Johann Salomo Semler's distinction between public and private religion has central significance for the theory of Christianity, particularly as this is conceived by Trutz Rendtorff. It serves the theory as a conceptual tool in order to be able to grasp the sociological problem of relating individual and society theologically and thus to describe modernity as a „chapter in the history of Christianity.“ Yet certain difficulties arise upon closer viewing. In Semler the distinction rests on the effort to set a free (...) private religion apart from public religion. In this it is indebted to a pointedly critical interest and can thus not be enlisted in support of a constructive definition of the relationship between church and Christianity. As a result, it becomes difficult to claim that the theory of Christianity can be based upon the period of theological enlightenment. Instead, it is tempting to take up the critical starting impulse of Semler's distinction and interpret it as a figural reflection with which theology reflects its relation to its own subject matter. The distinction of public and private religion thus finally moves surprisingly close to a systems-theoretical version of the relationship between individual and society. (shrink)

Contents \t\t\t\t\t \tTRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION \t\t1 \t \tNOTE ON THE TRANSLATION \t\t39 \t OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEELING OF THE BEAUTIFUL AND SUBLIME \t\t\t\t\t \tSECTION ONE: \t\t\t\t \t\tOf the Distinct Objects of the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime \t\t45 \tSECTION TWO: \t\t\t\t \t\tOf the Attributes of the Beautiful and Sublime.

Noam Chomsky and Frances Egan argue that David Marr’s computational theory of vision is not intentional, claiming that the formal scientific theory does not include description of visual content. They also argue that the theory is internalist in the sense of not describing things physically external to the perceiver. They argue that these claims hold for computational theories of vision in general. Beyond theories of vision, they argue that representational content does not figure as a topic within formal computational theories (...) in cognitive science. I demonstrate that Chomsky’s and Egan’s claims about Marr’s theory are false. Marr’s computational theory contains a mathematical theory of visual content, based on empirical psychophysical evidence. It also contains mathematical descriptions of distal physical surfaces and objects, and of their optic projection to the perceiver. Much computational research on vision contains these types of intentional and externalist components within the formal, mathematical, theories. Chomsky’s and Egan’s claims demonstrate inadequate study and understanding of Marr’s work and other research in this area. Computational theories of vision, by containing empirically based mathematical theories of visual content, to this extent present naturalizations of semantics. (shrink)

Several initiatives recognize the importance of transforming institutions, not just changing individuals, to diversify STEM fields. Universities and colleges are distinctive gendered work organizations because workers are highly educated and have authority in hiring, evaluation, and policy. This article explores whether feminist sociologists are particularly well suited to guide institutional change to diversify the academy. Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with 24 feminist academic sociologists at the rank of associate or full professor, I analyze how their feminist and sociological (...) identities intersect with institutional locations to create opportunities to transform the academy. Outsiders within, feminist sociologists revise and use the master’s tools to produce knowledge that improves recognition of, and ability to reduce, structural inequalities. Proficiency with these tools confers insider legitimacy and access to a “seat at the table” where disciplinary expertise and political commitments contribute to institutional change. Inevitably, these professors confront resistance, and in response develop strategies to advance their goals. Insights from feminist sociologists suggest that to transform universities to reflect the diversity of institutions and lived reality of contemporary faculty, it may be more useful to identify a set of commitments and principles that inform policies and practices, rather than specifying actions to support culture change. (shrink)

_Contents:_ Translator's Introduction_ Selected Bibliography Note on the Text _ The Vocation of Man__ Preface Book One: Doubt Book Two: Knowledge Book Three: Faith.

We claim that adjustable parameters play a crucial role in building and applying simulation models. We analyze that role and illustrate our findings using examples from equations of state in thermodynamics. In building simulation models, two types of experiments, namely, simulation and classical experiments, interact in a feedback loop, in which model parameters are adjusted. A critical discussion of how adjustable parameters function shows that they are boon and bane of simulation. They help to enlarge the scope of simulation far (...) beyond what can be determined by theoretical knowledge, but at the same time undercut the epistemic value of simulation models. (shrink)

Aim of the lectures -- Early Brahmanical literature -- Panini's grammar -- A passage from the Chandogya Upanisad -- The structures of languages -- The Buddhist contribution -- Vaisesika and language -- Verbal knowledge -- The contradictions of Nagarjuna -- The reactions of other thinkers -- Sarvastivada Samkhya -- The Agamasastra of Gaudapada -- Sankara -- Kashmiri Saivism -- Jainism -- Early Vaisesika -- Critiques of the existence of a thing before its arising -- Nyaya -- Mimamsa -- The Abhidharmakosa (...) bhasya of Vasubandhu -- The Abhidharmasamuccaya of Asanga and its bhasya -- Bhartrhari -- The problem of negation -- Dignaga and verbal knowledge -- The Bodhisattvabhumi -- Prajnakaragupta -- Indian thinkers and the correspondence principle -- Appendix. The Mahaprajnaparamitasastra and the Samkhya tanmatras. (shrink)

The text introduces the concept behind the Proceedings of the 2018 ZiF Workshop “Studying Migration Policies at the Interface between Empirical Research and Normative Analysis”. It explains why there is a need to study migration policies across disciplines, includes a short note on the current literature, and provides a look back at the workshop. DOI:10.17879/15199624685 .

Pars 1. Contemplativa -- Pars 2. Activa.

Philosophers and historians have long been suspicious of modal and counterfactual claims. I argue, however, that historians often legitimately use modal and counterfactual claims for a variety of purposes. They help identify causes, and hence help explain events in history. They are used to defend judgments about people, and to highlight the importance of particular events. I defend these uses of modal claims against two arguments often used to criticize modal reasoning, using the philosophy of science to ground the truth (...) of modal claims. This analysis puts several important points into perspective, including how certain we can be about our claims about what might have been, and the role that determinism plays in those claims. The proper analysis of modality shows, I argue, that counterfactual claims are legitimate and important, if often uncertain, and that issues of determinism are irrelevant to the modal claims used in historical analysis. (shrink)

Einigen Vorlesungen über die Bestimmung des Gelehrten -- Die Grundzüge des gegenwärtigen Zeitalters -- Die Anweisung zum seligen Leben, oder auch die Religionslehre -- Reden an die deutsche Nation -- Fünf Vorlesungen über die Bestimmung des Gelehrten.

Über den Begriff der Wissenschaftslehre, oder, Der sogenannten Philosophie -- Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre -- Versuch einer neuen Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre (Erste Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre) -- Zweite Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre -- Versuch einer neuen Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre -- Die Bestimmung des Menschen -- Sonnenklarer Bericht an das grössere Publikum über das eigentliche Wesen der neuesten Philosophie -- Die Wissenschaftslehre : vorgetragen im Jahre 1804 -- Die Wissenschaftslehre, in ihrem allgemeinen Umrisse.

The philosophy of Christian Wolff is regarded to represent one of the most important schools of thought of the 18th century Enlightenment. The influence of this philosophy was based on a network of followers and disciples who propagated Wolff s work in the scholarly community and defended it against critics. This book, for the first time, explores the role of Ernst Christoph von Manteuffel. As imperial count, minister in the Cabinet of Poland Saxony and an agent of the Court of (...) Vienna, he was the decisive figure who initiated this network and led it for more than one and a half decades until his death in 1749. ". (shrink)

Das Christentum nimmt zur materiellen Kultur eine ambivalente Haltung ein. Einerseits schöpft es sein Selbstverständnis aus der Ablehnung oder Domestizierung idolatrischer Praktiken, andererseits greift es in vielfältiger Weise auf einen Kult der Dinge zurück. In exemplarischen Untersuchungen der christlichen Dingkultur vom Spätmittelalter bis ins 19. Jahrhundert behandelt Laube jene Räume und Praktiken, die ein Nahverhältnis von Mensch und Ding herstellen. Ohne die unmittelbare Anmutung der Dinge sind weder die im Kirchenraum ausgestellten Exotika noch die eklektisch gestalteten Reliquiare in den (...) Heiltumssammlungen denkbar. Die frühmoderne Wissenschaftsauffassung verdichtete sich im Kabinett, wo gesammelte Gegenstände in epiphanischen Momenten des Sehens und Berührens erfahren werden konnten. Weitgehend textunabhängige, sich in Dingen konzentrierende Medienwelten entstanden im Dienst der Erinnerung an Luther, in der Gestalt des pietistischen Wissenstheaters und nicht zuletzt im Programm einer auf christliche Artefakte aufbauenden "Monumentalen Theologie". Von der Reliquie zum Ding ist das Standardwerk über Bedeutung und Wandel auratisch aufgeladener Objekte in der christlichen Kulturgeschichte. (shrink)

Episodic memory has been analyzed in a number of different ways in both philosophy and psychology, and most controversy has centered on its self-referential,autonoeticcharacter. Here, we offer a comprehensive characterization of episodic memory in representational terms and propose a novel functional account on this basis. We argue that episodic memory should be understood as a distinctive epistemic attitude taken toward an event simulation. In this view, episodic memory has a metarepresentational format and should not be equated with beliefs about the (...) past. Instead, empirical findings suggest that the contents of human episodic memory are often constructed in the service of the explicit justification of such beliefs. Existing accounts of episodic memory function that have focused on explaining its constructive character through its role in future-oriented mental time travel do justice neither to its capacity to ground veridical beliefs about the past nor to its representational format. We provide an account of the metarepresentational structure of episodic memory in terms of its role in communicative interaction. The generative nature of recollection allows us to represent and communicate the reasons why we hold certain beliefs about the past. In this process, autonoesis corresponds to the capacity to determine when and how to assert epistemic authority in making claims about the past. A domain where such claims are indispensable are human social engagements. Such engagements commonly require the justification of entitlements and obligations, which is often possible only by explicit reference to specific past events. (shrink)

Designing and building complex artifacts like simulation models often rely on the strategy of modularity. My main claim is that the validation of simulation models faces a challenge of holismHolism because modularityModularity tends to erode over the process of building a simulation model. Two different reasons that fuel the tendency to erosion are analyzed. Both are based on the methodologyMethodology of simulation, but on different levels. The first has to do with the way parameter adjustment works in simulation; the second (...) comes from how different groups of software programmers work together. The chapter will conclude by drawing lessons about how holism challenges the validation of simulation and by discussing a corollary to conformational holism: the boundary between validation and verification tends to become blurred, thus undermining a strategy that insists on keeping them separate. (shrink)

Protagoras of Abdera, Socrates’ older contemporary, is regarded as one of the most prominent representatives of the so-called sophistic movement. Instead of simply accepting the biased reports given by Plato and Aristotle about this sophist, the contributors to this volume review the complicated doxographical situation and make a case for Protagoras as a philosopher in his own right. Two major themes of this volume are Protagoras’ relativism and his case for a moral and political ideal, both of which are contrasted (...) with the metaphysical idealism of his future opponents in the Academy and the mundane conventionalism typically associated with the sophists. It turns out that rather than a parasitic force of intellectual subversion, Protagoras may have been a prolific and original thinker aiming at a coherent and comprehensive view of man’s place in the world. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDas Spektrum der dogmatischen Sündenlehre spannt sich zwischen zwei Polen auf: Auf der einen Seite wird bei der individuellen Sündenerfahrung angesetzt, um die verstörende Wirklichkeit des Schuldbewusstseins einzuholen. Exemplarisch dafür kann die Sündenlehre von Julius Müller gelten. Auf der anderen Seite wird der Ausgang bei der Selbstoffenbarung Gottes genommen, um der dem individuellen Sündenbewusstsein gerade unzugänglichen Radikalität der Sünde Rechnung zu tragen. Exemplarisch dafür kann die Sündenlehre von Karl Barth gelten. Bei näherer Betrachtung wird nun deutlich, dass beide Ansätze jeweils (...) ein elementares Grundanliegen der Sündenlehre zur Geltung bringen, das von der anderen Seite nicht eingeholt werden kann. Beide Ansätze sind insofern für sich allein defizitär und auf eine komplementäre Ergänzung angewiesen, ohne diese doch in den eigenen Entwurf integrieren zu können. Das irreduzible Gegenüber der Sündenlehren von Müller und Barth verweist damit auf die Notwendigkeit einer »doppelten Buchführung« in der Dogmatik.SummaryWhen approaching the doctrine of sin there are two standpoints from which one may proceed: the first begins with the individual experience of sin and highlights the unsettling reality of a guilty conscience. Here the conception of Julius Müller can be seen as an example for this approach. The other approach begins with the self-revelation of God; this revelation is understood to account for the radical nature of sin, for without this revelation the full understanding of sin would be inaccessible to the individual consciousness. Here the conception of Karl Barth can be seen as an example for this approach. On closer examination it appears that both conceptions assert an elementary concern of the doctrine of sin, which cannot be recovered by the other conception. Furthermore, when held in isolation from one another, both dispositions appear to be deficient for they depend on a complementary endorsement; however, they cannot integrate this complementary endorsement into their own scheme. The irreducible contrast between the doctrines of Müller and Barth thus implies the need of a »double accounting« in dogmatics. (shrink)

The concept of the periodical (DVjs) when it was founded in 1923 is submitted here to a rereading, with a selective plea for three possibilities of productive development: Geist is reconceived as an activity of »burrowing«, Geistesgeschichte as a history of problems informed by the sociology of culture and of knowledge, and the research library as a problem library.

This paper discusses the formation of Castoriadis’s concept of imaginary significations and relates it to his changing readings of Marx and Weber. Castoriadis’s reflections on modern capitalism took off from the Marxian understanding of its internal contradictions, but he always had reservations about the orthodox version of this idea. His writings in the late 1950s, already critical of basic assumptions in Marx’s work, located the central contradiction in the very relationship between capital and wage labour. Labour power was not simply (...) transformed into a commodity, as Marx had argued; rather, the instituted attempt to treat it as a commodity was a contradiction in itself, between the subjectivity and the objectification of labour. Castoriadis then moved on to link this claim to Weber’s analysis of the interconnections between capitalism and bureaucracy. The main contradiction of modern capitalism, whether wholly bureaucratised as in the Soviet model or increasingly bureaucratised as in the West, now seemed to be a matter of incompatible systemic imperatives: the need to control and to mobilise the workforce. Finally, difficulties with this model – and with the revolutionary expectations based on it – led to a more decisive break with classical theories and to the formulation of a bipolar image of modernity, where the vision of an autonomous society is opposed to the logic of calculation and domination, embodied in capitalist development. On both sides there is an imaginary component, irreducible to empirical givens or systemic principles. In this regard, Castoriadis remained closer to Weber than to Marx, but he also anticipated, in a distinctive way, later emphasis on the cultural dimension of modernity, and more specifi cally the notion of modernity as a new civilisation. (shrink)

Der dritte Band der Studienausgabe enthält die beiden zentralen Vorlesungen der praktischen Philosophie Fichtes aus der späten Berliner Zeit, die Rechtslehre von 1812 und die Sittenlehre von 1812. Ihnen vorangestellt sind die >Vorlesungen über die Bestimmung des Gelehrten, die Fichte im Sommersemester 1811 gehalten hat. Aufbauend auf der Bestimmung der wissenschaftlichen und philosophischen Erkenntnis in seinen Einleitungsvorlesungen in die Philosophie (s. Band I und II), zeigt Fichte hier, was das Wesen des Wissenschaftlers bzw. des Gelehrten ausmacht, seine spezifische Aufgabe und (...) seine sittliche Verantwortung in der Welt. - Fichtes Rechtslehre wird streng nach der Handschrift ohne weitergehende Ergänzungen wiedergegeben; so lassen sich die Unterschiede zur Grundlage des Naturrechts von 1796 bei aller Strukturähnlichkeit deutlich erkennen. - Ganz im Sinne der späten Wissenschaftslehre als Lehre der Erscheinung des Absoluten geht die Sittenlehre 1812 von einem höchsten Grundsatz aus, dem absoluten Bilden, das als oberstes Ideal, in Fichtes Terminologie als Begriff, erscheint. Die Analyse des Satzes Der Begriff sey Grund der Welt. (shrink)

Based on historical data pertaining to the Krummhörn population (eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Germany), we compared reproductive histories of mothers according to whether the maternal grandmother (MGM) or the paternal grandmother (PGM) or neither of them was resident in the parents’ parish at the time of the mother’s first birth. In contrast to effects of PGMs, we discovered conditional differences in the MGM’s effects between landless people and wealthier, commercial farmers. Our data indicate that the presence of the MGM only (...) lowers the woman’s age at marriage (AAM) and her age at the birth of her first child (AFB) in the case of landless families. However, among commercial farmers, who can generally be characterized by a lower AAM and AFB, we found opposite tendencies for the MGM’s effect leading to a relatively small delay in AAM and AFB. Moreover, we also analyzed differences in the completed fertility (i.e., children ever born: CEB). Results indicate that landless families in general do have fewer CEB compared with commercial farmers except for those families in which the MGM has been present. Emphasizing that the adaptiveness of investment decisions should depend on the interaction of genetic, lineage-specific (intrinsic) and ecologically imposed (extrinsic) constraints, we conclude that kin strategies consequently address different fitness components under different conditions. (shrink)