_ Source: _Page Count 26 The dilemma of presentism is sometimes represented as a choice between the increased relevance and utility of a historiographic practice that can articulate its relation to the present and the increased objectivity or openness to the otherness of the past of a historiographic practice that articulates the past “on its own terms.” The present article argues that, at least with reference to intellectual history, we should understand that ideas appear most fully when they are run (...) through a multitude of contexts and not rooted exclusively in circumstances contemporaneous to _either_ the original emergence of an idea _or_ the writer and first reader of the historical account. The following thesis is advanced: ideas appear only over time, and the contextualization, decontextualization, and recontextualization of ideas in different places and times are all essential to such intellectual historical “appearance.” The article then articulates its position more precisely by means of Robert Brandom’s inferentialism. And, finally, this line of inquiry is exemplified and interrogated by means of a concrete historiographic case—namely, a political theoretical investigation of the intellectual legacy of the Weimar Republic. (shrink)

_ Source: _Page Count 26 The dilemma of presentism is sometimes represented as a choice between the increased relevance and utility of a historiographic practice that can articulate its relation to the present and the increased objectivity or openness to the otherness of the past of a historiographic practice that articulates the past “on its own terms.” The present article argues that, at least with reference to intellectual history, we should understand that ideas appear most fully when they are run (...) through a multitude of contexts and not rooted exclusively in circumstances contemporaneous to _either_ the original emergence of an idea _or_ the writer and first reader of the historical account. The following thesis is advanced: ideas appear only over time, and the contextualization, decontextualization, and recontextualization of ideas in different places and times are all essential to such intellectual historical “appearance.” The article then articulates its position more precisely by means of Robert Brandom’s inferentialism. And, finally, this line of inquiry is exemplified and interrogated by means of a concrete historiographic case—namely, a political theoretical investigation of the intellectual legacy of the Weimar Republic. (shrink)

Historical chapters show how understanding the workings of complex systems allowed statesmen to devise the Concert of Europe and how the collapse of the Concert in the Crimean War was triggered by the tsar's failure to comprehend the indirect impact his strategies would have on British public opinion. Another chapter highlights the feedback processes between domestic politics and the international monetary system that led to the rise and fall of the gold standard and to the creation of the European monetary (...) system. The diplomacy of the Moroccan crisis of 1905 is used to show that conventional wisdom places unwarranted weight on a state's reputation for standing firm in the interconnected international system. The discussions also explore the systemic causes of World War II: Contributors examine how the international financial system unwittingly helped destroy Weimar democracy and offer a challenging reinterpretation of the workings of the balance of power in the 1930s. (shrink)

This collection looks from a variety of angles at the human body as it resists the determinations of gender, sexuality, socialisation and history. Ranging from classical hermaphrodites, Bruegel's blind faces and Weimar transgender surgery, via Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, state-socialist sport and Proust, to Barbie, Lari Pittman, American Psycho, IVF and video dance, the sixteen essays question the relationship between politics, culture and desire. This richly illustrated book also features the original work of two young photographers and a theatre director.

Scholars have largely ignored Walter Benjamin's assertion that his work was a continuation of initiatives begun by Giambattista Vico and Carl Gustav Jochmann. But Benjamin's assertion is important. It situates his work in a tradition of rhetorical inquiry. In turn, rhetorical inquiry ought to be understood as a form of political thought. This article traces the intrication and development of Benjamin's rhetorical and political interests from his early work on Trauerspiel through a sequence of texts written before and after the (...) fall of the Weimar Republic in 1933, up to and including the various redactions of the 'Kunstwerk' essay. (shrink)

“Who are you? Tu quis es?” The interrogator was the German philosopher and pedagogue Eduard Spranger. The subject was Carl Schmitt. The place: Berlin. The time: summer of 1945. The question was “precipitous,” as Schmitt acknowledged in Ex Captivitate Salus, the book he completed following his release from Nuremberg in 1947. “Who are you?” Who, but one of the most highly acclaimed and esteemed jurists and political thinkers of the Weimar Republic, whose writings captured the attention of Georg Lukács, (...) Karl Korsch, Felix Gilbert, Leo Strauss, Ferdinand Toennies, and whose concepts significantly influenced Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, Otto Kirchheimer, Franz Neumann, Karl Mannheim and many other intellectuals and writers on the Left and the Right? (shrink)

When we pick up a big book like this with big names including Heidegger, Arendt, Benjamin, and Warburg, we want to learn something significant we don't already know by way of reading and reputation. And if we are in rhetoric per se, we are especially eager to see how these people are attached substantially to a field that none of them claimed. Following from these initial expectations, we are then owed a plausible methodology that tends neither toward the wish fulfillment (...) of big rhetoric, nor toward one of the more conventional methods—for example biographic, or dictated by the more familiar scripts of philosophy, politics, and art history—that would render these surprises unlikely because the field would have been... (shrink)

Résumé Leo Strauss achève sa formation intellectuelle dans une Allemagne où le sionisme est une réalité consolidée et où le phénomène du « retour » ( teshuvah ) au judaïsme distingue une large partie de la jeunesse judéo-allemande, qui est insatisfaite du statut juif dans la modernité. Cet essai vise à identifier le parcours philosophique et politique du jeune Strauss qui, à partir de la crise de modernité caractéristique de la culture de Weimar, se démarque de celui de tous (...) les auteurs (Cohen, Rosenzweig, Buber, Scholem etc.) et mouvements juifs (Wissenschaft des Judentums, sionisme politique, sionisme culturel, sionisme religieux etc.) du début du xxe siècle en Allemagne. (shrink)

L’article se propose d’explorer l’univers des facultés de droit sous la République de Weimar, que les contemporains jugent en « crise ». Cette perception renvoie tout d’abord aux difficultés d’adaptation d’un enseignement qui est de plus en plus écartelé entre les exigences de la science (transmettre une compréhension historique de l’évolution du droit) et celles de la pratique (préparer les étudiants au monde professionnel par une connaissance du droit en vigueur) : l’Université apparaît ainsi comme un lieu de confrontation (...) entre professeurs et autorités étatiques pour le contrôle du cursus juridique. Par ailleurs, dans un contexte de grande expansion des effectifs étudiants, les facultés de droit ne connaissent pas de démocratisation de leur public et restent le domaine des élites traditionnelles ; de ce fait, elles semblent en décalage avec leur époque et continuent de former un univers passéiste que conforte l’engagement des étudiants dans des corporations traditionnelles. Ce mode de socialisation explique leur radicalisation dans le camp antirépublicain dès les années 1920. (shrink)

Der Wandel der kulturellen Verhältnisse führt zu einer Zuspitzung des Verhältnisses von Gesellschaft und Rechtssystem. In diesem Prozess gestaltet New Political Ecology (NPE) Umwelt und Rechtssystem und ist zugleich evolutiv ausgerichtet. NPE erfährt Evolution in der Zeit als Überfluss und in eigenartiger Vernetzung als knappes Gut. Diese Verbindung basiert auf Zusammenhängen, die bisher noch nicht systematisch bearbeitet worden sind. Dabei geht es ganz wesentlich auch um das Verhältnis von Staat und moderner Risikogesellschaft. Wissenschaftlicher Fortschritt erweist sich vor diesem Hintergrund selbst (...) als ein evolutiver Prozess. (shrink)

Le concept de « droit social » progressivement élaboré par le juriste social-démocrate Gustav Radbruch durant la République de Weimar ne saurait être réduit à un programme politique de législation sociale en faveur des travailleurs. Cet article entend montrer qu’il s’agit bien d’un concept théorique spécifique analysant la transformation structurelle à l’œuvre dans le droit, à savoir le passage d’un droit individualiste à un droit social considérant chaque individualité dans sa situation sociale au sein de la communauté – cette (...) transformation relevant elle-même de l’émergence d’une nouvelle conception de l’homme se substituant à celle de l’individualisme libéral. Cela permet à Radbruch d’envisager un droit adapté aux réalités de la société moderne et à même de penser la résolution de la contradiction entre égalité juridique et inégalités sociales. Si le droit social peut à ce titre apparaître comme un concept précurseur, l’insistance sur la nécessité de repenser l’articulation entre individu et communauté et les ambiguïtés que celle-ci engendre concernant le statut des droits individuels soulignent aussi l’ancrage de son discours dans les débats weimariens. (shrink)

Dans le débat sur la nature du national-socialisme entre « fracture de la civilisation » et expression de « l’ambiguïté essentielle de la modernité », cet article étudie la radicalisation progressive du discours sur les « asociaux » dans les dernières années de Weimar et examine si l’on y trouve déjà la préparation idéologique et pratique de la politique d’extermination des nazis (euthanasie, stérilisation forcée, « mort par le travail »). Le biologisme, l’économisme, la criminologie et l’eugénisme ou « (...) hygiène raciale » apparaissent comme les racines du discours sur les asociaux sous Weimar. On voit que des auteurs parlaient déjà, dans les années vingt, d’« éliminer les vies ne méritant pas d’être vécues » et préconisaient la stérilisation, l’avortement et l’euthanasie dans certains cas. S’appuyant sur l’exemple de mesures pratiques et de discussions sur l’internement d’« asociaux », l’auteur montre que les idées eugénistes étaient répandues non seulement chez les hommes politiques de droite, mais aussi largement à gauche. L’évolution de l’État social sous Weimar, de ses débuts prometteurs jusqu’à la crise de sa fin, est d’abord rapidement esquissée ; puis l’auteur étudie en détail la montée de l’agressivité dans les années de crise, où l’on voit les cercles chargés de l’assistance prendre de moins en moins l’individu et de plus en plus la Volksgemeinschaft comme référence de leur action. Avec une fréquence croissante est avancée l’idée de réserver les prestations sociales à ceux qui les « mériteraient » et que la société n’aurait plus d’argent pour entretenir des « poids morts ». Ainsi cette étude montre-t-elle que la question de la continuité entre Weimar et le nazisme ne peut, dans ce domaine, être globalement affirmée ou infirmée et qu’au contraire seule l’étude attentive des projets de loi, des institutions et des biographies permet d’identifier des continuités. (shrink)

Le discours philosophique, comme tout autre forme d'expression, est le résultat d'une transaction entre une intention expressive et la censure exercée par l'univers social dans lequel elle doit se produire. Ainsi, pour comprendre l'oeuvre de Heidegger dans sa vérité inséparablement philosophique et politique, il faut refaire le travail d'euphémisation qui lui permet de dévoiler en les voilant, des pulsions ou des phantasmes politiques. Il faut analyser la logique du double-sens et du sous-entendu qui permet à des mots du langage ordinaire (...) (Fürsorge par exemple) de fonctionner simultanément dans deux registres savamment unis et séparés. Mettre en forme philosophique, c'est aussi mettre des formes politiquement - c'est présenter sous une forme philosophiquement acceptable, en les rendant méconnaissables, les thèmes fondamentaux de la pensée des - révolutionnaires conservateurs. C'est donc à condition de reconstruire les différentes variantes de la vision du monde qui s’exprime crûment chez les essayistes de l'Allemagne de Weimar et la logique inséparablement intellectuelle et sociale du champ philosophique qui est le véritable opérateur de la transmutation de l'humeur völkisch en philosophie existentielle, que l'on peut comprendre l'ontologie politique de Martin Heidegger sans opérer les clivages trop commodes entre le texte et le contexte, ou entre le recteur nazi et le 'berger de l'Être'. (shrink)

El artículo es una reflexión que propone repensar la investigación educativa desde el enfoque cualitativo. El objetivo es describir y comprender sobre las distintas vertientes de la investigación educativa, el enfoque cualitativo en el campo de las educaciones; problematizar sobre el diseño del plan; explicar a la historia oral como método de investigación en el estudio de la educación y reflexionar sobre el rol del investigador. En suma, se plantea pensar la investigación educativa desde el enfoque cualitativo, por un lado, (...) porque permite comprender que los procesos de investigación y construcción de conocimiento son de forma participativa, colaborativa y dialógica; por otro lado, problematizar la posición del investigador en la investigación. Palabras clave: Investigación cualitativa, educación y enfoque cualitativo, plan de investigación, métodos cualitativos, historia oral y educación. (shrink)

Alain Deligne est philosophe et Professeur émérite de littérature française à l'Université de Münster (Allemagne). Ses travaux portent sur l'idéalisme allemand (Schopenhauer, Schleiermacher), sur la traduction, la littérature ainsi que sur l'image. Il est coéditeur de catalogues sur la caricature ainsi que de la revue Ridiculosa et l'auteur de la première monographie française sur C. G. Carus (La Terre qui vit - Peinture et savoirs, 2003), et de la première monographie allemande sur Weil (Ein zeitgenôssischer Philosoph, 1998). Du jeune Éric (...) Weil, recommandé par Albert Einstein à Ernst Cassirer, on connaissait son doctorat sur Pomponazzi (1932), son essai sur Plotin et Ficin (1933) et son grand article sur l'intérêt pris à l'histoire (1935). Mais nous ignorions tout d'autres écrits précédents ou contemporains. Grâce au travail d'édition bilingue d'Alain Deligne, nous avons maintenant accès à ses exposés d'étudiant, conférences, articles, interventions radiophoniques ou ses travaux en vue de futures études (1922-1936). Nous pouvons ainsi mieux saisir ce qu'Éric Weil allait devenir : le fondateur d'un système ouvert de compréhension (Logique de la philosophie, 1950) et rester : un philosophe curieux de toutes les formes de savoir. À cette fin, il fallait, sur la base d'archives, restituer ses multiples intérêts en philosophie, sciences, histoire de l'art, germanistique, Renaissance italienne et occultisme. Sa pensée plonge ses racines dans les débats politiques de la République de Weimar pré-hitlérienne. Depuis l'exil parisien de 1933, Éric Weil en affrontera toute la violence."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

With this study of the phenomenological idealism of Husserl, in all of its dimensions and phases, Giorgio Baratta places himself within the ranks of a new type of student of Husserlian phenomenology. Representatives of this type are R. Boehm, I. Kern, and L. Kelkel among others. They do not feel the need to apologize for Husserl’s conceptual awkwardness, an awkwardness that reflects growth; nor are they overafflicted by Husserl’s sin of idealism, nor embarrassed by his recourse to the bewildering realm (...) of the transcendental. They do not need to profit from claims of close discipleship, or from iconoclastic feats; thus they are able to show us a Husserl who lived in constant struggle with the conceptual issues of his time, and who created perhaps the broadest matrix for the reconciliation of these issues. In Baratta’s work we are told of Husserl’s nationalistic speeches to the troops during World War I; of his search for the identity of Germany during the Weimar years; of his idealistic desires to influence, if only remotely and indirectly, education and politics ; of his preoccupation with the issue of the decline of the West widely discussed after the publication of Spengler’s popular work; of his personal eclipse, with many of his disciples turning away, as a consequence of his idealistic confession; and finally of the ostracism in which he lived during the Nazi years. Against this background, certainly not larger than life, we are given clear view of the major thrusts of Husserl’s effort to preserve human subjectivity and its values by placing it under the influence of classical German idealism. The Scylla and Charybdis of Husserl’s position were: 1) the propensity of his scientific objectivism to become either Platonism or psychologism; 2) the propensity of his philosophical foundation of subjectivity to turn into subjective idealism. The response to these dangers within Husserl’s own system was, on the one hand, an objective idealism in the tradition of Plato and Leibniz and, on the other hand, an honest effort to rescue creative intuition from the realm of the mundane. This surprisingly eclectic response exposed Husserl to attacks from all sides, from positivistic psychologism, from neo-Kantian operationalism and from the more extreme forms of idealism and materialism. Also, because of the vulnerability of this response, the core of Husserl’s eclecticism broke easily down into the Platonic descriptivism of the advocates of Ideenschau and the mundane ontology of the early Heidegger. In two concluding essays, which are as effortlessly insightful as the initial two, transcendental phenomenology is presented by Baratta in the context of the historical justification that Husserl gave it in his mature years. As this historical justification receives further support from an overlapping philosophy of history, phenomenology takes on some bright ideological colors. Husserl’s pages in the Crisis open up a wide panorama of philosophical responsibility: science urgently needs the influence of human goals, and humanity itself cannot remain entrapped in worldly goals without gradually reducing the life of the common man to a state of complete reification. Baratta’s work owes much to Boehm, and Kern and Kelkel, nevertheless it is a work of maturity, surely in possession of the thematic undercurrents of Husserl’s thought which themselves underlie, because of their eclecticism, all the major themes of the main schools of thought today. This work should be read as a contribution to the study of phenomenology and as a further step in our understanding of the predicament of contemporary thought.—A. M. (shrink)

L’article présente un projet d’édition des OEuvres complètes du philosophe et satiriste allemand Salomo Friedlaender Mynona , entrepris en 2005. Partant de Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Goethe, Kant et Ernst Marcuse, le philosophe a développé les raisons fondamentales de « l’indifférence créatrice » et d’une polarité spécifique non romantique vers une étude philosophique approfondie. Installé à Berlin à partir de 1902, Friedlaender se trouvait au coeur des courants philosophiques et littéraires du XXe siècle – l’expressionnisme et le dadaïsme. Pacifiste déterminé et kantien (...) à l’heure de la Première guerre mondiale et de la République de Weimar, il a formulé dans ses satires populaires, les grotesques, une critique sévère de la culture en attirant l’attention, avec insistance, sur l’utopie pratique de la paix éternelle. En raison des circonstances difficiles – émigration à Paris en 1933 – et d’un malheureux hasard, il est tombé dans l’oubli. Grâce à cette nouvelle édition, dans le cadre de laquelle devraient paraître trente volumes dans les années à venir, il sera présenté au public à sa juste valeur. (shrink)

This book closely examines our commonly held beliefs about human suffering, and offers unique insights into God's role in why we suffer. Dr. Perri critically examines what it means to be human from a Judeo-Christian perspective, and extrapolates from the work of Carl Gustav Jung showing a deeply complex development of human transcendence in human suffering. On an interpersonal level, Dr. Perri elaborates on the work of Martin Buber and Emanuel Levinas and shows how our suffering can be shared and (...) lessened by our unconditionality and presence for the other. Scriptural passages are quoted from both the Hebrew and New Testament texts, and are used to depict the suffering of humankind as seen in the face of Job. It was this face, according to Perri, that Jesus saw in the faces of those He came to redeem, and that ultimately brought Him to the crucifix of redemption. Dr. Perri challenges Sartre's position that our existence precedes our essence, and draws on the work of Abraham Joshua Heschel and Christian theology in this regard. He further elaborates a neurodevelopmental paradigm that creates essence as the basis of our freedom to choose. This book can be read and studied by both professionals in the helping and healing professions, and lay persons seeking to better understand our suffering, and how to better help those who suffer. Dr. Perri offers specific ways in how to be present for those who suffer, how to read and receive the hidden language of human suffering, and how to use silence as a communication skill. (shrink)

The draft Code of Conduct for Research is an important initiative towards assisting the scientific community in complying with the provisions of the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (POPIA). However, its approach towards cross-border data sharing should be reconsidered to clarify the ambiguities inherent in the legal requirements for the cross-border sharing of health data in the POPIA. These ambiguities include the concept of ‘transfer of information’, the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer, the (...) nature of consent for cross-border sharing and the scope of the recipient third party. We suggest that the draft Code of Conduct for Research can be improved by: Explaining or defining the concept of ‘transfer of information’ and when it applies to cross-border sharing in research Clarifying the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer vis-à-vis the other alternatives Expanding on the interpretation and application of consent as a legal mechanism for cross-border transfers Expanding the category of persons who may be recipients of personal information in a third country. (shrink)

Following the publication of 7 letters from Baer to the Frorieps by H.E. Müller-Dietz inNTM N.S. 1 (1993), 2 further letters from Baer and 8 from the Frorieps are published. A curious technical problem in the presentation of the journalNotizen published by Froriep in his Landes-industriecomptoir in Weimar is discussed at length. Froriep recommends his son Robert, to whom Baer sends several enquiries and commissions, which Robert deals with carefully (1831 in Jena, 1849 in Paris). Robert explains in great (...) detail his intention to leave Jena for Berlin in 1831. After his father's death in 1847 he returns to take charge of the Landesindustriecomptoir and begins to cooperate with the newly founded Russian Geographic Society as publisher on behalf of the Society. But about 1850 the cooperation is discontinued by the Russians, and Froriep, who is in economic difficulties, asks Baer (who lives and works in St. Petersburg) urgently (but in vain) to help him with the Society. (shrink)

Language, like other human traits, could only have evolved during one or more stages of development. We enlist the theoretical framework of human life history to account for certain aspects of linguistic evolution, with special reference to initial phases in the process. It is hypothesized that selection operated at several developmental stages, the earlier ones producing new behaviors that were reinforced by additional, and possibly more powerful, forms of selection during later stages, especially adolescence and early adulthood. Peer commentaries have (...) provided opportunities to explain human life history more comprehensively, and to add details to our account of spoken language. We made no attempt to explain syntax in the target article, but we propose here that selection for “vocal plumage” may have increased our species’ capacity for utterance complexity, a development that would have benefited all levels of language. (shrink)

In this timely book L.W. Sumner addresses these issues within the wider context of palliative care for patients in the dying process.

The genetic modification of pigs as a source of transplantable organs is one of several possible solutions to the chronic organ shortage. This paper describes existing ethical tensions in xenotransplantation (XTx) that argue against pursuing it. Recommendations for lifelong infectious disease surveillance and notification of close contacts of recipients are in tension with the rights of human research subjects. Parental/guardian consent for pediatric xenograft recipients is in tension with a child’s right to an open future. Individual consent to transplant is (...) in tension with public health threats that include zoonotic diseases. XTx amplifies concerns about justice in organ transplantation and could exacerbate existing inequities. The prevention of infectious disease in source animals is in tension with the best practices of animal care and animal welfare, requiring isolation, ethologically inappropriate housing, and invasive reproductive procedures that would severely impact the well-being of intelligent social creatures like pigs. (shrink)

Rationality requires us to respond to apparent normative reasons. Given the independence of appearance and reality, why think that apparent normative reasons necessarily provide real normative reasons? And if they do not, why think that mistakes of rationality are necessarily real mistakes? This paper gives a novel answer to these questions. I argue first that in the moral domain, there are objective duties of respect that we violate whenever we do what appears to violate our first-order duties. The existence of (...) these duties of respect, I argue, ensures that apparent moral reasons are exceptions to the independence of appearance and reality. I then extend these arguments to the domain of overall reason. Just as there are objective duties of respect for moral reasons that explain moral blameworthiness, so there are objective duties of respect for reasons that explain blameworthiness in the court of overall reason. The existence of these duties ensures that apparent reasons are exceptions to the independence of appearance and reality. (shrink)