People with mild to moderate intellectual or multiple disabilities may have serious difficulties in accessing leisure events, managing communication exchanges with distant partners, and performing functional daily activities. Recently, efforts were made to develop and assess technology-aided programs aimed at supporting people in all three areas. This study assessed a new technology-aided program aimed at helping four participants with intellectual and multiple disabilities in the aforementioned areas. The program, which was implemented following a non-concurrent multiple baseline across participants design, relied (...) on the use of a smartphone or tablet connected via Bluetooth to a two-switch device. This device served to select leisure and communication events and to control the smartphone or tablet’s delivery of step instructions for the activities scheduled. Data showed that during the baseline phase, three participants failed in each of the areas while one participant managed to access a few leisure events. During the intervention phase, all participants managed to independently access leisure events, make telephone calls, and carry out activities. These results suggest that the program might be a useful tool for helping people with intellectual and multiple disabilities improve their condition in basic areas of daily life. (shrink)

1798 es un año clave en la obra de Friedrich von Hardenberg. En primer lugar, es el año de aparición de las colecciones de fragmentos que llegó a ver impresas (Polen y Fe y amor, o el rey y la reina) y el de redacción de varias otras colecciones que no saldrían a la luz en vida del autor. En algún caso, porque el texto no fue aceptado por quienes debían publicarlo, como ocurrió con los Aforismos políticos. En varios otros (...) casos, porque no llegó siquiera a ser preparado para la imprenta, como ocurrió con los diversos proyectos incluidos por los editores en una sección titulada Vorarbeiten zu verschiedenen Fragmentsammlungen (“Trabajos preliminares para distintas colecciones de fragmentos”) en el volumen II de la edición más jerarquizada de su obra completa. Entre estos últimos “trabajos preliminares” están los así llamados Teplitzer Fragmente (“Fragmentos de Teplice”), traducidos aquí por primera vez al castellano. Hardenberg tuvo, al menos por un tiempo, la intención de destinar estas notas a publicación –como se infiere del grado particularmente alto de elaboración y reelaboración del texto, constatable en los manuscritos–, pero permanecieron inéditas, al igual que un importante porcentaje de sus escritos, por muchísimos años. (shrink)

A história da arte no Ocidente é a história da arte cristã. Imagens, motivos, símbolos, técnicas, personagens: o Cristianismo deu a marca distintiva da arte europeia e ocidental por dois mil anos; o Cristianismo balizou a arte do Ocidente. As raízes mais profundas da arte cristã, contudo, não estão expostas: sua natureza e suas mais legítimas pulsões são ignoradas, mesmo pelo público confessional. O resultado inevitável é a eclosão periódica de polêmicas e mal-entendidos. O objetivo deste artigo é demostrar que (...) a arte cristã nunca foi avessa a paradoxos estéticos, e que os elementos transculturais da criação pós-moderna foram gestados em um longo processo técnico e estético-filosófico precipuamente cristão. (shrink)

Quando me propus plasmar em música uma homenagem aos cem anos demorte de Friedrich Nietzsche, tinha em mente que era imprescindível que a composiçãodeveria conter, ainda que de forma simbólica, alguns elementos da filosofiado autor do Zaratustra. Considerando que esta forma de simbolismo de caráterjá abriga uma larga tradição na história da música ocidental, tendo seu ápice noEgmont de Beethoven, fui buscar não na pessoa de Nietzsche, mas em seus escritos, o impetus para a elaboração do meu trabalho.

Em uma nota originalmente publicada em 1974 somente em italiano, Gilles Deleuze cunhou a expressão filosofia-cinema, aparentemente significando um novo estilo de fazer filosofia, a ser desenvolvido sob a luz das novidades do cinema. A fim de melhor entender o que uma “filosofia-cinema” poderia ser, antes de tudo devemos imaginar o que seria uma “filosofia antiquada”. Proponho caracterizá-la como uma “filosofia-pintura” baseada na noção de “representação”. Por sua vez, essa noção sugere uma concepção peculiar de visão baseada no modelo ótico (...) de “janela”, introduzido na pintura por Leon Battista Alberti e usado também na filosofia moderna. Esse modelo ainda funciona em nossa época? Apesar de numerosas referências recentes ao modelo janela, em minha opinião o modelo na ativa atualmente é aquele da “tela”. É claro que nossas relações diante das telas das mídias eletrônicas de hoje são diferentes daquele relacionamento que mantemos com a tela cinematográfica. Todavia, acho que esta última é a predecessora mais próxima dos modelos anteriores. De modo a entender os componentes da continuidade e da descontinuidade entre esses dois tipos de relacionamento, engajei-me numa investigação dos dois caminhos respectivos para mostrar o sonho de viver em uma tela. De fato, acho que esta investigação pode nos fornecer elementos importantes que permitam o desenvolvimento de uma “cinema-filosofia” na escala de hoje. (shrink)

The story of the body. Fay Bound Alberti takes the human body apart in order to put it back anew, telling the cultural history of our key organs and systems from the inside out, from blood to guts, brains to sex organs.

Resumen Este artículo ofrece una lectura de la pintura renacentista según los principios establecidos por Leon Battista Alberti, uno de los primeros teóricos de la perspectiva en cuyo Tratado de pintura se refiere al cuadro como “una ventana abierta a la historia”. El concepto de historia empleado por Alberti, que se presta a numerosas interpretaciones, es abordado a partir de las reflexiones de Erwin Panofsky en torno a la perspectiva como “forma simbólica”, avanzando hacia una hipótesis en torno (...) al carácter simbólico de la configuración y representación del tiempo en el cuadro-ventana albertiano.This paper offers a reading of the renaissance painting according to the principles established by Leon Battista Alberti, one of the first theorists of perspective in painting which Trattato della pittura define the frame of the painting as “an open window into history”. The concept of history employed by Alberti, which lends itself to many interpretations, is approached from the reflections of Erwin Panofsky about the prospect as “symbolic form”, moving towards a hypothesis about the symbolic nature of the configuration and representation of time in the alberti’s window. (shrink)

This survey outlines a history of museums written through biographies of objects in their collections. First, the mechanics of the movement of things and the accompanying shifts in status are considered, from manufacture or growth through collecting and exchange to the museum. Objects gathered meanings through associations with people they encountered on their way to the collection, thus linking the history of museums to broader scientific and civic cultures. Next, the essay addresses the use of items once they joined a (...) collection, whether classificatory, analytical, or in display. By thus embedding the study of scientific practice in material culture, this approach contributes to constructivist histories of science. The final section addresses the role of objects in the experience of the visitors, emphasizing how fruitful the history of museum objects can be in the study of the public engagement with science. (shrink)

No parece preocupar mucho a los filósofos profesionales el tema de ladidáctica de la filosofía, en particular de la filosofía moral y con estudiantes ajenos a una Facultad de Filosofía. Un curso universitario ideal de ética debería estar constituido por dos niveles de observación del fenómeno de la moralidad: la toma de conciencia de la tabla de valores personales con los que se juzga la realidad y la investigación empírica (mediante las ciencias de la conducta) de la moralidad social. Ambos (...) factores confluyen en los planes de reforma moral que el universitario podría proponer. En una propuesta de moralización surge un difícil problema: cómo hacer participar democráticamente a los propios actores sociales para quienes se ha diseñado el plan de reforma. (shrink)

Two centuries after they were published, Kant's ethical writings are as much admired and imitated as they have ever been, yet serious and long-standing accusations of internal incoherence remain unresolved. Onora O'Neill traces the alleged incoherences to attempts to assimilate Kant's ethical writings to modern conceptions of rationality, action and rights. When the temptation to assimilate is resisted, a strikingly different and more cohesive account of reason and morality emerges. Kant offers a "constructivist" vindication of reason and a moral vision (...) in which obligations are prior to rights and in which justice and virtue are linked. O'Neill begins by reconsidering Kant's conceptions of philosophical method, reason, freedom, autonomy and action. She then moves on to the more familiar terrain of interpretation of the Categorical Imperative, while in the last section she emphasizes differences between Kant's ethics and recent "Kantian" ethics, including the work of John Rawls and other contemporary liberal political philosophers. (shrink)

Loneliness is one of the most neglected aspects of emotion history, despite claims that the 21st century is the loneliest ever. This article argues against the widespread belief that modern-day loneliness is inevitable, negative, and universal. Looking at its language and etymology, it suggests that loneliness needs to be understood firstly as an “emotion cluster” composed of a variety of affective states, and secondly as a relatively recent invention, dating from around 1800. Loneliness can be positive, and as much a (...) part of the body as the mind. Using a longue durée approach, I argue that we cannot understand loneliness as a “modern epidemic” without considering its history, its meanings, its practice, and its links with the body. (shrink)

Two centuries after they were published, Kant's ethical writings are as much admired and imitated as they have ever been, yet serious and long-standing accusations of internal incoherence remain unresolved. Onora O'Neill traces the alleged incoherences to attempt to assimilate Kant's ethical writings to modern conceptions of rationality, action and rights. When the temptation to assimilate is resisted, a strikingly different and more cohesive account of reason and morality emerges. Kant offers a `constructivist' vindication of reason and a moral vision (...) in which obligations are prior to rights and in which justice and virtue are linked. O'Neill begins by reconsidering Kant's conceptions of philosophical method, reason, freedom, automony and action. She then moves on to the more familiar terrain of interpretation of the Categorical Imperative, while in the last section she emphasises differences between Kant's ethics and recent 'Kantian' ethics, including the work of John Rawls and other contemporary liberal political philosophers. This reassessment will add significantly to the understanding of Kantian practical philosophy. (shrink)

While most business ethics texts focus exclusively on individual decision making--what should an individual do--this resource presents the whole business ethics story. Highly realistic, readable, and down-to-earth, it moves from the individual to the managerial to the organizational level, focusing on business ethics in an organizational context to promote an understanding of complex influences on behavior. The new Fifth Edition is the perfect text for students entering the workplace, those seeking to become professionals in training, communications, compliance, in addition to (...) chief ethics officers, corporate counsel, heads of human resources, and senior executives. (shrink)

This book comprises essays on the nature of Aspasiusa (TM) commentary, his interpretation of Aristotle, and his own place in the history of thought.

1 The Platonic and Christian Ulysses JEAN PEPIN i PHILOSOPHOS ODYSSEUS1 Several philosophical schools in antiquity made use of the figure of Ulysses. ...

From an institutional perspective we contribute to corporate governance of firms by (1) proposing a procedurally fair mechanism that is ethically desirable, and (2) experimentally testing whether procedural fairness crowds-in ethical behavior of managers (on behalf of shareholders) and workers. The experiment sees one ‘manager’ and three ‘workers’ (possibly representing three sections of the firm) co-determining an efficiency-enhancing investment which could harm some workers. Firstly, the manager claims a share of the investment surplus, then workers ‘bid’ for the investment to (...) express their willingness to satisfy the manager’s claim in case the investment is implemented. If the sum of workers’ bids is less than the manager’s claim, the investment is not implementable, which means its surplus will be lost. Workers’ behavior is ‘ethical’ when they veto unfair managerial claims, because the workers have to sacrifice own earnings. Hence, a manager’s fair claim is the ethical response to the threat of workers’ veto. If the manager claims fairly, workers’ ethical behavior is to ‘truthfully’ bid their investment evaluations; by all doing so, they equally share whatever surplus the manager has left for them. The experimental results show ethical behavior of managers in the form of fair claims. Despite these fair claims, workers behave less ethically by strategically underbidding. So the procedurally fair mechanism only partially crowds-in ethical behavior. This study should interest theorists of stakeholder management, especially those engaged in designing the rules of corporate governance. (shrink)

Medicine is about caring for people. It is a moral enterprise, not simply a technique or a pursuit. Though modern healthcare offers an amazing array of options, it has also become a complex and sometimes utterly de-humanizing system. Now, more than ever, we need guidance to navigate through the issues surrounding our medical care. Advances in medical technology have blessed many with longer and healthier lives, but they have also provided us with interventions and procedures that call for serious ethical (...) evaluation. The BioBasics series is committed to an uncompromising respect for human life that will serve as a compass through a maze of challenging questions. (shrink)

The strongest version of the principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles states that of necessity, there are no distinct things with all their universals in common (where such putative haecceities as being Aristotle do not count as universals: I use 'universal' rather than 'property' here and in what follows for the simple reason that 'universal' is the term of art that most safely excludes haecceities from its instances). It is commonly supposed that Max Black's famous paper 'The identity of indiscernibles' (...) (2) refutes this thesis. (Armstong's [1], chapter 9 is representative here.) Black argues ([2], p. 156) that it is perfectly possible that there be a world consisting solely of two indiscernible spheres at some distance to each other and that this world constitutes a counterexample to the principle above. The strongest version of the bundle theory of substance claims that of necessity, the substances that make up the world are bundles of universals.1 It is commonly supposed that a consequence of Black's defeat of the principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles is that this bundle theory of substance is mistaken. (Again, Armstong's [1] is representative.) I shall argue that Black's thought experiment does not defeat the bundle theory and that, as a result, the bundle theory can be used to salvage the principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles. (shrink)

Traditional accounts of the emergence of professional biology have privileged not only metropolis over province, but research over teaching and laboratory over museum. This paper seeks to supplement earlier studies of the ‘transformation of biology’ in the late nineteenth century by exploring in detail the developments within three biology departments in Northern English civic colleges. By outlining changes in the teaching practices, research topics and the accommodation of the departments, the authors demonstrate both locally contingent factors in their development and (...) continuities with existing traditions in natural history. The appointment of Arthur Milnes Marshall in preference to Louis Miall to the new zoology chair in Manchester in 1879 casts light on contemporary views of the laboratory and museum as ‘equal though different’. The transformation in biology, in Northern England at least, was shaped more by such local institutional changes than by a phoenix-like rise of the laboratory from the ashes of the museum—more by the rhetorical construction of a professional academic community than any dramatic shift in sites. In this period the biology laboratory supplemented, rather than eclipsed, the museum, and the dichotomy between the ‘naturalist’ and the ‘experimentalist’ was far from clear-cut. (shrink)

Low Power Society is a new approach to social complexes. It is not about slow scale but fast, it is not about absence of power but intense power. It is a possible answer to the negative aspects of our present globalization. The archetype (C.G. Jung) of this concept-paradigm is Eros or, from another point of view, HermAfrEros - a synthesis of Hermes, Aphrodite and Eros.

El artículo presenta algunos resultados del estudio de la participación de Karol Wojtyła, obispo auxiliar y, sucesivamente, arzobispo de Cracovia, en el Concilio Vaticano II, así como de la recepción del mismo durante su ministerio pastoral en la archidiócesis polaca y al servicio de la Iglesia universal antes de su elección como sucesor de Pedro. Es posible hablar del “estilo conciliar” de Wojtyła: lo que la Iglesia ha enseñado sobre la gloria de Dios en el Vaticano II y sobre el (...) modo en el que dicha gloria debe acontecer en la vida de los fieles de nuestro tiempo encuentra en Wojtyła una concreta e iluminadora expresión histórica. (shrink)

Τα σταθμά που βρέθηκαν στα Μάλια (MM IB-YM Ι-ΙΙ), κυρίως εκείνα που προέρχονται από τη Συνοικία Μ, έχουν ήδη γίνει αντικείμενο ορισμένων παρατηρήσεων. Ένα νέο δείγμα που βρέθηκε στη Συνοικία Ν δίνει την ευκαιρία για μια επανεξέταση των δεδομένων στο σύνολο τους (τυπολογία, μετρολογία, χρονολογήσεις, συμφραζόμενα). Όσον αφορά στην τυπολογία και τη μετρολογία παρατηρείται μια εξέλιξη του σταθμητικού συστήματος των Μαλίων από την παλαιοανακτορική στη νεοανακτορική περίοδο : στην πρώτη περίοδο τα σταθμά, σε ποικιλία σχημάτων, είναι κυρίως λίθινα και οι (...) μονάδες που πιστοποιήθηκαν οι μικρότερες, προσαρμοσμένες στο ζύγισμα ακριβείας (f, ιυ, k). Στην επόμενη περίοδο υπάρχουν μόνο μολύβδινα σταθμά σε σχήμα δίσκου, βασιζόμενα στην « αιγαιακή » μονάδα χ. Από τη γενική ανάλυση των ανασκαφικών δεδομένων, ωστόσο, γίνεται σαφής η συνεχής συνάρτηση μεταξύ στάθμισης αφενός και αποθήκευσης, βιοτεχνικής και οικοτεχνικής παραγωγής, λογιστικών και διοικητικών πράξεων αφετέρου, χωρίς καμιά χρονολογική διαφοροποίηση. (shrink)

No parece preocupar mucho a los filósofos profesionales el tema de ladidáctica de la filosofía, en particular de la filosofía moral y con estudiantes ajenos a una Facultad de Filosofía. Un curso universitario ideal de ética debería estar constituido por dos niveles de observación del fenómeno de la moralidad: la toma de conciencia de la tabla de valores personales con los que se juzga la realidad y la investigación empírica (mediante las ciencias de la conducta) de la moralidad social. Ambos (...) factores confluyen en los planes de reforma moral que el universitario podría proponer. En una propuesta de moralización surge un difícil problema: cómo hacer participar democráticamente a los propios actores sociales para quienes se ha diseñado el plan de reforma. (shrink)

The twelve specially written essays in this volume investigate the neglected topic of mental action, and show its importance for the metaphysics, epistemology, and phenomenology of mind. The essays investigate what mental actions are, how we are aware of them, and what is the relationship between mental and physical action.

My goals in this paper are twofold: to outline the refashioning of amateur and professional roles in life science in late Victorian Yorkshire, and to provide a revised historiography of the relationship between amateurs and professionals in this era. Some historical treatments of this relationship assume that amateurs were demoralized by the advances of laboratory science, and so ceased to contribute and were left behind by the autonomous "new biology." Despite this view, I show that many amateurs played a vital (...) part in the construction of a professional academic community in urban Yorkshire, and then continued to collaborate with the laboratory-based biologists. The key to any analysis of the relationship between amateurs and professionals is the great variety of amateur identities and practices in Victorian Yorkshire. The amateur-professional rift fallacy arose because laboratory biologists fashioned an identity in conscious opposition to a particular type of amateur: an ideal that belied an array of cooperative relationships. As naturalists refashioned their roles and identities in light of the changes within academe and without, debates about the practice and place of life science took place as often among amateurs as between professionals and amateurs. (shrink)

Providing a vibrant four-color design, market-leading BUSINESS ETHICS: ETHICAL DECISION MAKING AND CASES, Ninth Edition, thoroughly covers the complex environment in which managers confront ethical decision making. Using a proven managerial framework, this accessible, applied text addresses the overall concepts, processes, and best practices associated with successful business ethics programs--helping readers see how ethics can be integrated into key strategic business decisions. Thoroughly revised, the new ninth edition incorporates coverage of new legislation affecting business ethics, the most up-to-date examples, and (...) the best practices of high-profile organizations. It also includes 20 all-new or updated original case studies. (shrink)