The Rockefeller Foundation'spost-war social science programme in Europe wasdirected by Joseph Willits. In 1946, Willitsdecided to focus his Division's efforts onFrance, and to offer fellowships to a newgeneration of social scientists. TheFoundation's social science activity in Europetapered off after 1955. This paper examinesWillits' initiatives, and considers theirconsequences.

Patrons and sponsors often have shaped and even altered the course of scientific and technological developments. The postwar history of Case Western Reserve University, formed from the federation of Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University, indicates that industrial, government, and foundation funders of science and technology also can alter the development of entire institutions.

El artículo aborda el tema de las funciones ejecutivas (FE) y el aprendizaje en estudiantes universitarios. Seconsidera relevante en el momento actual, debido a las diversas afectaciones que se perciben en el rendimientoacadémico luego de la pandemia, siendo cada vez más evidentes los problemas para regular el aprendizaje, la pocacapacidad para buscar información relevante y las dificultades para abstraer aspectos significativos de los datosde interés. Desde aquí se plantea la relevancia de comprender mejor el papel de las FE en el (...) aprendizaje, paralo cual, se inicia con varias definiciones que coinciden en caracterizarlas como aquellas que regulan, controlany mediatizan las actividades superiores y más complejas que realiza el cerebro; se las ubica en el córtex frontaly tienen diversas tasas de desarrollo a lo largo del ciclo vital, desde la infancia hasta la adultez joven, en la quealcanzan su pleno desarrollo. Agregado a esto, se describen los componentes de las FE, puesto que son variadosdependiendo de los autores y su relación con el aprendizaje. El enfoque es eminentemente neuropsicológico, perose realiza un breve diálogo con la filosofía de Heidegger, Hume y Locke. Se concluye con varias sugerencias deposibles actividades que pueden llevarse a cabo para desarrollar estas funciones en los estudiantes. (shrink)

The National Academy of Science's 1956 study on the Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation was designed to provide an objective analysis to assess conflicting statements by leading geneticists and by officials in the Atomic Energy Commission. Largely because of its status as a detached, non-governmental evaluation by eminent scientists, no studies have had a broader impact on the development of biological thinking in regard to nuclear policies. This paper demonstrates that despite the first BEAR study's reputation as an objective and (...) independent study, it was the product of careful negotiation between Academy scientists, the Atomic Energy Commission, and Britain's Medical Research Council. This paper also reveals the fragility of the consensus that produced the Academy's report, the range of political uses of the report, and the subsequent disaffection of the scientists who took part in it. (shrink)

Uma assembleia com as dimensões do Concílio Vaticano II necessariamente aglutinaria diversificadas correntes e perspectivas. No episcopado brasileiro a heterogeneidade também foi uma marca. Considerando tais dados, este artigo foi escrito com dois objetivos maiores: identificar transversalidades nas formas de pensar e agir de Proença Sigaud e Helder Camara, a partir dos temas propostos para o Concílio e analisar afinidades/convergências e oposições/divergências existentes entre as suas posições, respectivamente conservadoras e progressistas, sobretudo a partir das respostas que elaboraram às consultas solicitadas (...) na fase antepreparatória; perpassando o trabalho, há discussões remetendo aos grupos a que se associaram e às articulações estabelecidas, bem como aos seus epistolários e questões neles tratadas. Baseado em pesquisas bibliográfica e documental – realizada, esta, nos arquivos do Instituto Dom Helder Camara e da Cúria Arquidiocesana de Diamantina – com o artigo foi possível reforçar o entendimento de que a diversidade de perspectivas doutrinais e pastorais é fato inconteste, ainda que salvaguardada a unidade; outrossim, a transversalidade evidenciou, a partir da abordagem de temas sociopolíticos e religiosos, a existência de preocupações semelhantes que implicavam, nas posições majoritariamente antagônicas dos dois, igual empenho pela adoção de medidas, ainda que habitualmente díspares, no tocante à forma de analisá-los e enfrentá-los. (shrink)

In this volume an outstanding group of scientists consider emotional development from fetal life onwards. The book includes views from neuroscience, primatology, robotics, psychopathology, and prenatal development. The first book of its kind, this book will be of major interest to all those interested in emotion, from the fields of social, developmental, and clinical psychology, to psychiatry, and neuroscience.

Alexis Carrel’s and Keith Porter’s accomplishments at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1910–1950, were fundamental to the creation of the field of tissue culture.

The National Academy of Science's 1956 study on the Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR) was designed to provide an objective analysis to assess conflicting statements by leading geneticists and by officials in the Atomic Energy Commission. Largely because of its status as a detached, non-governmental evaluation by eminent scientists, no studies have had a broader impact on the development of biological thinking in regard to nuclear policies. This paper demonstrates that despite the first BEAR study's reputation as an objective (...) and independent study, it was the product of careful negotiation between Academy scientists, the Atomic Energy Commission, and Britain's Medical Research Council. This paper also reveals the fragility of the consensus that produced the Academy's report, the range of political uses of the report, and the subsequent disaffection of the scientists who took part in it. (shrink)

This work explores the attitudes of American scientists towardsinternational scientific activity, with particular respect to theoceanic sciences, during the three decades after the First WorldWar. In the mid-1950s, the Eisenhower Administration favouredthe thesis that increased international collaboration wouldstrengthen the Free World, ease Cold War tensions, and promotethe growth of science. This essay analyses elements in thatthesis, namely, scientific chauvinism, humanitarianism, andscientific interdependence. The narrative traces these themesthrough key episodes in the history of international cooperationin oceanic science, revealing how this experience (...) shapedstrategies and expectations for cooperative scientific research. (shrink)

No período em que a Igreja Católica vivia um processo conhecido como romanização, no Brasil começaram a surgir Faculdades e Universidades Católicas. Adjetivadas, tais instituições de ensino superior implicavam a alocação de recursos os mais variados por parte do aparelho eclesiástico, pois a qualificação atribuída era acompanhada da expectativa de um desempenho específico dentro do mais amplo processo de romanização. Este artigo objetiva abordar o contexto eclesial da época e, nele, a compreensão da Igreja acerca da sua relação com a (...) sociedade recifense, tendo como viés a atuação da Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, na cidade, e sua correspondência ao cenário estabelecido. Para escrevê-lo o autor fez revisão da literatura e pesquisa nos arquivos da própria UNICAP e da Vice-província do Brasil Setentrional da Companhia de Jesus; além disso, recorreu a depoimentos orais de ex-alunos e ex-professores. A análise empreendida permite afirmar que, em sua trajetória inicial, a Universidade correspondeu ao ser católico, se ele for entendido como sintonia com o modelo eclesial predominante na Igreja e ao papel dele decorrente. Palavras-chave : Igreja católica. Modelos eclesiais. Educação.During the period of time in which the Catholic Church experienced a process known as Romanization, there began to emerge Catholic colleges and universities in Brazil. Once having received the adjective Catholic, these institutions of higher education demanded of the ecclesiastic apparatus the allocation of the most varied resources, because the attributed qualification was accompanied by the expectancy of a specific performance inside the most ample process of Romanization. This article aims at accosting the ecclesiastic context of the time and, in it, the Churche’s understanding of its relationship with Recife’s society, taking as bias the acts of the Catholic University of Pernambuco (UNICAP) in the city and its correspondence to the established scenario. To write it, the author revised the literature and research in the archives of the UNICAP itself and of the vice-province of Northern Brazil of the Society of Jesus; furthermore, he analyzed the oral testimony of former students and teachers. The analysis undertaken allows us to affirm that during its initial steps the university fulfilled the exigencies made for being Catholic, if this term was being understood as being in tune with the ecclesiastic model predominant in the Church at the time and the role corresponding to it. Keywords : Catholic Church. Ecclesiastic models. Education. (shrink)

El presente artículo hace un recorrido histórico de los procesos lógicos para lograr una formalización rigurosa del lenguaje. Desde sus inicios en Grecia hasta las propuestas contemporáneas de la lógica simbólica o matemática. Se realiza una ubicación general de los avances en las diferentes épocas para luego explicar el proceso de formalización lógico del lenguaje cotidiano a partir de la lógica clásica; luego de ello se postulan algunas limitaciones de la formalización clásica y se procede a explicar el proceso moderno (...) de formalización; en un tercer momento, se hace referencia a la importancia del manejo formal del lenguaje en el análisis del discurso y la validación de teorías cientí cas, valorando el lenguaje formal de la lógica y de la matemática como sistemas para la construcción de la ciencia. La formalización del lenguaje apoya con veracidad los manejos de la argumentación cientí ca y que luego se puede traducir en aplicaciones tecnológicas. El objetivo del artículo es analizar los procesos de formalización del lenguaje a través de un análisis histórico de la lógica, para la determinación de los elementos lógicos que aportan a la formalización del lenguaje y a la construcción de argumentos cientí cos válidos; y, se alcanzará por medio del planteamiento de las preguntas: ¿Qué aportes losó cos constituyen los postulados más relevantes para la evolución del análisis lógico? ¿Cuáles son las limitaciones que presenta la lógica clásica o aristotélica ante la lógica simbólica estructurada por Frege? ¿Cuáles son los aportes a partir de la formalización lógica del lenguaje para el análisis del discurso y la estructuración de la ciencia? (shrink)

Esta obra colectiva expone diversas concepciones teóricas, ontológicas, epistemológicas, axiológicas y prácticas sobre el origen, sentido, problemáticas, ventajas, detrimentos, alternativas y desafías de la filosofía de la innovación y su incidencia en la educación; reflexiona sobre las contribuciones de la tecnología y responde a interrogantes como: ¿Cuáles son los aporte de la tradición filosófica, del pensamiento ilustrado, de la postmodernidad y de la teoría crítica para la filosofía de la innovación educativa?; ¿Cuál es la función de la filosofía para la (...) comprensión de la innovación?; ¿Cómo se explica el progreso tecno-científico desde la epistemología contemporánea?; ¿Cuál es el componente pedagógico de la innovación?; ¿Cuáles son las aportaciones del Laudato Si para la innovación educativa?. Además, plantea la necesidad de repensar algunos aspectos relacionados con la educación, el Estado y la identidad latinoamericana para determinar las posibilidades, las limitaciones y los retos de la innovación, entendida como un fenómeno en permanente construcción. Este tomo se encuentra conformado por ocho capítulos en los que los autores formulan un conjunto de contribuciones para la generación de nuevas investigaciones. Además, evidencia a la innovación como un procesos que exige reformulaciones. La innovación sigue siendo una de las tareas pendientes de la filosofía. (shrink)

La calidad en la educación superior tecnológica se ha caracterizado mejor por la formación de las capacidades del estudiantado que por los niveles alcanzados en la rendición de cuentas o en la gestión institucional. En virtud de la literatura especializada han existido dos grandes enfoques que caracterizaron la temática de la calidad en la Educación Superior en las últimas décadas. Desde una perspectiva administrativa, la apuesta fue por la gestión de calidad, y desde los estudios sociales fue la promoción de (...) la cultura institucional. En este marco, el estudio buscó caracterizar los referentes de la calidad subyacentes en los modelos de evaluación de los institutos superiores tecnológicos en el Ecuador desde el 2010 al 2020, para visibilizar la necesidad de replantear las políticas públicas desde el Estado y fortalecer la agencia de los institutos. Para alcanzar este objetivo se utilizó el instrumental teórico del análisis de las políticas a través de una revisión de información documental que permitió reinterpretar el concepto de la calidad. Finalmente, a modo de conclusión, el estudio determinó que el concepto de calidad preponderante en los modelos de evaluación de los IST se ajustó a la adquisición de altos niveles de excelencia y no incluyó la discusión de la naturaleza de la formación técnica y tecnológica relativa con la transformación de las capacidades de los y las estudiantes. (shrink)

Pancreatitis is a complex, progressively destructive inflammatory disorder. Alcohol was long thought to be the primary causative agent, but genetic contributions have been of interest since the discovery that rare PRSS1, CFTR and SPINK1 variants were associated with pancreatitis risk. We now report two associations at genome-wide significance identified and replicated at PRSS1-PRSS2 and X-linked CLDN2 through a two-stage genome-wide study. The PRSS1 variant likely affects disease susceptibility by altering expression of the primary trypsinogen gene. The CLDN2 risk allele is (...) associated with atypical localization of claudin-2 in pancreatic acinar cells. The homozygous CLDN2 genotype confers the greatest risk, and its alleles interact with alcohol consumption to amplify risk. These results could partially explain the high frequency of alcohol-related pancreatitis in men. © 2012 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

The definitive work on the philosophical nature and impact of the theories of Charles Darwin, written by a well-known authority on the history and philosophy of Darwinism. Broadly explores the theories of Charles Darwin and Darwin studies Incorporates much information about modern Biology Offers a comprehensive discussion of Darwinism and Christianity – including Creationism – by one of the leading authorities in the field Written in clear, concise, user-friendly language supplemented with quality illustrations Examines the status of (...) evolutionary theory as a genuine theory and its implications for philosophy, epistemology and ethics Provides a strong understanding of the philosophical nature and impact of Darwin's thought Holds wide appeal for general audiences outside the world of academic philosophy Strongly supports Darwinism and fully explores modern naturalistic explanations of religion. (shrink)

Over the last quarter century, the dominant tendency in comparative cognitive psychology has been to emphasize the similarities between human and nonhuman minds and to downplay the differences as (Darwin 1871). In the present target article, we argue that Darwin was mistaken: the profound biological continuity between human and nonhuman animals masks an equally profound discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. To wit, there is a significant discontinuity in the degree to which human and nonhuman animals are able (...) to approximate the higher-order, systematic, relational capabilities of a physical symbol system (PSS) (Newell 1980). We show that this symbolic-relational discontinuity pervades nearly every domain of cognition and runs much deeper than even the spectacular scaffolding provided by language or culture alone can explain. We propose a representational-level specification as to where human and nonhuman animals' abilities to approximate a PSS are similar and where they differ. We conclude by suggesting that recent symbolic-connectionist models of cognition shed new light on the mechanisms that underlie the gap between human and nonhuman minds. (shrink)

Darwinizing culture: the status of memetics as a science pits leading intellectuals, against each other to battle it out, in this, the first debate over 'memes'. With a foreword by Daniel Dennett, and contributions from Dan Sperber, David Hull, Robert Boyd, Susan Blackmore, Henry Plotkin, and others, the result is a thrilling and challenging debate that will perhaps mark a turning point for the field, and for future research.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

It is often claimed that one of Darwin''s chief accomplishments was to provide biology with a non-teleological explanation of adaptation. A number of Darwin''s closest associates, however, and Darwin himself, did not see it that way. In order to assess whether Darwin''s version of evolutionary theory does or does not employ teleological explanation, two of his botanical studies are examined. The result of this examination is that Darwin sees selection explanations of adaptations as teleological explanations. (...) The confusion in the nineteenth century about Darwin''s attitude to teleology is argued to be a result of Darwin''s teleological explanations not conforming to either of the dominant philosophical justifications of teleology at that time. Darwin''s explanatory practices conform well, however, to recent defenses of the teleological character of selection explanations. (shrink)

Darwin's ideas on variation, heredity, and development differ significantly from twentieth-century views. First, Darwin held that environmental changes, acting either on the reproductive organs or the body, were necessary to generate variation. Second, heredity was a developmental, not a transmissional, process; variation was a change in the developmental process of change. An analysis of Darwin's elaboration and modification of these two positions from his early notebooks (1836-1844) to the last edition of the /Variation of Animals and Plants (...) Under Domestication/ (1875) complements previous Darwin scholarship on these issues. Included in this analysis is a description of the way Darwin employed the distinction between transmission and development, as well as the conceptual relationship he saw between heredity and variation. This paper is part of a larger project comparing commitments regarding variation during the latter half of the nineteenth century. (shrink)

Charles Darwin transformed our understanding of the universe and our place in it with his development of the theory of evolution. 150 years later, we are still puzzling over the implications. John Dupr presents a lucid, witty introduction to evolution and what it means for our view of humanity, the natural world, and religion. He explains the right and the wrong ways to understand evolution: in the latter category fall most of the claims of evolutionary psychology, of which Dupr (...) gives a withering critique. He shows why the theory of evolution is one of the most important scientific ideas of all time, but makes clear that it can't explain everything - contrary to widespread popular belief, it has very little to tell us about the details of human nature and human behaviour, such as language, culture, and sexuality. Anyone who is interested in understanding what the theory of evolution can and can't do will find Darwin's Legacy a compelling and enjoyable introduction. (shrink)

“Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory of Dependent Arising” January 2021, Buddhism and Culture (a Korean-language Buddhist magazine sponsored by the Foundation for the Promotion of Korean Buddhism), Korea 진화론으로 이해하는 불교: 다윈의 진화론은 연기의 진화론.

The launch of a revolutionary new scientific theory represents a rare occasion on which the apparently cumulative development of science might be influenced by particular events. Yet in the case of the Darwinian revolution it is often claimed that the theory of evolution by natural selection would have emerged more or less inevitably, given the scientific and cultural circumstances prevailing in mid-Victorian Britain. This essay challenges that claim by arguing that if Darwin had not been there to write his (...) Origin of Species the subsequent development of biology would have occurred along a line that steadily diverged from the sequence of events we actually experienced. There would certainly have been an evolutionary movement in the late nineteenth century, but there would have been no selection theory to disturb the progressionist assumptions of the time. A totally non-Darwinian evolutionism might not have generated the challenges that led to the emergence of modern genetics in the early twentieth century, resulting in a very different understanding of the relationship between development, heredity, and environment. (shrink)

Traditionally, Darwin has been grouped with the functionalists because natural selection (an adaptational mechanism) plays the prominent role in shaping organic form. In this paper, I sketch the dichotomy of functionalism versus structuralism and then argue that Darwin cannot be characterized adequately with this dichotomy. I argue that Darwin can incorporate both causal stories because he makes two important modifications to the traditional metaphysical presuppositions. I then offer some brief reflections on the import of Darwin's causal (...) pluralism for the Philosophy of Science. (shrink)

It is not too great an exaggeration to claim that On the Origin of Species was, along with Das Kapital, one of the two most significant works in the intellectual history of the nineteenth century. As George Henry Lewes wrote in 1868, ‘No work of our time has been so general in its influence’. However, the very generality of the influence of Darwin’s work provides the chief problem for the intellectual historian. Most books and articles on the subject assert (...) the influence but remain very imprecise about its nature. It is very difficult indeed to assess what it was about the Darwinian theory which was so influential and how its influence was felt. This problem in Victorian intellectual history intersects with a related one in the history of science. There has been a tendency on the part of historians of science to isolate Darwin in two related ways. The first is to single him out from the mainstream of nineteenth-century naturalism in Britain and allow ‘Darwinism’ to stand duty for the wider movement of which it was in fact but a part. The second is the tendency to single out his evolutionary theory and to demarcate it sharply from those of his predecessors and contemporaries. According to this interpretation Darwin stood alone as a real, empirical scientist and provided the first genuinely scientific hypothesis for the process by which evolution might have occurred. The theories of the other main evolutionists—Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, Chambers, Spencer, and Wallace—were more or less besmirched by ideological, anthropomorphic, or other ‘non-scientific’ factors or by the uses to which they were put by their authors. Charles Darwin is thus made to stand out as a figure of comparatively unalloyed scientific status and is treated in relative isolation from the social and intellectual context in which he worked and into which his theory was received. (shrink)

Darwin''s biology was teleological only if the term teleology is defined in a manner that fails to recognize his contribution to the metaphysics and epistemology of modern science. His use of teleological metaphors in a strictly teleonomic context is irrelevant to the meaning of his discourse. The myth of Darwin''s alleged teleology is partly due to misinterpretations of discussions about whether morphology should be a purely formal science. Merely rejecting such notions as special creation and vitalism does not (...) prevent the pernicious effects of teleological reasoning, even at the present time. (shrink)