This paper focuses on how Chinese intellectuals discussed and researched rainbows in late Ming and early Qing Dynasty. Many of them considered the rainbow as a phenomenon that occurred under certain conditions of sunshine and raindrops, which could be described with terms related to qi of yin/yang. Some of them had the knowledge of duplicating rainbows by “spraying water opposite to the sun”. There were also popular conceptions that rainbow was a sign of salaciousness and rainbow could siphon water, both (...) of which had a long history in Chinese context. Scholars also discussed other phenomena similar to rainbow such as solar halo, lunar halo, parhelion and parselene. Those discussions were not held in wider society, yet they were the sign of how Chinese intellectuals rationalized their research into natural philosophy. (shrink)

: This paper focuses on how Chinese intellectuals discussed and researched rainbows in late Ming and early Qing Dynasty. Many of them considered the rainbow as a phenomenon that occurred under certain conditions of sunshine and raindrops, which could be described with terms related to qi of yin/yang. Some of them had the knowledge of duplicating rainbows by “spraying water opposite to the sun”. There were also popular conceptions that rainbow was a sign of salaciousness and rainbow could siphon water, (...) both of which had a long history in Chinese context. Scholars also discussed other phenomena similar to rainbow such as solar halo, lunar halo, parhelion and parselene. Those discussions were not held in wider society, yet they were the sign of how Chinese intellectuals rationalized their research into natural philosophy. (shrink)

It has been for quite some time the conspiracy that Japan invaded China and seized the Northeast. In the process of its implementation of the conspiracy, there had a vehement interest conflict between Japan and Soviet Russia. After the Japan-Russia War, Northeast China became a sphere of influence between Russia and Japan, but they fought against each other continually for Zhongdong Railway issue. After the September 18 Incident, situation of Zhongdong Railway was in depression, together with threat of Puppet Manchu, (...) so in 1933, Soviet Union government transferred all its authority in Zhongdong Railway to “Manchuria Government” in a paid form. Japan eventually achieved its purpose. (shrink)

本书收录的16篇文章分为两个部分:第一部分属于哲学伦理学部分,包括政治哲学、应用伦理,也涉及到宗教与形而上学;第二部分是社会史部分,解释近三千年中国社会历史方面的初步探讨。.

Bosbach and Riečan states on residuated lattices both are generalizations of probability measures on Boolean algebras. Just from the observation that both of them can be defined by using the canonical structure of the standard MV-algebra on the unit interval [0, 1], generalized Riečan states and two types of generalized Bosbach states on residuated lattices were recently introduced by Georgescu and Mureşan through replacing the standard MV-algebra with arbitrary residuated lattices as codomains. In the present paper, the Glivenko theorem is (...) first extended to residuated lattices with a nucleus, which gives several necessary and sufficient conditions for the underlying nucleus to be a residuated lattice homomorphism. Then it is proved that every generalized Bosbach state (of type I, or of type II) compatible with the nucleus on a nucleus-based-Glivenko residuated lattice is uniquely determined by its restriction on the nucleus image of the underlying residuated lattice, and every relatively generalized Riečan state compatible with the double relative negation on an arbitrary residuated lattice is uniquely determined by its restriction on the double relative negation image of the residuated lattice. Our results indicate that many-valued probability theory compatible with nuclei on residuated lattices reduces in essence to probability theory on algebras of fixpoints of the underlying nuclei. (shrink)

本书选收《中国儒学的起源》、《经学起源刍探》、《论儒家生死鬼神观的非宗教性特征》等研究儒学哲学思想的文章32篇。.

We present a systematic study of join-extensions and join-completions of partially ordered algebras, which naturally leads to a refined and simplified treatment of fundamental results and constructions in the theory of ordered structures ranging from properties of the Dedekind–MacNeille completion to the proof of the finite embeddability property for a number of varieties of lattice-ordered algebras.

Articulated arm coordinate measuring machine is a specific robotic structural instrument, which uses D-H method for the purpose of kinematic modeling and error compensation. However, it is difficult for the existing error compensation models to describe various factors, which affects the accuracy of AACMM. In this paper, a modeling and error compensation method for AACMM is proposed based on BP Neural Networks. According to the available measurements, the poses of the AACMM are used as the input, and the coordinates of (...) the probe are used as the output of neural network. To avoid tedious training and improve the training efficiency and prediction accuracy, a data acquisition strategy is developed according to the actual measurement behavior in the joint space. A neural network model is proposed and analyzed by using the data generated via Monte-Carlo method in simulations. The structure and parameter settings of neural network are optimized to improve the prediction accuracy and training speed. Experimental studies have been conducted to verify the proposed algorithm with neural network compensation, which shows that 97% error of the AACMM can be eliminated after compensation. These experimental results have revealed the effectiveness of the proposed modeling and compensation method for AACMM. (shrink)

本书包括:在京西宾馆的报告;我读懂了马克思,因而反对伪科学;经验不等于实践;我的科学观与人文观等内容。.

Vaccine research, as well as the development, testing, clinical trials, and commercial uses of vaccines involve complex processes with various biological data that include gene and protein expression, analysis of molecular and cellular interactions, study of tissue and whole body responses, and extensive epidemiological modeling. Although many data resources are available to meet different aspects of vaccine needs, it remains a challenge how we are to standardize vaccine annotation, integrate data about varied vaccine types and resources, and support advanced vaccine (...) data analysis and inference. To address these problems, the community-based Vaccine Ontology (VO) has been developed through collaboration with vaccine researchers and many national and international centers and programs, including the National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO), the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) Initiative, and the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI). VO utilizes the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) as the top ontology and the Relation Ontology (RO) for definition of term relationships. VO is represented in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and edited using the Protégé-OWL. Currently VO contains more than 2000 terms and relationships. VO emphasizes on classification of vaccines and vaccine components, vaccine quality and phenotypes, and host immune response to vaccines. These reflect different aspects of vaccine composition and biology and can thus be used to model individual vaccines. More than 200 licensed vaccines and many vaccine candidates in research or clinical trials have been modeled in VO. VO is being used for vaccine literature mining through collaboration with the National Center for Integrative Biomedical Informatics (NCIBI). Multiple VO applications will be presented. (shrink)

We give a general proof showing that if the evolution from one state to another is not reversible, then the projective measurements on the superposition of these two states are impossible. Applying this no-go result to the Schrödinger’s cat paradox implies that if something is claimed to be a real Schrödinger’s cat, there will be no measurable difference between it and a trivial classical mixture of ordinary cats in any physically implementable process, unless raising the dead becomes reality. Other similar (...) macroscopic quantum superpositions cannot be observed either, due to the lack of non-commuting measurement bases. Our proof does not involve any quantum interpretation theory and hypothesis. (shrink)

Les Pensees de Pascal ne posent pas seulement des problemes d'etablissement du texte, de datation et de classement des fragments qui les composent; elles posent au philosophe le probleme de leur sens. cet ouvrage recuse les interpretations qui, reduisant les Penseesa la perspective apologetique, achoppent inevitablement sur le caractere delibere du desordre, l'elargissement du propos, la multiplication des protagonistes. Car on peut resoudre cette triple difficulte sans amputer le texte, pourvu qu'on decele derriere le discours de la preuve, proprement apologetique, (...) un discours sur les conditions et sur les fins de la preuve, qui est d'un tout autre ordre. Conformement aux opuscules De l'esprit geometrique et De l'art de persuader auxquels il faut se reporter pour reflechir sur les mecanismes de la creance et sur son dereglement, Pascal ne vise pas a convaincre le libertin de la verite du christianisme qu'il ne veut pas croire mais, par le biais d'une demonstration de cette verite apparentee a la verification des hypotheses en physique, a le convaincre au moins de son impuissance a croire et a justifier ainsi, avec le contenu de la foi, la forme meme de la foi. Si la metaphysique cartesienne permet a la raison d'eprouver sa finitude en erigeant au-dessus d'elle l'infinite incomprehensible du Dieu qui garantit ses verites, l'apologetique pascalienne, en attestant sa corruption, double son usage demonstratif d'un usage critique qui place la theologie au centre de toutes ses verites. C'est donc a la lumiere du dispositif qui provoque l'eclatement des Pensees qu'il convient de lire l'oeuvre entiere afin d'apercevoir sa rigoureuse systematicite et d'en reconnaitre la portee anticartesienne. (shrink)

Automated reasoning issues are addressed for a finite lattice-valued propositional logic LnP(X) with truth-values in a finite lattice-valued logical algebraic structure—lattice implication algebra. We investigate extended strategies and rules from classical logic to LnP(X) to simplify the procedure in the semantic level for testing the satisfiability of formulas in LnP(X) at a certain truth-value level α (α-satisfiability) while keeping the role of truth constant formula played in LnP(X). We propose a lock resolution method at a certain truth-value level α (α-lock (...) resolution) in LnP(X) and have proved its theorems of soundness and weak completeness, respectively. We provide more efficient resolution based automated reasoning in LnP(X) and key supports for α-resolution-based automated reasoning approaches and algorithms in lattice based linguistic truth-valued logic. (shrink)

Comprende tres obras, distintas en su estructura, pero coincidentes en el significado que atribuyen al Derecho y a sus relaciones con el poder.

This paper is a complete student-led, student-edited collective writing project (CWP) conducted virtually in Spring 2022 throughout the course Knowledge Socialism taught by professor Michael Peters for the Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal university. The CWP involves 4 international, 5 domestic Ph.D. students, and 2 senior Western scholars as reviewers, revealing their thoughts, arguments, understanding, and criticisms towards the creative economy status in East Asian countries (Japan and China mostly) higher education as reflected in the knowledge socialism narratives. Xiyuan as (...) the lead author, co-editing with Woraport and Stefan, assigned each section to other authors and successfully devoted themself to organizing, proofreading, and revising the paper. Through a month of collective work, the final version of the paper elaborates on the contribution of East Asian creative universities and the economy as a whole to the knowledge socialism through co(labor)ation, with implications to the creative labors cultivation and shifted roles of students. (shrink)

中国文化精神演进的现代历程,是传统文化吸收、回应西方文化精神的结果,其中康德黑格尔哲学对中国文化精神的现代构建起着十分重要的作用。.

本书阐述了公共人力资源开发与管理的基本理论及可操作的方法,内容涉及公共人力资源开发与管理的基础工作、公共人力资源规划、公共人力资源分类管理等方面。.

Taking credit for digitalization and platformization, China has initiated its open science infrastructure implementation and made an effort to focus on open access (OA) journals and data sharing over the past two decades. With the continuous development need, issues and concerns have caught in attention, including data accessibility, research transparency, general population awareness and communication of science, public trust in science, and scientific research and innovation efficiency. This paper has unfolded the maze of open science stance in China and elaborated (...) on its current economy, openness and freedom extents, and future innovation potential towards a global open science community, within depth and scope of both the Chinese and Western scholars’ interpretations. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:Drawing upon John Rawls's framework inThe Law of Peoples,this paper argues that MNEs have a responsibility to promote well-ordered social and political institutions in host countries that lack them. This responsibility is grounded in a negative duty not to cause harm. In addition to addressing the objection that promoting well-ordered institutions represents unjustified interference by MNEs, the paper provides guidance for managers of MNEs operating in host countries that lack just institutions. The paper argues for understanding corporate responsibility in relation (...) to the specific institutional environment in which MNEs operate. (shrink)

The Consequence Argument for incompatibilism is beset by two rival interpretations: the counterfactual sufficiency interpretation and the counterfactual might interpretation. Waldrop recently argued that the counterfactual sufficiency interpretation conflicts with certain principles governing the logic of counterfactuals. In this paper, I show that Waldrop’s argument can be adapted to prove that the counterfactual might interpretation also conflicts with the same principles. So the problem Waldrop pointed out is not peculiar to the counterfactual sufficiency interpretation.

This paper uses the 5-five-minute high-frequency data of energy-listed companies in China's A-share market to extract the jump of energy stock prices and build a dynamic stock price jump complex network. Then, we analyze the clustering effect of the complex network. The research shows that the energy stock price jump is an important part of stock price volatility, and the complex network of energy stock jump risk has obvious time-varying characteristics. However, the infection problem of stock price jump risks needs (...) specific analysis. China's coal industry has an important influence on the development of China's energy industry. According to the clustering analysis results of the network community, the clustering effect of the network community has time-varying characteristics. After October 2017, the clustering effect of the jumping risk of the coal industry and the new energy industry is obvious. The risk contagion within the new energy industry community is a key point for the development of the new energy industry. (shrink)

Supply chain financing guaranteed by third-party logistics firms is an effective way to solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. Studies have explored factors that affect the willingness of supply chain financial credit providers under guarantee of 3PL firms. However, whether the scale of 3PL firms will affect the bank’s credit decision has not been studied, as well as the neural processing of credit decisions. To clarify these issues, this study extracted behavioral and event-related potentials data when participants (...) performed a selection task of judging whether to grant credit to guaranteed financing-seeking enterprises according to the large or small scale of the 3PL guaranteeing firms. The behavioral results showed that under the condition of a large-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm, the willingness to provide credit to SMEs was higher than that under the condition of a small-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm. This finding indicates there was credit scale discrimination against 3PL guaranteeing firms in supply chain finance. The ERP results showed that compared with the condition of a large-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm, a greater N2 amplitude was induced under the condition of a small-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm, which indicated that credit decision makers experienced greater perceived risk and more decision-making conflict. In contrast, a larger LPP amplitude was detected under the condition of a large-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm, which indicated that large-scale 3PL guaranteeing firms received more positive comments and more positive emotions from credit decision makers than small-scale 3PL guaranteeing firms. Based on these results, this study reveals the cognition process of credit decision makers regarding the impact of the 3PL guaranteeing firm scale on the willingness to provide credit in supply chain finance and explains the theory of credit scale discrimination from the perspective of decision neuroscience. (shrink)