Compliance to the normative system is the only way to maintain the Rule of Law, which according to the author becomes possible when citizens feel not only a legal, but also a political and moral obligation to obey the norms. Reasons for obedience are discussed by the author in light of several theories, arriving to a conclusion that states the essential elements for the existence of an obligation to obey the Law.Resumen:La adhesión al sistema normativo es la única forma de (...) conservar el Estado de derecho, el cual se hace posible en la medida en que los ciudadanos sienten la obligación, no sólo jurídica sino también política y moral, de obedecer las normas. Esta obediencia atiende a razones de diversa índole, las cuales son analizadas por el autor a la luz de varias teorías sobre la obediencia, mostrando así los elementos necesarios para la existencia de la obligación de obedecer el derecho. (shrink)

El mundo globalizado ha producido un nuevo derecho, que aún no ha sido explicado ni mucho menos justificado por una teoría jurídica de la globalización. Las teorías jurídicas contemporáneas se han construido desde el Estado-nación, y muy pocas han abordado los problemas que plantea ese derecho que hoy es dominante. En este artículo explicamos las variables jurídicas del neoliberalismo, y damos cuenta de algunas teorías que pretenden explicar y justificar el derecho de la globalización neoliberal. También reflexionamos en torno a (...) si las teorías constitucionales contemporáneas, pueden servir como aproximación teórica al neoliberalismo globalizador, y concluimos que algunos de sus planteamientos pueden ser útiles siempre y cuando nos comprometamos con una visión radical de los derechos humanos y de la democracia. (shrink)

The organism-in-its-environment is recognized as the basic unit of analysis when dealing with living beings. This paper seeks to define the fundamental implications of the concept of the organism-in-its-environment in terms of the biosemiotic concept of human distributed cognition. Human distributed cognition in a biosemiotic context is defined as the ability of a self-referencing organism-in-its-environment to interact with its environment to satisfy its physiological and social needs to survive and sustain itself. The ontogenetic development of the organism-in-its-environment serves as the (...) backdrop to discover the implications of distributed cognition that have general applicability in organisms, but in this paper, are made relevant to human beings. (shrink)

All information results from a process, intrinsic to living beings, of info-autopoiesis or information self-production; a sensory commensurable, self-referential feedback process immanent to Bateson’s ‘difference which makes a difference’. To highlight and illustrate the fundamental nature of the info-autopoietic process, initially, two simulations based on one-parameter feedback are presented. The first, simulates a homeostatic control mechanism (thermostat) which is representative of a mechanistic, cybernetic system with very predictable dynamics, fully dependent on an external referent. The second, simulates a homeorhetic process, (...) inherent to biological systems, illustrating a self-referenced, autonomous system. Further, the active incorporation/interference of viral particles by prokaryotic cells and the activation of CRISPR-Cas can be understood as info-autopoiesis at the most fundamental cellular level, as well as constituting a planetary network of self-referenced information. Moreover, other examples of the info-autopoietic nature of information are presented to show the generality of its applicability. In short, info-autopoiesis is a recursive process that is sufficiently generic to be the only basis for information in nature: from the single cell, to multi-cellular organisms, to consideration of all types of natural and non-natural phenomena, including tools and artificial constructions. (shrink)

The concept of information has been extensively studied and written about, yet no consensus on a unified definition of information has to date been reached. This paper seeks to establish the basis for a unified definition of information. We claim a biosemiotics perspective, based on Gregory Bateson’s definition of information, provides a footing on which to build because the frame this provides has applicability to both the sciences and humanities. A key issue in reaching a unified definition of information is (...) the fundamental problem of identifying how a human organism, in a self-referential process, develops from a state in which its knowledge of the human-organism-in-its-environment is almost non-existent to a state in which the human organism not only recognizes the existence of the environment but also sees itself as part of the human-organism-in-its-environment system. This allows a human organism not only to self-referentially engage with the environment and navigate through it, but also to transform it in its own image and likeness. In other words, the Fundamental Problem of the Science of Information concerns the phylogenetic development process, as well as the ontogenetic development process of Homo sapiens sapiens from a single cell to our current multicellular selves, all in a changing long-term and short-term environment, respectively. (shrink)

Gregory Bateson is well known for defining information by stating “In fact what we mean by information – the elementary unit of information – is a difference which makes a difference…” This conceptual perspective has the merit of simplicity and generality. Simplicity, in addressing the complexity of information. Generality, in seeking applicability to any and every field of human experience. The purpose of this paper is to focus the applicability of this conceptual approach by Bateson and use it to perform (...) a calculation of taking the difference between two grey-level digital images that are shifted one relative to the other. The digital images take the place of the field of view that a human being would have access through her sense of vision at two different spatial/temporal instances. The results show that it is possible to highlight the edges of the objects under scrutiny, as well as to highlight other differences within the object. Bateson’s “difference that makes a difference” would seem to provide a first step in the elusive meaning making process of humans. (shrink)

This paper presents a human-robot closely collaborative solution to cooperatively perform surface treatment tasks such as polishing, grinding, finishing, deburring, etc. The proposed scheme is based on task priority and non-conventional sliding mode control. Furthermore, the proposal includes two force sensors attached to the manipulator end-effector and tool: one sensor is used to properly accomplish the surface treatment task, while the second one is used by the operator to guide the robot tool. The applicability and feasibility of the proposed collaborative (...) solution for robotic surface treatment are substantiated by experimental results using a redundant 7R manipulator: the Sawyer collaborative robot. (shrink)

This paper presents a human-robot closely collaborative solution to cooperatively perform surface treatment tasks such as polishing, grinding, finishing, deburring, etc. The proposed scheme is based on task priority and non-conventional sliding mode control. Furthermore, the proposal includes two force sensors attached to the manipulator end-effector and tool: one sensor is used to properly accomplish the surface treatment task, while the second one is used by the operator to guide the robot tool. The applicability and feasibility of the proposed collaborative (...) solution for robotic surface treatment are substantiated by experimental results using a redundant 7R manipulator: the Sawyer collaborative robot. (shrink)

Distributed cognition is widely recognized as an approach to the study of all cognition. It identifies the distribution of cognitive processes between persons and technology, among people, and across time in the development of the social and material contexts for thinking. This paper suggests an ectoderm-centric perspective as the basis for distributed cognition, and in so doing redefines distributed cognition as the ability of an organism to interact with its environment for the purpose of satisfying its most basic physiological (internal (...) and external) and social needs in order to survive and sustain itself. Underlying this ectoderm-centric perspective is a proposed theory of reactive and interactive learning. (shrink)

La obra de Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914), considerado por muchos como un filósofo del siglo XIX para el siglo XXI, constituye una verdadera mina de aportaciones originales para entender el complejo y cambiante mundo que nos rodea. Gracias a un permanente empeño de colaboración, los autores de este libro han podido observar el conjunto de una situación dada alrededor de Peirce, concentrándose específicamente en el vaivén comunicativo producido alrededor de la díada Peirce-Mundo Hispánico. En la primera parte se contiene la (...) información disponible sobre el viaje de Peirce a España en 1870, y sus anotaciones sobre España y los españoles dispersas en sus escritos. La segunda parte provee una amplia perspectiva sobre “todo lo que el mundo hispánico ha dicho sobre Peirce” entre los años 1883 y 2000. El trabajo de revisión de la bibliografía consiste en un catálogo razonado de la producción hispánica sobre Peirce y un estudio crítico previo donde se delinean los aportes fundamentales, las carencias y las líneas de tensión de esa producción. -/- . (shrink)

El leitmotiv que impulsa a Jaime Balmes en todo su quehacer es un profundo amor a la verdad. Con él se da comienzo al estudio de su Antropología, pues es gracias a esa confianza y apuesta por la verdad-realidad por la que se justifica y alienta la búsqueda concreta de la verdad del ser humano. Partiendo de ella, revitalizada la verdad y nuestra capacidad cognoscitiva, Balmes afronta el problema antropológico contemporáneo, a saber, si existe la naturaleza humana y qué (...) sea ésta. Rescata así, prontamente, la esencia y la existencia humanas, esto es, la verdad y la libertad del hombre, existencia libre que sólo puede llegar a su perfección si asume y desarrolla su propia esencia o verdad –«La verdad os hará libres»–. Recuperada la naturaleza humana, su esencia, Balmes se puede preguntar por qué sea ésta, por qué es el ser humano. Siguiendo su realismo metodológico (objetivo y subjetivo), se aborda esta importante cuestión desde un primer estudio analítico (lo que le liberaba de cualquier forma de panteísmo), completándolo con el sintético posterior (librándole entonces del exceso relativista). Pero esta división metodológica se va a mostrar, en la antropología balmesiana, como clave misma de interpretación del ser y misterio humano: Antropología integral e integradora que permite comprender y acoger al ser humano en toda su riqueza y diversidad, y le ofrece el camino de la armonía o unidad, en esa diversidad (interior y exterior), como clave para alcanzar su máxima plenitud. (shrink)

Latin America - its people, its politics, its economy - has burst upon the world scene with powerful images that have captured the curiosity of many English-speaking North Americans. The strategic importance of this vast region to the stability of the Wes.

Systematically analyzes the nature of metaphysics.

Este trabajo analiza algunas de las dimensiones fundamentales de la influencia de la obra temprana de Martin Heidegger sobre la teoría política de Hannah Arendt. Como se sabe, la pensadora judía cursó algunos de sus más cruciales años universitarios bajo la tutoría del profesor alemán. En tal sentido, tanto la perspectiva hermenéutico-fenomenológica como los conceptos de “mundo” y praxis resultaron decisivos para definir, junto con la experiencia del totalitarismo, el sentido y la profundidad de la teoría política arendtiana. En líneas (...) generales, se espera que la investigación permita no solo entender varias de las nociones centrales del pensamiento de Arendt dentro de su horizonte de sentido original, sino además visibilizar algunas de las potencialidades que la obra temprana de Heidegger posee a la hora de repensar la política y la pluralidad humana. (shrink)

In this chapter we discuss the role of what we call "reasonableness" in a philosophy summer camp held at Southern Utah University. "Reasonableness," as we call it, is a more narrowly prescribed form of rationality - indeed one can be rational but unreasonable, but not the other way around. We discuss the importance and value of introducing philosophy to students before they get to college, and describe some of the challenges we face in introducing students in SW Utah to philosophy.

This book is based on the premise that the trade-off between privacy and security is both unsound and conceals important aspects of surveillance and control. Accordingly, the authors analyse the symbiotic relationship between liberty and security, and the emptiness of both concepts when considered in isolation. They explore and contextualise different notions of risk, surveillance practices and the value of the rights to private life and data protection. Thereby, they show that surveillance and control neither necessarily attain security, nor always (...) pose a threat to privacy and, conversely, that protecting privacy does not necessarily hamper security provision. Moreover, they appreciate how surveillance and control, mediated through technology, express and sustain specific power relationships. The book thus offers a kaleidoscope of perspectives, ranging from critical studies to international relations, law, philosophy and sociology, to rethink surveillance and control. (shrink)

En el contexto del cambio de una concepcion sustancialista a una concepcion desustancialista, en la cual se pierde de vista el fundamento mismo de la persona, el autor de este estudio cree que el problema de la identidad humana exige un replanteamiento y una reconstruccion. Es preciso entonces emprender un camino que conduzca a reconstruir al hombre, sacandolo del anonimato nihilista en el que lo habia sumido la modernidad al exagerar indebidamente el intelectualismo de la filosofia tradicional precedente. La antropologia (...) actual podra reivindicar la autenticidad de la propia persona y el verdadero alcance de la libertad humana en su configuracion. Jaime Calderon Calderon nacio en 1966 en Churintzio, Michoacan (Mexico). Ordenando sacerdote en 1991. Obtuvo el doctorado en filosofia en la Pontificia Universidad Gregoriana de Roma con la presente disertacion. (shrink)

This volume explores the relationship between rationality and happiness from ancient Greek philosophy to early Latin medieval philosophy. What connection is there between human rationality and happiness? This issue was uppermost in the minds of the Ancient Greek philosophers and continued to be of importance during the entire early medieval period. Starting with theSocrates of Plato's early dialogues, who is regarded as having initiated the eudaimonistic ethical tradition, the present volume looks at Plato, Aristotle, the Skeptics, Seneca [Stoicism], Epicurus, Plotinus (...) [neo-Platonism], Augustine, Boethius, Anselm, and ends with Abelard, the final major figure in early medieval philosophy. Special efforts are made to reveal and trace the continuity and development of the views on rationality and happiness among these major thinkers within this period. The book's approach is historical, but the topics it treats are relevant to many discussions pursued in contemporary philosophical circles. Specifically, the book aims to make two major contributions to the ongoing development of virtue ethics. First, contemporary virtue ethics often draws distinctions between ancient Greek ethics and modern moral philosophy [mainly utilitarianism and Kantianism], and seeks to model ethics on ancient ethics. In doing so, however, contemporary virtue ethics often ignores the transition from Greek ethics to the early Latin medieval tradition. Second, contemporary virtue-based ethics, in its efforts to seek insights from ancient ethics, centers on virtue. In contrast, in ancient and medieval ethics, virtue is pursued for the sake of happiness [eudaimonia], and virtue is conceived as excellence of rationality. Hence, the relationship between rationality and happiness provides the framework for ethical inquiry within which the discussion of virtue takes place. Contributors: JULIA ANNAS, RICHARD BETT, JORGE J.E. GRACIA, BRAD INWOOD, WILLIAM MANN, JOHN MARENBON, GARETH B. MATTHEWS, MARK L. McPHERRAN, DONALD MORRISON, C.C.W. TAYLOR, JONATHAN SANFORD, JIYUAN YU. Jiyuan Yu is Assistant Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Jorge J. E. Gracia is Samuel P. Capen Chair and SUNY Distinguised Professor in the Departments of Philosophy and Comparative Literature at the State University of New York at Buffalo. (shrink)

La batalla del Ebro enfrento, durante 115 días personas y máquinas. Se experimentaron nuevas técnicas y tecnologías que jugarían un papel determinante en el inminente conflicto mundial. La aviación se utilizó, por primera vez, de manera masiva y su actuación fue decisiva. Sin embargo, su rastro patrimonial y es escaso. Al entorno de la guerra aérea en la Batalla del Ebro el presente trabajo plantea una experiencia de investigación transversal y holística que plantea la socialización didáctica del conocimiento histórico y (...) arqueológico a partir de propuestas metodológicas museográficas, de iconografía didáctica y de recuperación de la memoria histórica. El objetivo de esta acción combinada es generar y socializar conocimiento científico sobre el pasado y su legado material, incidir en la formación de una ciudadanía crítica y fomentar el desarrollo económico sostenible en base a la acción de industrias culturales relacionadas con el patrimonio. (shrink)

Resumen:El objetivo del artículo es destacar las limitaciones del cientificismo a la hora de dar cuenta de la vivencia humana en toda su significación y correlativamente afirmar la necesidad de concebir al ser humano desde una perspectiva comprensiva, vía apropiada para un encuentro intercultural fecundo. Para ello se acude al enfoque de Charles Taylor. En primer lugar, se recala en la diferencia sustantiva entre las “ciencias naturales” y las “ciencias sociales”. En segundo lugar, se incide en la importancia de una (...) metodología hermenéutica en las ciencias sociales, a fin de superar el doble riesgo de etnocentrismo y de la tesis relativista de la incorregibilidad cultural. Por último, se presenta el dialogo intercultural como vía adecuada hacia una autocrítica de las culturas y una comprensión ampliada entre los seres humanos.Palabras clave: ciencias sociales; cosmovisión; hermenéutica; etnocentrismo; interculturalidad. (shrink)

Clinical and Care Bioethics Committees at Public and Private Healthcare Institutions of Medium and High Complexity Levels in Cities of the Atlantic Coast of Colombia Comitês de Bioética clínico-assistencial nas instituições de saúde públicas e privadas dos níveis de média e alta complexidade das cidades da Costa Atlântica da Colômbia Care bioethics committees are interdisciplinary groups engaged in providing education to members of said committees, all the staff in the hospital —including professors and students in their internship—, and members of (...) the community. The objective of this study is to determine the situation of clinical and care bioethics committees at healthcare institutions in the Atlantic Coast of Colombia between 2010-2016. The study is cross-sectional, descriptive, and retro-prospective. Twenty-six health institutions that met the inclusion criteria were selected and administered a semi-structured survey. The statistical software SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the information. This study adhered to ethical research guidelines. The name most commonly given to committees is Hospital Ethics Committee. Only half have staff trained in ethics or bioethics and the most outstanding function is education in ethics; however, in the same percentage there are committees whose opinion is divided as their operation is unclear. Committees should follow existing ethical and bioethical models, and bills should be brought forward to help committees at healthcare institutions become more effective as regards their structure and operation. Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Carrillo González S, Lorduy-Gómez J, Muñoz-Baldiris R. Comités de Bioética Clínico-Asistencial en las instituciones de salud públicas y privadas de los niveles de mediana y alta complejidad de las ciudades de la Costa Atlántica de Colombia. Pers Bioet. 2019; 23: 122-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2019.23.1.8 Recibido: 23/08/2018 Aceptado: 25/02/2019. (shrink)

Explains the general conditions under which one can understand what God means through texts regarded as divinely revealed.

The presence and impact of Hispanics/Latinos in the United States cannot be ignored. Already the largest minority group, by 2050 their numbers will exceed all the other minority groups in the United States combined. The diversity of this population is often understated, but the people differ in terms of their origin, race. language, custom, religion, political affiliation, education and economic status. The heterogeneity of the Hispanic/Latino population raises questions about their identity and their rights: do they really constitute a group? (...) That is, do they have rights as a group, or just as individuals? This volume, addresses these concerns through a varied and interdisciplinary approach. (shrink)

This paper investigates the problem of numerical continuity in thomistic metaphysics and attempts to point out the principle of identity in material substances. it has three parts: the first clarifies the issue and presents the possible alternatives; the second rejects various solutions which have been proposed by interpreters of thomas aquinas such as matter, form, accidents, and substance; and the third part argues that within thomistic metaphysics it is only existence ("esse") that may be considered as an acceptable candidate for (...) this ontological role. (shrink)