemology that this domain is governed by the modal norm of safety; where a belief is safe just (...) in case it is produced by a method that would not easily produce a false belief. While this criterion is well-known and uncontroversial in epistemology, it has hitherto not been applied to epistemic theories of argumentation. I show that the norm allows for a novel and superior perspective of the relevance of the persistent interlocutor in argumentation theory, and on the relation between dialectical and epistemic norms more generally. (shrink)

A Persistent Interlocutor (PI) is someone who, in argumentative contexts, does not cease to question her opponent’s premises. The epistemic relevance of the PI has been debated throughout the history of philosophy. Pyrrhonians famously claim that our inability to dialectically vindicate our claims against a PI implies scepticism. Adam Leite disagrees (2005). Michael Resorla argues that the debate is based on a false premise (2009). In this paper, I argue that these views all fail to accurately account for the epistemic (...) relevance of the PI. I then briefly present an account that aims to do better in this regard, based on the modal notion of safety. On the account proposed, the PI does not violate epistemic or dialectical norms. Rather, her behaviour tends to be epistemically perverse in the sense that it wastes cognitive resources. Perhaps surprisingly, this defect turns out not to be unique to the PI. (shrink)

BackgroundEgg freezing has emerged as a technology of assisted reproductive medicine that allows women to plan for the anticipated loss of fertility and hence to preserve the option to conceive with their own eggs. The technology is surrounded by value-conflicts and is subject to ongoing discussions. This study aims at contributing to the empirical-ethical debate by exploring women’s viewpoints on egg freezing in Austria, where egg freezing for social reasons is currently not allowed.MethodsQ-methodology was used to identify prevailing viewpoints on (...) egg freezing. 46 female participants ranked a set of 40 statements onto a 9-column forced choice ranking grid according to the level of agreement. Participants were asked to explain their ranking in a follow-up survey. By-person factor analysis was used to identify distinct viewpoints which were interpreted using both the quantitative and the qualitative data.ResultsThree distinct viewpoints were identified:(1) “women should decide for themselves”,(2) “we should accept nature but change policy”, and (3) “we need an informed societal debate”. These viewpoints provide insights into how biomedical innovations such as egg freezing are perceived by women in Austria and illustrate the normative tensions regarding such innovations.ConclusionsAcknowledging the different prioritizations of values regarding assisted reproductive technologies is important to better understand the underlying normative tensions in a country where egg freezing for social reasons is currently not allowed. The study adds new empirical insights to the ongoing debate by outlining and discussing viewpoints of those directly affected: women. Following up on the lay persons perspective is particularly important in the context of future biomedical innovations that may challenge established norms and create new tensions. It therefore also adds to the societal debate and supports evidence-informed policy making in that regard. (shrink)

El autor pone de manifiesto los paralelismos, hasta hoy apenas señalados, entre el "sofista" platónico y "metaf". IV de Aristóteles, que atañen tanto a contenidos doctrinales, como el método de argumentar y a la función de ciertos argumentos utilizados en la crítica a los presocráticos. Hay incluso un paralelismo lingüístico. Su subraya, con ello, la importancia sistemática de la doctrina antigua de los "trascendentalia", su prioridad relativamente a la diferencia entre los conceptos ontológicos (la teoría platónica de las ideas y (...) la aristotélica de la substancia) y la coincidencia de pensamiento de Aristóteles con el Platón tardío acerca de los conceptos transgenéricos, si bien como fundamento de teorías ontológicamente diferentes. (shrink)

Es conocido que Johannes Kepler fue uno de los primeros científicos reputados y profesionalmente reconocidos que apoyaron la nueva teoría heliocéntrica de Copémico. Kepler no la aceptó como una teoría provisional más simple, sino como la verdadera teoría del universo, y lo hizo a pesar del hecho de que él, más que cualquiera de su tiempo, estaba muy consciente de los defectos y deficiencias de esta nueva teoría. Este articulo es un intento de echar una nueva luz sobre este desconcertante (...) rompecabezas. Luego de examinar cuidadosa y críticamente las diferentes perspectivas de académicos kepleríanos bien reconocidos, este articulo halla la fuente de este enigma en su modo especial de pensar y proceder en su investigación clentifica: Kepler permitía una interacción creativa y constructiva entre datos científicos, principios filosóficos y ciertas creencias religiosas. Si hubiese dependido solamente de datos empíricos, él no hubiera sido el copernicano más leal. Las ideas filosóficas o religiosas solas no lo hubiesen convencido de la veracidad del punto de vista heliocéntrico. La aceptación kepleriana del sistema copernicano es una instancia paradigmática de la interacción constructiva entre ciencia, filosofía y religión en la historia de la ciencia. (shrink)

The present article provides an analysis of the way in which the Council Vatican u (1962-1965) understood and related to the human realms of Science and Technology. As one of the greatest events in the life of the Church in contemporary times, the Council Vatican II sought to meet the necessities of contemporary society, particularly its pastoral needs. By recognizing the importance played by the mathematical and the natural sciences in the formation of the contemporary human being, the Council was (...) led to produce some very important statements about Science and Technology. Thus, the article gives us a glimpse of the overall spirit that animated the Council and of the extent to which some of its special features played a major role in determining the attitude it took towards modern developments such as those related to the field of Science and Technology. Moreover, it also shows how Vatican u came to understand Science and Technology not as "devices of the devil", but rather as a real boon to humanity, recognizing in particular that they are ordained by divine dispensation. Finally, the article also elucidates how for the Council Religion and Science must preserve their autonomy and their distinctiveness, so that neither is Religion to be founded on Science nor is Science to be seen as an extension of Religion. Rather, each one of them should possess its own principles, its pattern of procedures, its diversities of interpretation and its own conclusions. /// O presente artigo oferece-nos uma análise do modo como o Concilio Vaticano II (1962-1965) compreendeu e se relacionou com esferas tão importantes da vida humana contemporânea, tais como a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Sendo um dos grandes acontecimentos na vida da Igreja, o Concílio Vaticano II procurou responder às necessidades da sociedade contemporânea, facto este que lhe imprimiu um carácter verdadeiramente pastoral. Com efeito, ao reconhecer a importância que hoje têm a matemática e as ciências naturais na formação do ser humano dos nossos dias, o Concâio fez questão de se pronunciar explicitamente acerca da Ciência e da Tecnologia. Assim, dando-nos uma impressão do espírito que animou o Concílio no seu todo, o artigo mostra-nos sobretudo o modo como o mesmo interpreta as realidades da Ciência e da Tecnologia não mais como "obras do demónio", mas sim como verdadeiros benefícios para a humanidade no seu todo, especialmente na medida em que também elas fazem parte da providência divina. Em suma, o artigo elucida-nos acerca do modo como o Concílio Vaticano II interpreta a relação entre Religião e Ciência, relação esta que para os Padres Conciliares deve estar assente no princípio da autonomia e da distinção de cada uma delas, de modo que nem a Religião se quer fundada na Ciência, nem a Ciência deve ser vista como uma extensão da Religião. Pelo contrário, cada uma delas deve estar orientada pelos seus próprios princípios, pelos seus respectivos padrões de procedimento, pela diversidade das suas interpretações e, obviamente, pelas suas próprias conclusões. (shrink)

El autor estudió bachillerato con los jesuitas y fue él mismo jesuita durante veinticuatro años, doce de ellos como cura obrero. Estudió Filosofía y Teología y es licenciado en Filosofía por la Complutense y Teología por Comillas. En 1982 se secularizó pero siguió militando en comunidades y organizaciones creyentes tales como Comunidades cristianas populares, Cristianos por el Socialismo, Cristianos por la paz y algunas otras. Pero después de unos años de atormentado agnosticismo abandonó la fe. Ha publicado en esta misma (...) editorial un libro con sus experiencias titulado. “Confieso que he creído: un viaje de la fe al ateísmo”. Y ahora publica “Job se alza frente a Dios” que, según él mismo dice, “es una segunda parte o complemento de aquél, mucho más basado en la exégesis bíblica y en los avances científicos”. He aquí un resumen del mismo. Toda religión (al menos las tres grandes religiones monoteístas) parte de dos axiomas fundamentales: que existe un Dios personal y que ese Dios se ha revelado. El cristianismo sostiene además que Dios no sólo se ha revelado en la Biblia (la Palabra escrita) sino sobre todo en Jesús de Nazaret (la Palabra viva). Y por supuesto esa Revelación (la llamada) parte de Dios. Él tiene la iniciativa. La fe es la respuesta a esa llamada. Pues bien: esos dos axiomas configuran las dos partes del libro. En la primera se analiza la Biblia y la figura de Jesús de Nazaret mediante la exégesis histórico crítica. La Biblia no es un libro de historia sino un libro de fe fundamentado en una exigua base histórica. Es tarea de la exégesis determinar qué hay de fe y qué de historia en cada uno de los libros. Y las investigaciones actuales dictaminan que las teofanías y los milagros no son “hechos históricos” sino productos de la fe construidos a veces muchos siglos después de los hechos narrados. Del mismo modo la figura de Cristo es construida sobre la figura histórica de Jesús de Naz... (shrink)

En este artículo nos proponemos analizar las relaciones entre exilio, lengua y territorio en una lectura de poemas seleccionados de los libros Vicio de Miami (1997) y Confesiones del estrangulador de Flagler Street (1998), de Néstor Díaz de Villegas (Cienfuegos, Cuba, 1956). El eje propuesto pretende comprender, por un lado, algunos aspectos de su poética, como aparece en sus primeros libros publicados; por otro, ponerla en perspectiva respecto a la condición del exilio cubano en los Estados Unidos en la época (...) de la crisis de Mariel (1980), especialmente desde sus repercusiones en el campo de la cultura. (shrink)

El libro desarrolla un análisis de la hermenéutica en general para centrarse luego en la pregunta religiosa. Destaca la necesidad de ambos niveles del preguntar y también de algún tipo de respuesta. Las religiones aparecen en este estudio como intentos de respuesta a la pregunta del ser humano por lo absoluto.

This article examines the relationship between women entrepreneurs’ job autonomy and work–life balance, with a particular focus on how this relationship might be augmented by environments that discriminate against women, whether socio-economically, institutionally, or culturally. Multisource data pertaining to 5334 women entrepreneurs from 37 countries indicate that their sense of job autonomy increases the likelihood that they feel satisfied with their ability to balance the needs of their work with those of their personal life. This process is particularly prominent when (...) they operate in countries characterized by discriminatory socio-economic and institutional conditions, though a mitigating instead of invigorating effect arises in culturally discriminatory settings. For business ethics scholars and practitioners, these findings indicate how the extent to which women entrepreneurs, seeking to combine professional and private responsibilities, derive benefits from initiatives aimed at enhancing their job-related freedom critically depends on whether they operate in adverse external environments. (shrink)

En palabras del rector de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, coeditora de este libro, quien lea estas páginas podrá apreciar cómo Alberto Wagner de Reyna, alumno del filósofo alemán, nos aproxima a una renovada comprensión de los temas que cautivaron la reflexión de Heidegger, y nos invita a adentrarnos con él por esas "sendas del bosque" en las que el hombre que busca su autenticidad celebra la fiesta de la meditación serena.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between contextual work-related factors on the one hand, in terms of job demands (i.e., risk factors) and job resources (i.e., protective factors), and work-family conflict in teachers on the other. Building on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, we hypothesized that job demands, namely qualitative and quantitative workload, are positively associated with work-family conflict in teachers. Moreover, in line with the buffer hypothesis of the JD-R, we expected job resources, in terms (...) of support from supervisor, job autonomy, and participation in decision making, to affect this association, which is expected to be stronger when job resources are low. The study was conducted in an Italian secondary school. Overall, 122 teachers completed a self-report questionnaire aimed at determining work-family conflict, as well as job demands and resources. The hypothesized relationships were tested using moderated multiple regression. The results of this study largely support our predictions. First, both aspects of workload were positively associated with work-family conflict. Secondly, job resources, including support from supervisor and participation in decision making, buffered this association, which was stronger when resources were low. On the contrary, job autonomy did not buffer the association between workload and work-family conflict. Overall, the results of this study are consistent with the Job Demands-Resources model and contribute to to the understanding of work–family conflict among teachers. More specifically, our study suggests that teachers with high levels of job resources, namely support from supervisor and participation in decision making, can effectively cope with job demands, in terms of both qualitative and quantitative workload, thus preventing negative consequences such as conflict between work and family domains. Interventions aimed at preventing work-family conflict among teachers should encourage organizations to optimize the balance between job demands and resources, as well as the identification and training of the workers at risk of work-family conflict. (shrink)

Se trata de un libro en el que el autor, cura y conocido propietario de los restaurantes La Taberna del Alabardero, invita a reflexionar sobre Dios a partir de su experiencia personal. La obra está prologada por el periodista Vicente Verdú. El epílogo es del arzobispo de Sevilla, Mons. Carlos Amigo.