This book seeks to address the relation of political philosophy and Donald Trump as a political phenomenon through the notions of patriotism, cosmopolitanism, and civic virtue. Political philosophers have been prescient in explaining trends that may explain our political misgivings. Madison warned during the debates on the Constitution that democracies are vulnerable to factions based on passion for personalities and beliefs; various continental thinkers have addressed the problem of nihilism—the modern loss of faith in objective standards of truth and morality—that (...) in Max Weber’s analysis pointed to the importance of charisma, in Carl Schmitt’s to the idea that politics is essentially rooted in the definition of friends and enemies, and in early Heidegger resulted in the emphasis on the enduring significance of local, rather than cosmopolitan values. The former concerns—regarding demagoguery, charisma and nihilism—will enable an evaluation of Trump as a political character, while the latter concerns—regarding the status of universal versus local values—will enable us to evaluate the content of “Trumpism.” Taken together, these essays seek to advance the public conversation about the relationship between the rise of Trump and the ideological forces that seek to justify that rise. (shrink)

Building on earlier work on the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and a firm’s financial performance, this integrative empirical study supports the theoretical argument that the higher a firm’s CSP the lower its financial risk. Specifically, the relationship between CSP and risk appears to be one of reciprocal causality, because prior CSP is negatively related to subsequent financial risk, and prior financial risk is negatively related to subsequent CSP. Additionally, CSP is more strongly correlated with measures of market risk (...) than measures of accounting risk. Of all CSP measures, reputation for social responsibility appears to be the most important one in terms of its risk implications. (shrink)

Daylight is the primary cue used by circadian clocks to entrain to the day/night cycle so as to synchronize physiological processes with periodic environmental changes induced by Earth rotation.However, the temporal daylight pattern is not the same every day due to erratic weather fluctuations or regular seasonal changes. Then, how do circadian clocks operate properly in varying weather and seasons? In this paper, we discuss the strategy unveiled by recent studies of the circadian clock of Ostreococcus tauri, the smallest free‐living (...) eukaryotic organism. It combines mechanisms controlling light inputs and clock sensitivity, shaping both the dynamics of the core circadian oscillator and its forcing by light so as to ensure stable and precise synchronization in all weather and seasons.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays: Another place, another timer: Marine species and the rhythms of life Abstract. (shrink)

Cognitive reserve postulates that individual differences in task performance can be attributed to differences in the brain’s ability to recruit additional networks or adopt alternative cognitive strategies. Variables that are descriptive of lifetime experience such as socioeconomic status, educational attainment, and leisure activity are common proxies of CR. CR is mostly studied using neuroimaging techniques such as functional MRI in which case individuals with a higher CR were observed to activate a smaller brain network compared to individuals with a lower (...) CR, when performing a task equally effectively, and electroencephalography where a particular EEG component that reflects the attention and working memory load, has been targeted. Despite the contribution of multiple factors such as age, education, working, leisure, and household activities in CR formation, most neuroimaging studies, and those using EEG in particular, focus on formal education level only. The aim of the current EEG study is to investigate how the P300 component, evoked in response to an oddball paradigm, is associated with other components of CR besides education, such as working and leisure activity in older adults. We have used hereto a recently introduced CR index questionnaire that quantifies both professional and leisure activities in terms of their cognitive demand and number of years practiced, as well as a data-driven approach for EEG analysis. We observed complex relationships between CRIq subcomponents and P300 characteristics. These results are especially important given that, unlike previous studies, our measurements do not require active use of the same executive function and, thus, render our results free of a collinearity bias. (shrink)

In The Ethics of Food, Gregory E. Pence brings together a collection of voices who share the view that the ethics of genetically modified food is among the most pressing societal questions of our time. This comprehensive collection addresses a broad range of subjects, including the meaning of food, moral analyses of vegetarianism and starvation, the safety and environmental risks of genetically modified food, issues of global food politics and the food industry, and the relationships among food, evolution, and human (...) history. (shrink)

La langue dans laquelle ils ecrivent n'est-elle pour les philosophes que l'instrument indispensable, mais indifferent, de la communication de leurs pensees? Ce pourrait etre le cas, s'ils n'etaient exposes, a chaque pas, au caractere particulier de cette langue, et s'ils ne devaient inventer des stategies diverses pour l'affronter, comme, par exemple, leur enracinement avere et declare dans une culture, voire dans un sol determine, devenu patrie de la philosophie - mais tout aussi bien le parti-pris de la traduction, de la (...) desappropriation de la langue, et meme de la culture, dans ce qu'elles ont de national. Or quelles que soient ces strategies opposees, elles investissent toutes le rapport a la langue, aux langues ou au langage d'une promesse eschatologique. C'est de la langue que vient le malheur, mais c'est aussi un autre rapport au langage qui est source de salut, ou de redemption, voire de revolution. C'est donc une autre philosophie du langage, qui se decouvre a travers les oeuvres de Nieztsche, Kraus, Benjamin, Rosenzweig, Heidegger ou Derrida, une philosophie qui n'est exempte de considerations theologiques et politiques. Qu'attend-on des langues? Au fil conducteur de la promesse, c'est a cette question que les etudes qui composent le present volume entendent reconduire. (shrink)

La langue dans laquelle ils ecrivent n'est-elle pour les philosophes que l'instrument indispensable, mais indifferent, de la communication de leurs pensees? Ce pourrait etre le cas, s'ils n'etaient exposes, a chaque pas, au caractere particulier de cette langue, et s'ils ne devaient inventer des stategies diverses pour l'affronter, comme, par exemple, leur enracinement avere et declare dans une culture, voire dans un sol determine, devenu patrie de la philosophie - mais tout aussi bien le parti-pris de la traduction, de la (...) desappropriation de la langue, et meme de la culture, dans ce qu'elles ont de national. Or quelles que soient ces strategies opposees, elles investissent toutes le rapport a la langue, aux langues ou au langage d'une promesse eschatologique. C'est de la langue que vient le malheur, mais c'est aussi un autre rapport au langage qui est source de salut, ou de redemption, voire de revolution. C'est donc une autre philosophie du langage, qui se decouvre a travers les oeuvres de Nieztsche, Kraus, Benjamin, Rosenzweig, Heidegger ou Derrida, une philosophie qui n'est exempte de considerations theologiques et politiques. Qu'attend-on des langues? Au fil conducteur de la promesse, c'est a cette question que les etudes qui composent le present volume entendent reconduire. (shrink)

En dehors de Pascal en France, c'est surtout en Allemagne que tragique et tristesse ont été mis en rapport avant que leur distinction soit largement développée par Walter Benjamin dans son livre sur le drame baroque. L'opposition faite par Benjamin entre le Trauerspiel et la tragédie peut être interprétée comme l'aboutissement et l'achèvement d'une distinction courante dans la philosophie allemande depuis Hegel entre le " tragique " (antique) et le " triste " de la modernité (romantique). Si ces (...) deux termes ne sont pas ressentis en français comme formant un couple de concepts, il n'en va pas de même dans la philosophie et l'esthétique allemandes, où ils apparaissent régulièrement ensemble, exprimant soit une différence de degré (Hegel, Simmel), soit de nature (Nietzsche, Ziegler), soit enfin un rapport de polarité (Benjamin) et où se jouent des rapports différents avec le mythe et l'histoire. C'est un des grands mérites de Benjamin que d'avoir saisi cette polarité entre le tragique et le triste, qui n'avait jamais été formulée explicitement avant lui, et de l'avoir élevée au rang de théorie dans son opposition entre Trauerspiel et tragédie. Pour comprendre en profondeur les implications du concept de Trauerspiel introduit par Benjamin, et du concept de tristesse qui lui est lié, il est nécessaire de se replonger dans la tradition allemande, de connaître le milieu philosophique dans lequel Benjamin a fait ses études, en particulier les discussions autour de la philosophie de l'histoire et de la structure du temps au début du XXe siècle. Toute la pensée de Benjamin s'éclaire alors sous un jour nouveau qui permet de mieux saisir le lien entre ses écrits de jeunesse et sa pensée ultérieure. (shrink)

Le présent livre part d'une idée polémique et critique : la philosophie est encore aujourd'hui dominée et commandée par la théologie et la religion. Cette domination prend la vie pour sujet et la mort comme alliée et s'appuie sur une transcendance, une instance qui vient à la verticale de la vie. Cette domination structure la philosophie politique et donne forme à l'idéologie des Partis et des États qui mettent la vie et la mort en jeu et qui subordonnent la vie (...) démocratique à une politique religieuse ou à une religion politique. Il faut alors relire les philosophes de la modernité, ceux qui s'inscrivent dans l'horizon de la fin de la religion et cherchent à interrompre l'absolu théologique - Nietzsche, Benjamin, Freud, Heidegger, et au-delà de la modernité Derrida et Ameisen - pour analyser comment ceux-ci résistent au pouvoir théologique et religieux à travers leur écriture : s'inspirer de leur résistance d'écriture pour inventer une tout autre pensée de la vie. La tâche qui se dessine ici est la suivante : revenir aux philosophes et aux penseurs qui se sont exposés de manière critique à la limite de la théologie et de la religion, dénouer le lien du théologique et du politique sans faire de la politique la religion du présent, autrement dit libérer la pensée et la possibilité d'une vie démocratique à venir, chercher dans les textes de la modernité et dans certaines strates imaginaires de la Bible la possibilité d'une vie sans appui : sans fondement théologico-religieux, suspendue à elle-même comme à sa propre liberté"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

In de vroege jaren tachtig van de vorige eeuw publiceerde Benjamin Libet de resultaten van experimenten waarmee hij volgens velen de illusie van een vrije wil aantoonde. Wat Libet liet zien, was dat hersenactiviteit te meten is die indicatief is voor een aankomende handeling kort voordat iemand de bewuste intentie vormt die handeling uit te voeren. Op het moment dat we bewust de ‘beslissing’ nemen een handeling uit te voeren, zijn onze hersenen al bezig geweest die handeling voor te (...) bereiden; de bewuste beslissing komt als mosterd na de maaltijd. (shrink)

This article aims at presenting the concept of “phantasmagorical interpellation”. This theoretical effort is inspired by Walter Benjamin’s concept of “phantasmagoria” and Louis Althusser’s concept of “ideological interpellation”. The proposal is to ally their respective philosophical work-in-progress in their “anthropological” and “aleatory” materialisms in order to provide a socio-political analysis of today’s capitalist aesthetics as displayed in postmodern architecture or the design of everyday life. The aim is also to open new perspectives of resistance to the normativity of the (...) consumer imaginary using a critical interpretation of cultural creations which, following the inspiration of both authors, could reveal a new subject history capable of burst onto the scene of history. (shrink)

Resumé: Walter Benjamin est de plus en plus présent dans les départements de communication aujourd'hui, et parfois même utilisé dans le discours des communicants eux-mêmes. Pourtant, quelque chose en lui résiste à cette instrumentalisation: c'est que, dans son œuvre, le langage ne sert pas à communiquer un sens prédéfini, mais à exprimer cela même qui est refusé au mot. Le philosophe allemand va jusqu'à liquider la posture révolutionnaire de l'artiste encore pris dans l'idéologie de la communication: il ne s'agit (...) ni de remplacer le contenu, ni de rénover la forme, mais, objectif apparemment modeste mais radicalement plus ambitieux, de changer la technique.: Walter Benjamin is ever more present in today's departments of communication studies, and sometimes even used in the communicants' discourses themselves. But there is something in him which resists this instrumentalization. Indeed, in his work, language does not offer itself to the communication of a predefined sense, but instead expresses what remains inaccessible to the word. The German philosopher succeed in liquidating the revolutionary posture of the artist still caught in the ideology of communication. This is neither a matter of substituting the content, nor of renovating the form, but - an apparently modest but radically more ambitious objective - of changing the technique. (shrink)

RESUMO Este artigo pretende introduzir o conceito de “interpelação fantasmagórica”. O esforço teórico se inspira nos conceitos de “fantasmagoria”, de Walter Benjamin, e de “interpelação ideológica”, de Louis Althusser. A proposta é aliar suas respectivas filosofias em processo a seus materialismos “antropológico” e “aleatório”, a fim de fazer uma análise sociopolítica da estética capitalista de hoje, tal como ela aparece na arquitetura pós-moderna e no design da vida cotidiana. Trata-se também de abrir novas perspectivas de resistências a normatividade do (...) imaginário consumista com uma interpretação crítica das criações culturais que, conforme a inspiração dos autores, pode desvelar um novo sujeito capaz de surgir na cena da história. ABSTRACT This article aims at presenting the concept of “phantasmagorical interpellation”. This theoretical effort is inspired from Walter Benjamin’s concept of “phantasmagoria” and Louis Althusser’s concept of “ideological interpellation”. The proposal is to connect their respective philosophical work-in-progress in their “anthropological” and “aleatory” materialisms for a socio-political analysis of today’s capitalist aesthetic as displayed in postmodern architecture and the design of everyday life. It is also to open new perspectives of resistance to the normativity of the consumer imaginary with a critical interpretation of cultural creations that, following the inspiration of both authors, could reveal a new subject of history able to suddenly appear on the scene of history. (shrink)

Siguiendo su idea de la tarea del crítico, Walter Benjamin hace surgir imágenes de felicidad de Calderón en el paisaje “originario” en ruinas de Gryphius: la estrella fugaz del barroco español brilla, intermitente, en las tinieblas demoníacas del barroco silesio. El barroco no encuentra así su verdad sino en la inversión dialéctica de su melancolía alegórica en el momento simbólico de la redención. Intento demostrar cómo se manifiesta, en Origen del drama barroco alemán, una dialéctica figurativa suspendida entre símbolo (...) y alegoría, melancolía y redención, precursora das “imágenes dialécticas” que van a polarizar las fantasmagorías capitalistas entre alegoría y utopía. (shrink)

SummaryMarc'antonio de Dominis is well known to historians as a figure in the political and religious culture of early modern Britain and Europe. This article contends that he was also a major theorist of civil power: his critique of Catholic scholastic political thought is compelling and his account of divine right kingship sheds light on conceptual problems that troubled a range of early modern thinkers. De Dominis dismantled the scholastic theory of political power on its own terms, insisting that Almain, (...) Bellarmine, Suárez and others could not distinguish, as they sought to, between the potestas politica in general and the rule of particular princes. By this insight de Dominis could vindicate royal authority against the deposing pretensions of the Pope, the main objective of James I's supporters during the Allegiance Controversy, but his own positive account of how to think about power ran into theoretical trouble which he evidently perceived himself. If the potestas politica cannot be abstracted from a specific regime, and if the prince's absolute sovereignty depends on this fact, can politics be understood only at the level of the particular and contingent? The article closes by setting Thomas Hobbes—well versed in Jacobean polemic—in the context of this question. (shrink)

Alexander Pho and Benjamin A. White respond to Nicolas Dixon’s critique of mixed martial arts (MMA) through a ‘companions in innocence’ argument. Taking up a counterexample that Dixon is quick to dismiss, the authors argue that MMA techniques are on a par with the ‘pain-leveraging’ tactics used by cyclists and that pressing for a moral distinction between cycling and MMA leads to absurd conclusions about other practices. So, because cycling is morally permissible, MMA is morally permissible. This companions in (...) innocence argument fails. But cycling can be used to develop a better, though only partial, defense of MMA. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous reconstruisons le dernier travail de Walter Benjamin, le Livre des passages, comme celui d’un « chiffonnier ». Nous allons ainsi contre le courant qui consiste à considérer cette somme comme un livre achevé, écrit par un « flâneur » ambigu, et l’appréhendons au contraire comme une collecte systématique de rebuts de l’histoire, habituellement ignorés par les historiens, et qui attendent leur classement. La forme définitive doit venir d’une nouvelle dialectique du passé et du présent, qui (...) part de la position historique et politique de Benjamin. Le Livre des passages documente une méthode et une technique d’écriture que nous pouvons reprendre aujourd’hui. (shrink)

The belief in free will has been frequently challenged since Benjamin Libet published his famous experiment in 1983. Although Libet’s experiment is highly dependent upon subjective reports, no study has been conducted that focused on a first-person or introspective perspective of the task. We took a neurophenomenological approach in an N = 1 study providing reliable and valid measures of the first-person perspective in conjunction with brain dynamics. We found that a larger readiness potential is attributable to more frequent (...) occurrences of self-initiated movements during negative deflections of the slow cortical potentials . These negative deflections occur in parallel with an inner impulse reported by an expert meditator which may in turn lead to a voluntary act. We demonstrate in this proof-of-principle approach that the first-person perspective obtained by an expert meditator in conjunction with neural signal analysis can contribute to our understanding of the neural underpinnings of voluntary acts. (shrink)

The belief that conscious will is merely "an illusion created by the brain" appears to be gaining in popularity among cognitive neuroscientists. Its main adherents usually refer to the classic, but controversial 'Libet-experiments', as the empirical evidence that vindicates this illusion-claim. However, based on recent work that provides other interpretations of the Libet-experiments, we argue that the illusion-claim is not only empirically invalid, but also theoretically incoherent, as it is rooted in a category mistake; namely, the presupposition that neuronal activity (...) causes conscious will. We show that the illusion-claim is based on the behaviorist 'input-output' paradigm, and discuss the notions of 'self-organization' and 'self-steering' to provide an alternative perspective on the causal efficacy of conscious will. In the final sections, a tentative theoretical picture is sketched of conscious will as an instance of self-steered self-organization. We conclude that the subjective experience of conscious will is not a misguided one, but rather that the mechanisms supporting conscious will are considerably more complex than mainstream cognitive neuroscience currently acknowledges. (shrink)

Le caractère destructif ne voit rien de durable. Mais pour cette raison précisément il voit partout des chemins. Là où d’autres butent sur des murs ou sur des montagnes, il voit également un chemin. Mais parce qu’il voit partout un chemin, il doit également partout déblayer le chemin. Pas toujours par la force brutale, parfois avec une force raffinée. Parce qu’il voit partout des chemins, il est lui-même à la croisée des chemins. Aucun instant n’est en mesure de préjuger du (...) suivant.Il transfo... (shrink)

On 9 December 1930, Walter Benjamin sent a copy of his book The Origin of German Tragic Drama to Carl Schmitt, accompanied by a letter in which he expressed his indebtedness to Schmitt: "You will very quickly recognize how much my book is indebted to you for its presentation of the doctrine of sovereignty in the seventeenth century. Perhaps I may say, in addition, that I have also derived from your later works, especially Die Diktatur, a confirmation of my (...) modes of research in the philosophy of art from yours in the philosophy of the state. If the reading of my book allows this feeling to emerge in an intelligible fashion, then the purpose of my sending it to you will be achieved" (qtd. in Weber 1992, 5). As .. (shrink)

Dans L’Etoile..., donc avant de devenir avec Buber le traducteur de la nouvelle Bible en allemand, Rosenzweig s’appuie sur une théorie du langage comparable à celle, contemporaine, de Benjamin, et centrée sur l’idée que le sens s’est, depuis l’origine, déposé dans des noms. Ce qui l’entraîne à interpréter Genèse I en s’appuyant sans en être conscient sur la version des LXX, et en passant à côté de la syntaxe et de la sémiotique propres du texte; or le sens n’est (...) pas antérieur à son expression, et Genèse I ne peut donc conforter la conception rosenzweigienne du langage, pas plus, chez Benjamin, l’interprétation qu’il donne de Genèse II. (shrink)

Capital punishment—the legally authorized killing of a criminal offender by an agent of the state for the commission of a crime—stands in special need of moral justification. This is because execution is a particularly severe punishment. Execution is different in kind from monetary and custodial penalties in an obvious way: execution causes the death of an offender. While fines and incarceration set back some of one’s interests, death eliminates the possibility of setting and pursuing ends. While fines and incarceration narrow (...) one’s routes to happiness, death eliminates its possibility. Not surprisingly, there is much debate about the moral permissibility of capital punishment. This entry maps the terrain of this debate. The first section discusses justifications of the death penalty as they appear in major theories of punishment. The second section surveys moral objections to execution that apply to most justifications. The third addresses procedural criticisms, which do not target the morality of execution so much as the justice of its implementation. (shrink)

This article explores the role of financial markets for sustainable development. More specifically, the authors ask to what extent financial markets foster and facilitate more sustainable business practices. The authors highlight that their current role is rather modest and conclude that, on the old paths, a paradoxical situation exists. On one hand, financial market participants increasingly integrate environmental, social, and governance criteria into their investment decisions, whereas on the other hand, in terms of organizational reality, there seems to be no (...) real shift toward more sustainable business practices. The authors identify two main challenges within the field of sustainable investments that are relevant for entering new avenues that may help overcome this situation. First, a reorientation toward a long-term paradigm for sustainable investments is important. Second, ESG data must become more trustworthy. From a theoretical point of view, the authors finally highlight the potential market consequences when ESG investment criteria are used. (shrink)

We perceive smells as perduring complex entities within a distal array that might be conceived of as smellscapes. However, the philosophical orthodoxy of Odor Theories has been to deny that smells are perceived as having a distal location. Recent challenges have been mounted to Odor Theories’ veracity in handling the timescale of olfactory perception, how it individuates odors as a distal entities, and their claim that olfactory perception is not spatial. The paper does not aim to dispute these criticisms. Rather, (...) what will be shown is that Molecular Structure Theory, a refinement of Odor Theory, can be further developed to handle these challenges. The theory is further refined by focusing on distal perception that requires considering the perceptual object as mereologically complex persisting odor against a background scene conceived of as a smellscape. What will be offered is an expansion of Molecular Structure Theory to account for distal smell perception within natural environments. (shrink)

A commonly neglected feature of the so-called Equal Weight View, according to which we should give our peers’ opinions the same weight we give our own, is its prima facie incompatibility with the common picture of philosophy as an armchair activity: an intellectual effort to seek a priori knowledge. This view seems to imply that our beliefs are more likely to be true if we leave our armchair in order to find out whether there actually are peers who, by disagreeing (...) with us, force us to revise our beliefs. This article argues that the Equal Weight View should be spelled out in such a way that not only actual peer disagreement requires us to revise our beliefs, but also merely possible peer disagreement. This result is not a reductio ad absurdum of the view. Quite the opposite: it shows that the view is, contrary to appearance, compatible with our common way of doing philosophy. (shrink)

We are immersed within an odorous sea of chemical currents that we parse into individual odors with complex structures. Odors have been posited as determined by the structural relation between the molecules that compose the chemical compounds and their interactions with the receptor site. But, naturally occurring smells are parsed from gaseous odor plumes. To give a comprehensive account of the nature of odors the chemosciences must account for these large distributed entities as well. We offer a focused review of (...) what is known about the perception of odor plumes for olfactory navigation and tracking, which we then connect to what is known about the role odorants play as properties of the plume in determining odor identity with respect to odor quality. We end by motivating our central claim that more research needs to be conducted on the role that odorants play within the odor plume in determining odor identity. (shrink)

This paper examines the self-measurement and self-tracking practices of a turn-of-the-nineteenth-century Genevese pastor and pedagogical innovator, François-Marc-Louis Naville, who extensively used Benjamin Franklin’s tools of moral calculation and a lesser known tool, Marc-Antoine Jullien’s moral thermometer, to set a direction to his life and to monitor and improve his moral character. My contribution sheds light on how technologies of quantification molded notions of personal responsibility and character within an emerging utilitarian context. I situate Naville’s use of these (...) tools within his work as a pastor in a parish of the Republic of Geneva and within the Genevese and Swiss pedagogical reform movement of the early nineteenth century. I provide a detailed examination of how Naville used and adapted Franklin’s and Jullien’s tools of moral accounting for his own moral and religious purposes. Time, God’s most precious gift to man, served Naville as the ultimate measure of his moral worth. (shrink)

This article is concerned with a puzzle that arises from three initially plausible assumptions that form an inconsistent triad: (1) Epistemic reasons are normative reasons (normativism); (2) reasons are normative only if conformity with them is good (the reasons/value-link); (3) conformity with epistemic reasons need not be good (the nihilist assumption). I start by defending the reasons/value-link, arguing that normativists need to reject the nihilist assumption. I then argue that the most familiar view that denies the nihilist assumption – epistemic (...) teleology – is untenable. Finally, I consider two alternative ways of accounting for the goodness of conformity with epistemic reasons: it may be good because it accords with the virtue of reasons-responsiveness, and it may be good because it is good to conform with normative reasons as such. I argue that both of these conceptions avoid the problems of epistemic teleology and merit serious consideration as potential solutions to the puzzle. (shrink)

English summary: Marc Andre Wiegand analyzes the neo-Kantian premises of Gustav Radbruch's legal philosophy.

We provide a new link between deductive and probabilistic reasoning fallacies. Illusory inferences from disjunction are a broad class of deductive fallacies traditionally explained by recourse to a matching procedure that looks for content overlap between premises. In two behavioral experiments, we show that this phenomenon is instead sensitive to real-world causal dependencies and not to exact content overlap. A group of participants rated the strength of the causal dependence between pairs of sentences. This measure is a near perfect predictor (...) of fallacious reasoning by an independent group of participants in illusory inference tasks with the same materials. In light of these results, we argue that all extant accounts of these deductive fallacies require non-trivial adjustments. Crucially, these novel _indirect_ illusory inferences from disjunction bear a structural similarity to seemingly unrelated _probabilistic reasoning_ problems, in particular the conjunction fallacy from the heuristics and biases literature. This structural connection was entirely obscure in previous work on these deductive problems, due to the theoretical and empirical focus on content overlap. We argue that this structural parallelism provides arguments against the need for rich descriptions and individuating information in the conjunction fallacy, and we outline a unified theory of deductive illusory inferences from disjunction and the conjunction fallacy, in terms of Bayesian confirmation theory. (shrink)

Scientists have long counseled against interpreting animal behavior in terms of human emotions, warning that such anthropomorphizing limits our ability to understand animals as they really are. Yet what are we to make of a female gorilla in a German zoo who spent days mourning the death of her baby? Or a wild female elephant who cared for a younger one after she was injured by a rambunctious teenage male? Or a rat who refused to push a lever for food (...) when he saw that doing so caused another rat to be shocked? Aren’t these clear signs that animals have recognizable emotions and moral intelligence? With _Wild Justice_ Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce unequivocally answer yes. Marrying years of behavioral and cognitive research with compelling and moving anecdotes, Bekoff and Pierce reveal that animals exhibit a broad repertoire of moral behaviors, including fairness, empathy, trust, and reciprocity. Underlying these behaviors is a complex and nuanced range of emotions, backed by a high degree of intelligence and surprising behavioral flexibility. Animals, in short, are incredibly adept social beings, relying on rules of conduct to navigate intricate social networks that are essential to their survival. Ultimately, Bekoff and Pierce draw the astonishing conclusion that there is no moral gap between humans and other species: morality is an evolved trait that we unquestionably share with other social mammals. Sure to be controversial, _Wild Justice_ offers not just cutting-edge science, but a provocative call to rethink our relationship with—and our responsibilities toward—our fellow animals. (shrink)

Στο σύντομο αυτό άρθρο δημοσιεύεται μια συναρμογή ενεπίγραφων λίθων που είχε πραγματοποιηθεί στο παρελθόν από τον J. Tréheux. Το κείμενο επιτρέπει να επανεξεταστεί η χρονολόγηση των τελευταίων επιγραφών οικονομικού χαρακτήρα της περιόδου της Ανεξαρτησίας και να προταθεί μια ταξινόμηση τους. Το άρθρο περιλαμβάνει παράρτημα με πολλές διορθώσεις στους απολογισμούς των ιεροποιών.

Les comptes du sanctuaire d’Apollon délien permettent d’éclairer le traitement des différentes espèces monétaires en circulation dans cette partie de l’Égée au cours de la période hellénistique. Les conversions monétaires qui apparaissent dans la comptabilité sont établies sur la base de la valeur pondérale des étalons et mettent en doute l’idée d’un cours forcé qui aurait été imposé à la monnaie locale. Elles témoignent au contraire de possibles réévaluations des parités en fonction des évolutions monétaires égéennes, comme le montre également (...) la comptabilité du sanctuaire de Delphes. Il ne faut donc pas chercher de taux de change au sens commercial dans ces comptes. Le rôle des banquiers est décisif dans ces opérations et conduit à réinterpréter l’action de Timôn dans le change monétaire sans kollybos, mentionné dans IG XII 5, 817. (shrink)